Micro-combustion

Micro-combustion is the sequence of exothermic chemical reaction between a fuel and an oxidant accompanied by the production of heat and conversion of chemical species at micro level. The release of heat can result in the production of light in the form of either glowing or a flame. Fuels of interest often include organic compounds (especially hydrocarbons) in the gas, liquid or solid phase. The major problem of micro-combustion is the high surface to volume ratio. As the surface to volume ratio increases heat loss to walls of combustor increases which leads to flame quenching.

The development of miniaturized products such as microrobots, notebook computers, micro-aerial vehicles and other small scale devices is becoming increasingly important in our daily life. There is a growing interest in developing small scale combustors to power these micro-devices due to their inherent advantages of higher energy density, higher heat and mass transfer coefficients and shorter recharge times compared to electrochemical batteries.[1][2] The energy density of hydrocarbon fuels is 20-50 times higher than the most advanced Li-ion concept based electrochemical batteries. The concept of the micro-heat engine was proposed by Epstein and Senturia in 1997.[3] Since then, substantial amount of work has been done towards the development and application of such small scale devices to generate power through the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels. Micro-combustors are an attractive alternate to batteries as they have large surface area to volume ratio, due to which, significant amount of heat is transferred through the walls which leads to flame quenching.[4] However, the increased rate of heat transfer through solid walls is advantageous in the case of steam reformers used for hydrogen production.[5]

B. Khandelwal et al. have experimentally studied the flame stability limits and other characteristics in a two staged micro combustor.[6] They found out that staged combustor leads to higher flame stability limits, in addition to that they also offer higher temperature profiles which would be helpful in utilizing the heat produced by combustion. Maruta et al. have experimentally studied the flame propagation characteristics of premixed methane air mixtures in a 2.0 mm diameter straight quartz channel with a positive wall temperature gradient along the flow direction.[7] This was a simple one-dimensional configuration to study flame stabilization characteristics in microchannels. Other researchers have studied the flame stabilization behavior and combustion performance in a Swiss roll combustor,[8] micro-gas turbine engines,[9] a micro-thermo-photovoltaic system,[10] a free piston knock engine,[11] a micro-tube combustor,[12] radial channel combustors,[13] and in various other types of micro-combustor.[14][15]

## References

1. ↑ Kuo, C.H.; Ronney, P.D. (January 2007). "Numerical modeling of on-adiabatic heat-recirculating combustors". Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 32 (2): 3277–3284. doi:10.1016/j.proci.2006.08.082. Bibcode: 2007PComI..31.3277K.
2. ↑ Kim, Nam Il; Kato, Souichiro; Kataoka, Takuya; Yokomori, Takeshi; Maruyama, Shigenao; Fujimori, Toshiro; Maruta, Kaoru (May 2005). "Flame stabilization and emission of small swiss-roll combustors as heaters". Combustion and Flame 141 (3): 229–240. doi:10.1016/j.combustflame.2005.01.006. Bibcode: 2005CoFl..141..229K.
3. ↑ Epstein, A.H.; Senturia, S.D. (May 23, 1997). "Macro power from micro machinery". Science 276 (5316): 1211. doi:10.1126/science.276.5316.1211.
4. ↑ Fernandez-Pello, A. Carlos (2002). "Micro-power generation using combustion: issues and approaches". Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 29 (1): 883–899. doi:10.1016/S1540-7489(02)80113-4. Bibcode: 2002PComI..29..883F. https://escholarship.org/content/qt1q2284dj/qt1q2284dj.pdf?t=lnoson.
5. ↑ Pattekar, A.V.; Kothare, M.V. (February 2004). "A microreactor for hydrogen production in micro fuel cell applications". Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems 13 (1): 7–18. doi:10.1109/JMEMS.2004.823224. Bibcode: 2004JMemS..13....7P.
6. ↑ Khandelwal, Bhupendra; Sahota, Gur Partap Singh; Kumar, Sudarshan (August 27, 2010). "Investigations into the flame stability limits in a backward step micro scale combustor with premixed methane–air mixtures". Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 20 (9). doi:10.1088/0960-1317/20/9/095030. Bibcode: 2010JMiMi..20i5030K.
7. ↑ Maruta, K.; Kataoka, T.; Kim, N.I.; Minaev, S.; Fursenko, R. (January 2005). "Characteristics of combustion in a narrow channel with a temperature gradient". Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 30 (2): 2429–2436. doi:10.1016/j.proci.2004.08.245. Bibcode: 2005PComI..30.2429M.
8. ↑ Weinberg, Felix (September 2004). "Optimizing heat recirculating combustion systems for thermoelectric converters". Combustion and Flame 138 (4): 401–403. doi:10.1016/j.combustflame.2004.06.007. Bibcode: 2004CoFl..138..401W.
9. ↑ Shih, Hsin-Yi; Huang, Yen-Chin (June 2009). "Thermal design and model analysis of the swiss-roll recuperator for an innovative micro gas turbine". Applied Thermal Engineering 29 (8–9): 1493–1499. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2008.06.029. Bibcode: 2009AppTE..29.1493S.
10. ↑ Yang, W.M.; Chou, S.K.; Shu, C.; Xue, H.; Lil, Z.W. (March 17, 2004). "Development of a prototype micro-thermophotovoltaic power generator". Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 37 (7): 1017–1020. doi:10.1088/0022-3727/37/7/011. Bibcode: 2004JPhD...37.1017Y. http://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/84982.
11. ↑ Aichlmayr, H.T.; Kittelson, D.B.; Zachariah, M.R. (November 2003). "Micro-HCCI combustion: experimental characterization and development of a detailed chemical kinetic model with coupled piston motion". Combustion and Flame 135 (3): 227–248. doi:10.1016/S0010-2180(03)00161-5. Bibcode: 2003CoFl..135..227A.
12. ↑ Li, Junwei; Zhong, Beijing (May 2008). "Experimental investigation on heat loss and combustion in methane/oxygen micro-tube combustor". Applied Thermal Engineering 28 (7): 707–716. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2007.06.001. Bibcode: 2008AppTE..28..707L.
13. ↑ Kumar, Sudarshan; Maruta, Kaoru; Minaev, S. (April 3, 2007). "Experimental investigations on the combustion behavior of methane-air mixtures in a new micro scale radial combustor configuration". Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 17 (5): 900–908. doi:10.1088/0960-1317/17/5/008. Bibcode: 2007JMiMi..17..900K.
14. ↑ Kumar, S.; Minaev, S.; Maruta, S.K. (January 2007). "On the formation of multiple rotating pelton-like flame structures in radial microchannels with lean methane-air mixtures". Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 31 (2): 3261–3268. doi:10.1016/j.proci.2006.07.174. Bibcode: 2007PComI..31.3261K.
15. ↑ Khandelwal, Bhupendra; Kumar, Sudarshan (December 2010). "Experimental investigations on flame stabilization behavior in a diverging micro channel with premixed methane-air mixtures". Applied Thermal Engineering 30 (17–18): 2718–2723. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2010.07.023. Bibcode: 2010AppTE..30.2718K.

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