Surface modification

Short description: Act of modifying the surface of a material

Surface modification is the act of modifying the surface of a material by bringing physical, chemical or biological characteristics different from the ones originally found on the surface of a material.[1][2][3]

This modification is usually made to solid materials, but it is possible to find examples of the modification to the surface of specific liquids.

The modification can be done by different methods with a view to altering a wide range of characteristics of the surface, such as: roughness,[4] hydrophilicity,[5] surface charge,[6] surface energy, biocompatibility[5][7] and reactivity.[8]

## Contents

* 1 Surface engineering
* 1.1 Applications and Future of Surface Engineering
* 2 Surface functionalization
* 2.1 Polymer Surface Functionalization
* 3 See also
* 4 References
* 5 Bibliography
* 6 External links

## Surface engineering

Surface engineering is the sub-discipline of materials science which deals with the surface of solid matter. It has applications to chemistry, mechanical engineering, and electrical engineering (particularly in relation to semiconductor manufacturing).

Solids are composed of a bulk material covered by a surface. The surface which bounds the bulk material is called the Surface phase. It acts as an interface to the surrounding environment. The bulk material in a solid is called the Bulk phase.

The surface phase of a solid interacts with the surrounding environment. This interaction can degrade the surface phase over time. Environmental degradation of the surface phase over time can be caused by wear, corrosion, fatigue and creep.

Surface engineering involves altering the properties of the Surface Phase in order to reduce the degradation over time. This is accomplished by making the surface robust to the environment in which it will be used.

### Applications and Future of Surface Engineering

Surface engineering techniques are being used in the automotive, aerospace, missile, power, electronic, biomedical,[5] textile, petroleum, petrochemical, chemical, steel, power, cement, machine tools, construction industries. Surface engineering techniques can be used to develop a wide range of functional properties, including physical, chemical, electrical, electronic, magnetic, mechanical, wear-resistant and corrosion-resistant properties at the required substrate surfaces. Almost all types of materials, including metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites can be coated on similar or dissimilar materials. It is also possible to form coatings of newer materials (e.g., met glass. beta-C3N4), graded deposits, multi-component deposits etc.

In 1995, surface engineering was a £10 billion market in the United Kingdom. Coatings, to make surface life robust from wear and corrosion, was approximately half the market.[9]

Functionalization of Antimicrobial Surfaces is a unique technology that can be used for sterilization in health industry, self-cleaning surfaces and protection from bio films.

In recent years, there has been a paradigm shift in surface engineering from age-old electroplating to processes such as vapor phase deposition,[10][11] diffusion, thermal spray & welding using advanced heat sources like plasma,[4][5] laser,[12] ion, electron, microwave, solar beams, synchrotron radiation,[5] pulsed arc, pulsed combustion, spark, friction and induction.

It's estimated that loss due to wear and corrosion in the US is approximately $500 billion. In the US, there are around 9524 establishments (including automotive, aircraft, power and construction industries) who depend on engineered surfaces with support from 23,466 industries.[citation needed]

## Surface functionalization

Surface functionalization introduces chemical functional groups to a surface. This way, materials with functional groups on their surfaces can be designed from substrates with standard bulk material properties. Prominent examples can be found in semiconductor industry and biomaterial research.[5]

### Polymer Surface Functionalization

Plasma processing technologies are successfully employed for polymers surface functionalization.

## See also

* Surface finishing
* Surface science
* Tribology
* Surface metrology
* Surface modification of biomaterials with proteins
* Flame treatment

## References

1. ↑ Carroll, Gregory T.; Rengifo, Hernan R.; Grigoras, Cristian; Mammana, Angela; Turro, Nicholas J.; Koberstein, Jeffrey T. (2017). "Photogeneration of "clickable" surface-bound polymer scaffolds" (in en). Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 55 (7): 1151–1155. doi:10.1002/pola.28485. ISSN 0887-624X. Bibcode: 2017JPoSA..55.1151C.
2. ↑ Daroonparvar M, Bakhsheshi-Rad HR, Saberi A, Razzaghi M, Kasar AK, Ramakrishna S, Menezes PL, Misra M, Ismail AF, Sharif S, Berto F. Surface modification of magnesium alloys using thermal and solid-state cold spray processes: Challenges and latest progresses. Journal of Magnesium and Alloys. 2022 Sep 7.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2022.07.012
3. ↑ Saberi, A.; Bakhsheshi-Rad, H.R.; Abazari, S.; Ismail, A.F.; Sharif, S.; Ramakrishna, S.; Daroonparvar, M.; Berto, F. A Comprehensive Review on Surface Modifications of Biodegradable Magnesium-Based Implant Alloy: Polymer Coatings Opportunities and Challenges. Coatings 2021, 11, 747. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11070747
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 R. V. Lapshin; A. P. Alekhin; A. G. Kirilenko; S. L. Odintsov; V. A. Krotkov (2010). "Vacuum ultraviolet smoothing of nanometer-scale asperities of poly(methyl methacrylate) surface" (PDF). Journal of Surface Investigation. X-ray, Synchrotron and Neutron Techniques 4 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1134/S1027451010010015. ISSN 1027-4510. http://www.lapshin.fast-page.org/publications.htm#vacuum2010. (Russian translation is available).
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 A. P. Alekhin; G. M. Boleiko; S. A. Gudkova; A. M. Markeev; A. A. Sigarev; V. F. Toknova; A. G. Kirilenko; R. V. Lapshin et al. (2010). "Synthesis of biocompatible surfaces by nanotechnology methods" (PDF). Nanotechnologies in Russia 5 (9–10): 696–708. doi:10.1134/S1995078010090144. ISSN 1995-0780. http://www.lapshin.fast-page.org/publications.htm#synthesis2010. (Russian translation is available).
6. ↑ Bertazzo, S. & Rezwan, K. (2009) Control of α-alumina surface charge with carboxylic acids. Langmuir.
7. ↑ Bertazzo, S., Zambuzzi, W. F., da Silva, H. A., Ferreira, C. V. & Bertran, C. A. (2009) Bioactivation of alumina by surface modification: A possibility for improving the applicability of alumina in bone and oral repair. Clinical Oral Implants Research 20: 288-293.
8. ↑ Gabor London, Kuang-Yen Chen, Gregory T. Carroll and Ben L. Feringa (2013). "Towards Dynamic Control of Wettability by Using Functionalized Altitudinal Molecular Motors on Solid Surfaces". Chemistry 19 (32): 10690–10697. doi:10.1002/chem.201300500. PMID 23784916. https://www.rug.nl/research/portal/en/publications/towards-dynamic-control-of-wettability-by-using-functionalized-altitudinal-molecular-motors-on-solid-surfaces(d37ada79-57a1-4d72-a96b-4862185a3f8f).html.
9. ↑ Mahmood Aliofkhazraei; Nasar Ali; Mircea Chipara; Nadhira Bensaada Laidani; Jeff Th.M. De Hosson (2021). Handbook of Modern Coating Technologies: Advanced Characterization Methods Volume 2. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-444-63239-5.
10. ↑ He, Zhenping; Ilona Kretzschmar (6 December 2013). "Template-Assisted GLAD: Approach to Single and Multipatch Patchy Particles with Controlled Patch Shape". Langmuir 29 (51): 15755–15761. doi:10.1021/la404592z. PMID 24313824. https://figshare.com/articles/Template_Assisted_GLAD_Approach_to_Single_and_Multipatch_Patchy_Particles_with_Controlled_Patch_Shape/2338651.
11. ↑ He, Zhenping; Kretzschmar, Ilona (3 June 2012). "Template-Assisted Fabrication of Patchy Particles with Uniform Patches". Langmuir 28 (26): 9915–9919. doi:10.1021/la3017563. PMID 22708736.
12. ↑ Nejati, Sina; Mirbagheri, Seyed Ahmad; Waimin, Jose; Grubb, Marisa E.; Peana, Samuel; Warsinger, David M.; Rahimi, Rahim (2020). "Laser Functionalization of Carbon Membranes for Effective Immobilization of Antimicrobial Silver Nanoparticles". Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering (Elsevier BV) 8 (5): 104109. doi:10.1016/j.jece.2020.104109. ISSN 2213-3437. https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1038&context=mepubs.

## Bibliography

* R.Chattopadhyay, ’Advanced Thermally Assisted Surface Engineering Processes’ Kluwer Academic Publishers, MA, USA (now Springer, NY), 2004, ISBN 1-4020-7696-7, E-ISBN 1-4020-7764-5.
* R Chattopadhyay, ’Surface Wear- Analysis, Treatment, & Prevention’, ASM-International, Materials Park, OH, USA, 2001, ISBN 0-87170-702-0.
* S Konda, Flame‐based synthesis and in situ functionalization of palladium alloy nanoparticles, AIChE Journal, 2018, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/aic.16368

## External links

* Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis Ulm University

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