Timeline of theoretical physics

The Timeline of theoretical physics lists key events by century.

## Contents

* 1 17th century
* 2 18th century
* 3 19th century
* 4 20th century
* 5 21st century
* 6 See also
* 7 References

## 17th century

* 1687 - Newton: Laws of Motion and Law of Gravity[1]

## 18th century

* 1782 - Lavoisier: Conservation of matter
* 1785 - Coulomb: Inverse-square law for electric charges confirmed[2]

## 19th century

* 1801 - Young: Wave theory of light
* 1803 - Dalton: Atomic theory of matter
* 1806 - Young: Kinetic energy
* 1814 - Fresnel: Wave theory of light, interference
* 1820 - Ampère, Biot, & Savart: Evidence for electromagnetic interactions
* 1824 - Sadi Carnot: Ideal gas cycle analysis, internal combustion engine
* 1827 - Ohm: Electrical resistance, etc.
* 1838 - Michael Faraday: Lines of force, Fields
* 1838 - Weber: Earth's magnetic field
* 1842-43 - Kelvin & Mayer: Conservation of energy
* 1842 - Kelvin: Doppler effect
* 1845 - Faraday: Faraday Rotation (light and electromagnetic)
* 1847 - Helmholtz & Joule: Conservation of Energy 2
* 1850-51 - Kelvin & Clausius: Second law of thermodynamics
* 1857-59 - Clausius & Maxwell: Kinetic theory
* 1861 - Kirchhoff: Black body
* 1863 - Clausius: Entropy
* 1864 - Maxwell: Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field
* 1867 - Maxwell: Dynamic theory of gases
* 1871-89 - Boltzmann & Gibbs: Statistical mechanics
* 1884 - Boltzmann derives Stefan radiation law[citation needed]
* 1887 - Hertz: Electromagnetic waves
* 1893 - Wien: Radiation law[citation needed]
* 1895 - Röntgen: X-rays
* 1896 - Becquerel: Radioactivity
* 1897 - Thomson: Electron

## 20th century

* 1900 - Planck: Formula for black-body radiation
* 1905 - Einstein: Special relativity, Photoelectric effect & Brownian motion
* 1911 - Rutherford: Discovery of the atomic nucleus, Kamerlingh Onnes: Superconductivity & equivalence principle
* 1913 - Bohr: Bohr model of the atom
* 1916 - Einstein: General relativity
* 1919 - Light Bending confirmed
* 1922 - Friedmann proposes expanding universe
* 1923 - Stern–Gerlach experiment, Matter waves, galaxies & particle nature of photons confirmed
* 1925-27 - Quantum mechanics
* 1925 - Stellar structure understood
* 1927 - Lemaître: Big Bang
* 1928 - Dirac: Antimatter predicted
* 1929 - Hubble: Expansion of universe confirmed
* 1932 - Anderson: Antimatter discovered & Chadwick: Neutron discovered
* 1933 - Invention of the electron microscope by Ernst Ruska
* 1937 - Muon discovered by Anderson & Neddermeyer
* 1938 - Superfluidity discovered & Energy production in stars understood
* 1939 - Uranium fission discoveredo
* 1944 - Theory of magnetism in 2D: Ising model
* 1947 - Pion discovered
* 1948 - Quantum electrodynamics
* 1948 - Invention of the maser and laser by Charles Townes
* 1956 - Electron neutrino discovered
* 1956-57 - Parity found violated[citation needed]
* 1957 - Superconductivity explained[citation needed]
* 1959-60 - Role of topology in quantum physics predicted and Confirmed[citation needed]
* 1962 - SU(3) theory of strong interactions & muon neutrino found
* 1963 - Murray Gell-Mann & George Zweig: Quarks predicted
* 1967 - Unification of weak and electromagnetic interactions, Solar neutrino Problem found & Pulsars (neutron stars) discovered[citation needed]
* 1968 - Experimental evidence for quarks found
* 1968 - Vera Rubin: Dark matter theories
* 1970-73 - Standard Model of elementary particles invented
* 1971 - Helium 3 Superfluidity
* 1974 - Black hole radiation predicted, renormalization group & charmed quark found
* 1975 - Tau lepton found
* 1977 - Bottom quark found
* 1980 - Quantum Hall effect
* 1981 - Theory of Cosmic Inflation proposed[citation needed]
* 1982 - Fractional quantum Hall effect
* 1995 - Wolfgang Ketterle: Bose–Einstein condensate found
* 1995 - Top quark found
* 1998 - Accelerating expansion of Universe found[citation needed]
* 1999 - Lene Vestergaard Hau: Slow light experimentally demonstrated

## 21st century

* 2000 - Tau neutrino found
* 2003 - WMAP Observations of cosmic microwave background
* 2012 - Higgs boson found
* 2014 - Gravitational waves detected from Cosmic microwave background

## See also

* Physics
* Timeline of developments in theoretical physics

## References

1. ↑ American Heritage Dictionary (January 2005). The American Heritage Science Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 428. ISBN 978-0-618-45504-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=yKUagx8PB_EC&pg=PA428.
2. ↑ John L. Heilbron (14 February 2003). The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science. Oxford University Press. p. 235. ISBN 978-0-19-974376-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=abqjP-_KfzkC&pg=PA235.

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