Nanotech metallurgy

SEM images acquired at 52° tilt angle and at different magnification showing uniform distribution and dispersion of SiC nanoparticles in as-solidified Mg.[1]

Nanotech metallurgy (also called nanotechnology enabled metallurgy, or nanometallurgy) is an emerging interdisciplinary domain of materials science and engineering (especially metallurgy), manufacturing, and nanoscience and engineering to study how nanophases (both ex situ and in situ) can be applied to significantly improve the processing/manufacturing, micro/nano-structures, and physical/chemical/mechanical behaviors of metals and alloys. This definition was first proposed by Xiaochun Li [2] at the University of California, Los Angeles in 2018.

High performance metals and alloys offer potential to improve energy efficiency and system performance. While conventional metallurgical methods have reached certain limits, nanotech metallurgy has the potential to break the traditional barriers in the metals processing and manufacturing technologies. It has a wider scientific and technological reach beyond the concept of metal matrix nanocomposites (MMNCs),[3][4] as the study of MMNCs normally focuses on how nanoparticles (generally of high volume fractions) are used to tune material properties only.[5] With the development of more scalable methods of nanophase synthesis, incorporation, and dispersion for mass manufacturing, the metals and alloys produced by nanotech metallurgy are becoming more and more economical. Recently the discovery of a nanoparticle self-dispersion and stabilization mechanism in molten metals[6] gives a scientific and technical foundation for scalable manufacturing in nanotech metallurgy.

## Contents

* 1 Fundamental concepts
* 1.1 Nanophase effects on metals processing and manufacturing
* 1.2 Nanophase effects on materials properties
* 1.3 Nanophases synthesis and production
* 1.4 Nanoparticles and molten metal interactions
* 1.5 Solidification of metals containing nanophases
* 1.6 Thermomechanical processing
* 2 Current research activities
* 3 Applications
* 4 See also
* 5 References

## Fundamental concepts

Nanotech metallurgy covers research areas such as nanophase effects on processing/manufacturing, materials properties (e.g. mechanical, physical and chemical properties), synthesis and production of nanophases (both in situ[7] and ex situ), interaction between nanophases and molten metal, solidification, and thermomechanical processing of metals containing nanophases.[8]

### Nanophase effects on metals processing and manufacturing

Nanophases can be effectively used to tune microstructures of metals and alloys during solidification and thermomechanical deformation, to control recrystallization at elevated temperatures, and to break traditional metallurgical barriers, thus creating exciting new spaces in processing and manufacturing, such as in casting,[9] thermoplastic deformation, welding/joining, heat treatment, and machining, etc..

### Nanophase effects on materials properties

Nanophases have significant effects on mechanical, physical and chemical properties of metals.[10][11] As compared with conventional metal matrix composites (MMCs) that are reinforced by micro-scale phases, the addition of nanophases is promising to overcome many disadvantages of MMCs such as poor ductility, machinability and low fracture toughness. For example, a super-strong but lightweight metal with extremely high specific strength and modulus was developed by disperse ceramic silicon carbide nanoparticles in magnesium.[12]

### Nanophases synthesis and production

Nanotech metallurgy covers the synthesis, production and incorporation of nanophases (e.g. nanoparticles,[13] nanowires,[14] nanosheets,[15] carbon nanotubes (CNTs),[16][17] graphene,[18] etc.). To utilize the cutting edge nanotechnology to metallurgy, the scalability and cost of the nanophases are the major concerning factors to evaluate the feasibility. It is worth to mention that, with the rapid development of nanophase synthesis, production, incorporation, and dispersion, the cost of nanophases are becoming increasingly economical for metallurgy. Recent studies (e.g. molten salt reaction,[19] in-situ reaction[20] etc.) on molten salt based nanophase synthesis and incorporation indicatefurther ways to reduce the cost of nanophases and open up wider applications

### Nanoparticles and molten metal interactions

The interactions between nanophases and molten metal include wetting, incorporation, mixing and dispersion.

* Wetting is the key factor for effective incorporation and dispersion[21]
* Incorporation methods including molten salt enabled incorporation, ultrasonic,[22] semi-solid fabrication[23][24] could be used.
* Mixing: mechanical mixing by propeller, ultrasonic streaming effect and electromagnetic stirring
* Dispersion and stabilization of nanoparticles in melts.[25]

### Solidification of metals containing nanophases

Researchers have utilized the nanoparticles to refine the grain for different alloys(e.g. Al alloy,[26] Mg alloy,[27] etc.) during solidification including casting, welding,[28] 3D printing,[29] etc. They can modify the grain size by serving as heterogeneous nucleation site or inhibiting grain growth during solidification. Nanoparticles can help to refine the secondary phase as well.

* Nucleation[30][31][32]
* Phase growth control[33][34][35]
* Pushing/Capture[36]
* Viscosity[37][38]

### Thermomechanical processing

* Heat treatment[39][40]
* Extrusion[41]
* Rolling[42]
* Welding[43]
* Other Machining[44][45]

## Current research activities

* In situ[46][47][48] and ex situ synthesis, production, and incorporation of nanoparticles[49][50][51]
* Pseudo phase diagrams of alloys with nanoparticles[52][53]
* Materials design and modelling
* Nanoparticle dispersion and distribution in metals and alloys[54]
* Fundamental study on nanoparticle interactions with molten metal and solidification fronts (e.g. nanoparticle incorporation, wettability, mixing, distribution, dispersion, stability, pushing and capture, etc.)
* Nanoparticle induced micro/nano-structure refinement and modification[55][56]
* Nanoparticle effects on thermomechanical processing and manufacturing, including heat treatment,[57] thermoplastic deformation,[58] welding/joining, and machining,[59] etc.
* Nanoparticle effect on mechanical/physical/chemical behaviours of metals and alloys, such as strengthening mechanisms, fatigue resistance, electrical and thermal performance, and corrosion resistance, etc.
* Additive Manufacturing of metals with nanoparticles
* Processing of metal powders containing nanoparticles[60][61]
* High energy beam interactions with metals containing nanoparticles
* Development and integration of scale up processing and manufacturing systems[62]
* Functional testing methods[63]
* Sustainability and life cycle analysis

## Applications

Nanotech metallurgy can be applied to a wide range applications including automobile,[64] sports, biomedical, electrical and electronics, aerospace, and defense s, etc.[65][66]

## See also

* Nanotechnology
* Metallurgy
* Metal matrix nanocomposites
* Nanoparticles
* Metal
* Alloys
* Manufacturing
* Scale up production
* Nanoparticle enabled phase modification
* Material properties

## References

1. ↑ Chen, Lian-Yi; Xu, Jia-Quan; Choi, Hongseok; Pozuelo, Marta; Ma, Xiaolong; Bhowmick, Sanjit; Yang, Jenn-Ming; Mathaudhu, Suveen et al. (December 2015). "Processing and properties of magnesium containing a dense uniform dispersion of nanoparticles". Nature 528 (7583): 539–543. doi:10.1038/nature16445. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 26701055. Bibcode: 2015Natur.528..539C.
2. ↑ "Xiaochun Li". https://www.mae.ucla.edu/xiaochun-li.
3. ↑ Casati, Riccardo; Vedani, Maurizio (2014-03-10). "Metal Matrix Composites Reinforced by Nano-Particles—A Review". Metals 4 (1): 65–83. doi:10.3390/met4010065. ISSN 2075-4701.
4. ↑ Zhang, Z.; Chen, D.L. (June 2008). "Contribution of Orowan strengthening effect in particulate-reinforced metal matrix nanocomposites". Materials Science and Engineering: A 483-484: 148–152. doi:10.1016/j.msea.2006.10.184.
5. ↑ Tjong, S. C. (August 2007). "Novel Nanoparticle-Reinforced Metal Matrix Composites with Enhanced Mechanical Properties". Advanced Engineering Materials 9 (8): 639–652. doi:10.1002/adem.200700106.
6. ↑ Chen, Lian-Yi; Xu, Jia-Quan; Choi, Hongseok; Pozuelo, Marta; Ma, Xiaolong; Bhowmick, Sanjit; Yang, Jenn-Ming; Mathaudhu, Suveen et al. (December 2015). "Processing and properties of magnesium containing a dense uniform dispersion of nanoparticles". Nature 528 (7583): 539–543. doi:10.1038/nature16445. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 26701055. Bibcode: 2015Natur.528..539C.
7. ↑ Knipling, Keith E.; Karnesky, Richard A.; Lee, Constance P.; Dunand, David C.; Seidman, David N. (September 2010). "Precipitation evolution in Al–0.1Sc, Al–0.1Zr and Al–0.1Sc–0.1Zr (at.%) alloys during isochronal aging". Acta Materialia 58 (15): 5184–5195. doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2010.05.054. Bibcode: 2010AcMat..58.5184K.
8. ↑ Chookajorn, T.; Murdoch, H. A.; Schuh, C. A. (2012-08-24). "Design of Stable Nanocrystalline Alloys". Science 337 (6097): 951–954. doi:10.1126/science.1224737. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 22923577. Bibcode: 2012Sci...337..951C.
9. ↑ Choi, Hongseok; Cho, Woo-hyun; Konishi, Hiromi; Kou, Sindo; Li, Xiaochun (April 2013). "Nanoparticle-Induced Superior Hot Tearing Resistance of A206 Alloy". Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 44 (4): 1897–1907. doi:10.1007/s11661-012-1531-8. ISSN 1073-5623. Bibcode: 2013MMTA...44.1897C.
10. ↑ Huang, Bo; Hishinuma, Yoshimitsu; Noto, Hiroyuki; Muroga, Takeo (March 2019). "Mechanochemical processing of Cu-Y2O3 alloy by MA-HIP for heat sink materials application". Fusion Engineering and Design 140: 33–40. doi:10.1016/j.fusengdes.2019.01.133. ISSN 0920-3796.
11. ↑ Zhukov, Ilya; Kozulin, Alexander; Khrustalyov, Anton; Matveev, Alexey; Platov, Vladimir; Vorozhtsov, Alexander; Zhukova, Tatyana; Promakhov, Vladimir (2019-01-11). "The Impact of Particle Reinforcement with Al2O3, TiB2, and TiC and Severe Plastic Deformation Treatment on the Combination of Strength and Electrical Conductivity of Pure Aluminum". Metals 9 (1): 65. doi:10.3390/met9010065. ISSN 2075-4701.
12. ↑ Li, Xiao-Chun; Mathaudhu, Suveen; Yang, Jenn-Ming; Bhowmick, Sanjit; Ma, Xiaolong; Pozuelo, Marta; Choi, Hongseok; Xu, Jia-Quan et al. (December 2015). "Processing and properties of magnesium containing a dense uniform dispersion of nanoparticles". Nature 528 (7583): 539–543. doi:10.1038/nature16445. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 26701055. Bibcode: 2015Natur.528..539C.
13. ↑ Jiang, Lin; Yang, Hanry; Yee, Joshua K.; Mo, Xuan; Topping, Troy; Lavernia, Enrique J.; Schoenung, Julie M. (January 2016). "Toughening of aluminum matrix nanocomposites via spatial arrays of boron carbide spherical nanoparticles". Acta Materialia 103: 128–140. doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2015.09.057. ISSN 1359-6454. Bibcode: 2016AcMat.103..128J.
14. ↑ Huang, Liqing; Qian, Ma; Liu, Zuming; Nguyen, Van Thuong; Yang, Lei; Wang, Lihua; Zou, Jin (February 2018). "In situ preparation of TiB nanowires for high-performance Ti metal matrix nanocomposites". Journal of Alloys and Compounds 735: 2640–2645. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.11.238. ISSN 0925-8388. https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:709726/UQ709726_OA.pdf.
15. ↑ Liu, Jinghang; Khan, Umar; Coleman, Jonathan; Fernandez, Bea; Rodriguez, Pablo; Naher, Sumsun; Brabazon, Dermot (March 2016). "Graphene oxide and graphene nanosheet reinforced aluminium matrix composites: Powder synthesis and prepared composite characteristics". Materials & Design 94: 87–94. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2016.01.031. ISSN 0264-1275. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/13289/7/CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.pdf.
16. ↑ Wang, Hu; Zhang, Zhao-Hui; Hu, Zheng-Yang; Wang, Fu-Chi; Li, Sheng-Lin; Korznikov, Elena; Zhao, Xiu-Chen; Liu, Ying et al. (2016-05-17). "Synergistic strengthening effect of nanocrystalline copper reinforced with carbon nanotubes". Scientific Reports 6 (1): 26258. doi:10.1038/srep26258. ISSN 2045-2322. PMID 27185503. Bibcode: 2016NatSR...626258W.
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25. ↑ Chen, Lian-Yi; Xu, Jia-Quan; Choi, Hongseok; Pozuelo, Marta; Ma, Xiaolong; Bhowmick, Sanjit; Yang, Jenn-Ming; Mathaudhu, Suveen et al. (December 2015). "Processing and properties of magnesium containing a dense uniform dispersion of nanoparticles". Nature 528 (7583): 539–543. doi:10.1038/nature16445. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 26701055. Bibcode: 2015Natur.528..539C.
26. ↑ Zhang, Pengchao; Jie, Jinchuan; Li, Hang; Wang, Tongmin; Li, Tingju (2015-02-18). "Microstructure and properties of TiB2 particles reinforced Cu–Cr matrix composite". Journal of Materials Science 50 (9): 3320–3328. doi:10.1007/s10853-014-8762-6. ISSN 0022-2461. Bibcode: 2015JMatS..50.3320Z.
27. ↑ Chen, Lian-Yi; Xu, Jia-Quan; Choi, Hongseok; Pozuelo, Marta; Ma, Xiaolong; Bhowmick, Sanjit; Yang, Jenn-Ming; Mathaudhu, Suveen et al. (December 2015). "Processing and properties of magnesium containing a dense uniform dispersion of nanoparticles". Nature 528 (7583): 539–543. doi:10.1038/nature16445. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 26701055. Bibcode: 2015Natur.528..539C.
28. ↑ Sokoluk, Maximilian; Cao, Chezheng; Pan, Shuaihang; Li, Xiaochun (2019-01-09). "Nanoparticle-enabled phase control for arc welding of unweldable aluminum alloy 7075". Nature Communications 10 (1): 98. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-07989-y. ISSN 2041-1723. PMID 30626876. Bibcode: 2019NatCo..10...98S.
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58. ↑ Liu, Weiqing; Wang, Xiaojun; Hu, Xiaoshi; Wu, Kun; Zheng, Mingyi (January 2017). "Effects of hot rolling on microstructure, macrotexture and mechanical properties of pre-extruded AZ31/SiC nanocomposite sheets". Materials Science and Engineering: A 683: 15–23. doi:10.1016/j.msea.2016.11.007.
59. ↑ Jarin, S.; Saleh, T.; Rana, M.; Muthalif, A.G.A.; Ali, M.Y. (2017). "An Experimental Investigation on the Effect of Nanopowder for Micro-Wire Electro Discharge Machining of Gold Coated Silicon". Procedia Engineering 184: 171–177. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2017.04.082. ISSN 1877-7058.
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61. ↑ Xu, Jiaquan; Chen, Lianyi; Choi, Hongseok; Konish, Hiromi; Li, Xiaochun (December 2013). "Assembly of metals and nanoparticles into novel nanocomposite superstructures". Scientific Reports 3 (1): 1730. doi:10.1038/srep01730. ISSN 2045-2322. Bibcode: 2013NatSR...3E1730X.
62. ↑ Parashivamurthy, K. I.; Chandrasekharaiah, M. N.; Sampathkumaran, P.; Seetharamu, S. (August 2006). "Casting of TiC-Reinforced Steel Matrix Composite". Materials and Manufacturing Processes 21 (5): 473–478. doi:10.1080/10426910500471474. ISSN 1042-6914.
63. ↑ Parker, W. J.; Jenkins, R. J.; Butler, C. P.; Abbott, G. L. (September 1961). "Flash Method of Determining Thermal Diffusivity, Heat Capacity, and Thermal Conductivity". Journal of Applied Physics 32 (9): 1679–1684. doi:10.1063/1.1728417. ISSN 0021-8979. Bibcode: 1961JAP....32.1679P.
64. ↑ Pollock, Tresa M.; Schaedler, Tobias A.; Justin A. Mayer; Hundley, Jacob M.; Yahata, Brennan D.; Martin, John H. (September 2017). "3D printing of high-strength aluminium alloys". Nature 549 (7672): 365–369. doi:10.1038/nature23894. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 28933439. Bibcode: 2017Natur.549..365M.
65. ↑ Shirvanimoghaddam, K.; Khayyam, H.; Abdizadeh, H.; Karbalaei Akbari, M.; Pakseresht, A.H.; Ghasali, E.; Naebe, M. (March 2016). "Boron carbide reinforced aluminium matrix composite: Physical, mechanical characterization and mathematical modelling". Materials Science and Engineering: A 658: 135–149. doi:10.1016/j.msea.2016.01.114. ISSN 0921-5093.
66. ↑ Ghasali, Ehsan; Pakseresht, Amirhossein; Rahbari, Ali; Eslami-shahed, Hossein; Alizadeh, Masoud; Ebadzadeh, Touradj (May 2016). "Mechanical properties and microstructure characterization of spark plasma and conventional sintering of Al–SiC–TiC composites". Journal of Alloys and Compounds 666: 366–371. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.01.118. ISSN 0925-8388.

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