Orogenic belt

Short description: Zone affected by mountain formation

Geologic provinces of the world (USGS)

Shield

Platform

Orogen

Basin

Large igneous province

Extended crust

| Oceanic crust:

0–20 Ma

20–65 Ma

>65 Ma

|

An orogenic belt, orogen, or mobile belt,[lower-alpha 1] is a zone of Earth's crust affected by orogeny.[2] An orogenic belt develops when a continental plate crumples and is uplifted to form one or more mountain ranges; this involves a series of geological processes collectively called orogenesis.[3][4]

## Contents

* 1 Overview
* 2 Notes
* 3 References
* 4 External links

## Overview

Orogeny typically produces orogenic belts, which are elongated regions of deformation bordering continental cratons. Young orogenic belts, in which subduction is still taking place, are characterized by frequent volcanic activity and earthquakes. Older orogenic belts are typically deeply eroded to expose displaced and deformed strata. These are often highly metamorphosed and include vast bodies of intrusive igneous rock called batholiths.[5]

* Subduction of an oceanic plate beneath a continental plate to form an accretionary orogen. (example: the Andes)

* Continental collision of two continental plates to form a collisional orogen. Typically, continental crust is subducted to lithospheric depths for blueschist to eclogite facies metamorphism, and then exhumed along the same subduction channel. (example: the Himalayas)

Orogenic belts are associated with subduction zones, which consume crust, thicken lithosphere, produce earthquake and volcanoes, and often build island arcs. These island arcs may be added to a continental margin during an accretionary orogeny. The orogeny may culminate with continental crust from the opposite side of the subducting oceanic plate arriving at the subduction zone. This ends subduction and transforms the accretional orogeny into a collisional orogeny. The collisional orogeny may produce extremely high mountains, as has been taking place in the Himalayas for the last 65 million years.[5][clarification needed]

* circum-Pacific orogenic belt
(Pacific Ring of Fire)

* Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt

Prominently orogenic belts on the Earth are the circum-Pacific orogenic belt (Pacific Ring of Fire) and Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt.[5] Since these orogenic belts are young orogenic belts, they form large mountain ranges, crustal activity is active, and accompanied by volcanic belts and seismic belts.[6]

## Notes

1. ↑ The term mobile belt is sometimes preferred for orogenic belts to which plate-tectonic models cannot be applied as easily due to their age.[1]

## References

1. ↑ "mobile belt". Oxford University Press. https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/mobile-belt.
2. ↑ "Orogenic belt | geology" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/science/orogenic-belt.
3. ↑ Tony Waltham (2009). Foundations of Engineering Geology (3rd ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-415-46959-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=JGtIHJTXaI4C&pg=PA20.
4. ↑ Philip Kearey; Keith A. Klepeis; Frederick J. Vine (2009). "Chapter 10: Orogenic belts". Global Tectonics (3rd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. p. 287. ISBN 978-1-4051-0777-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=HYqZntfg25UC&pg=PA287.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 "Orogenic Belt - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/orogenic-belt.
6. ↑ "Ring of Fire | Definition, Map, & Facts" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/place/Ring-of-Fire.

## External links

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* e

Structural geology

Underlying theory|

* Strain
* Stress
* Stress field
* Mohr–Coulomb theory
* Mohr's circle
* Lamé's stress ellipsoid
* Strain partitioning
* Tension
* Overburden pressure
* Deformation mechanism
* Rock mechanics

Measurement conventions|

* Strike and dip
* Rake
* Inclinometer
* Brunton compass
* Stereographic projection
* Orthographic projection

Large-Scale Tectonics|

* Plate tectonics
* Orogeny
* Structural basin
* Rift
* Extensional tectonics
* Graben
* Half-graben
* Décollement
* Obduction
* List of tectonic plate interactions
* Nappe
* Continental collision
* Convergent boundary
* Fenster
* Klippe
* Fold and thrust belt
* Foreland basin
* Accretionary wedge
* Terrane
* Mountain formation
* Fold mountains
* Fault block
* Horst
* Rift valley
* Mélange
* Thick-skinned deformation
* Thin-skinned deformation
* Thrust tectonics
* Passive margin
* Extensional tectonics
* Divergent boundary
* Back-arc basin
* Intra-arc basin
* Strike-slip tectonics
* Syneclise
* Suture
* Saddle
* Inversion
* Horst and graben
* Horse
* Pull-apart basin
* Autochthon
* Allochthon

Fracturing|

* Joint
* Exfoliation joint
* Vein
* Dike
* Columnar jointing

Faulting|

* Thrust fault
* Detachment fault
* Disturbance
* Fault mechanics
* Fault trace
* Fault scarp
* Transform fault
* Transfer zone
* Cataclastic rock
* Cataclasite

Foliation and Lineation|

* Rock microstructure
* Crenulation
* Cleavage
* Slickenside
* Pressure solution
* Stylolite
* Compaction
* Fissility
* Oblique foliation
* Tectonic phase
* Tectonite

Folding|

* Vergence
* Anticline
* Syncline
* Dome
* Monocline
* Chevron
* Homocline
* Detachment fold

Boudinage|

* Competence

Kinematic Analysis|

* 3D fold evolution
* Section restoration
* Paleostress
* Paleostress inversion

Shear zone|

* Shear
* Pure shear
* Mylonite

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