Algiers

Short description: Capital and largest city of Algeria

Algiers

الجزائر (Arabic)
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Capital city

Clockwise, top left: Coast of Algiers, Maqam Echahid (Martyrs' Memorial), Basilique Notre Dame d'Afrique, Ketchaoua Mosque, Kasbah of Algiers, Algiers Central Post Office, Ministry of Finance building

Coat of arms

Nicknames:

Algiers the White; Algiers the Dazzling

Algiers

Location in Algeria and Africa

Show map of Algeria

Algiers

Algiers (Africa)

Show map of Africa

Coordinates:  [ ⚑ ] 36°45′14″N 3°3′32″E﻿ / ﻿36.75389°N 3.05889°E﻿ / 36.75389; 3.05889
Country| Algeria
Province| Algiers Province
District| Sidi M'Hamed District
Government

• Wali (Governor)| Ahmed Maâbed (since 2021)
Area

• Capital city| 363 km2 (140 sq mi)
• Metro

| 1,190 km2 (460 sq mi)
Highest elevation

| 424 m (1,391 ft)
Lowest elevation

| 2 m (7 ft)
Population

(2011)[1][2]

• Capital city| 4,510,000
• Density| 12,424/km2 (32,180/sq mi)
• Metro density| 7,012/km2 (18,160/sq mi)
Time zone| UTC+01:00 (CET)
Postal codes|

16000–16132

Area code(s)| (+213) 021
Climate| Csa

Algiers (/ælˈdʒɪərz/ al-JEERZ; Arabic: الجزائر; French: Alger, [alʒe]) is the capital and largest city of Algeria. The city's population at the 2008 census was 2,988,145[3] and in 2020 was estimated to be around 4,500,000. Algiers is in the north-central part of Algeria.[2]

Algiers is situated on the west side of the Bay of Algiers, in the Mediterranean Sea. The modern part of the city is built on the level ground by the seashore; the old part, the ancient city of the deys, climbs the steep hill behind the modern town and is crowned by the Casbah or citadel (a UNESCO World Heritage Site),[4] 122 metres (400 ft) above the sea. The Casbah and the two quays form a triangle.[5]

## Contents

* 1 Names
* 2 History
* 2.1 Early history
* 2.2 Ottoman rule
* 2.3 French rule
* 2.4 Algerian War
* 2.5 Independence
* 2.6 Crisis of the 1990s
* 3 Geography
* 3.1 Districts of Algiers
* 3.2 Climate
* 3.2.1 Climate change
* 4 Government
* 5 Local architecture
* 5.1 Monuments
* 6 Demographics
* 7 Economy
* 8 Tourist installations
* 9 Education
* 10 Public transport
* 11 Sports
* 11.1 Football clubs
* 12 International relations
* 12.1 Twin towns – sister cities
* 12.2 Cooperation agreements
* 13 Films about Algiers
* 14 Notable people
* 15 See also
* 16 References
* 16.1 Citations
* 16.2 Bibliography
* 17 External links

## Names

The city's name is derived via French and Catalan Alger[6] from the Arabic name al-Jazāʾir (الجزائر), "The Islands". This name refers to the four former islands which lay off the city's coast before becoming part of the mainland in 1525. Al-Jazāʾir is itself a truncated form of the city's older name Jazaʾir Banī Mazghanna (جزائر بني مزغانة), "islands of Banu Mazghanna", used by early medieval geographers such as Muhammad al-Idrisi and Yaqut al-Hamawi. The name was given by Buluggin ibn Ziri after he established the city on the ruins of the Phoenician city of Icosium in 950.[7] During Ottoman rule, the name of the capital, al-Jazā'ir, was extended over the entire country, giving it the English name Algeria derived from the French name Algérie.[8]

In classical antiquity, the ancient Greeks knew the town as Ikósion (Ancient Greek:), which was Latinized as Icosium under Roman rule. The Greeks explained the name as coming from their word for "twenty" (εἴκοσι, eíkosi), supposedly because it had been founded by 20 companions of Hercules when he visited the Atlas Mountains during his labors.[9]

Algiers is also known as el-Behdja (البهجة, "The Joyous") or "Algiers the White" (French: Alger la Blanche) for its whitewashed buildings.

## History

For a chronological guide to this subject, see Timeline of Algiers.

### Early history

The city's earliest history was as a small port in Carthage where Phoenicians were trading with other Mediterraneans. After the Punic Wars, the Roman Republic eventually took over administration of the town, which they called Icosium. Its ruins now form part of the modern city's marine quarter, with the Rue de la Marine following a former Roman road. Roman cemeteries existed near Bab-el-Oued and Bab Azoun. The city was given Latin rights by the emperor Vespasian. The bishops of Icosium are mentioned as late as the 5th century,[10] but the ancient town fell into obscurity during the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb.[11]

The present city was founded in 944 by Buluggin ibn Ziri, the founder of the Berber Zirid dynasty. He had built his own house and a Sanhaja center at Ashir in 935 just south of Algiers. Although the Zirid dynasty was overthrown by Roger II of Sicily in 1148, the Zirids had already lost control of Algiers to their cousins the Hammadids in 1014.[12]

The city was wrested from the Hammadids by the Almohad Caliphate in 1159, and in the 13th century came under the dominion of the Ziyanid sultans of the Kingdom of Tlemcen. Nominally part of the sultanate of Tlemcen, Algiers had a large measure of independence under Thaaliba amirs of its own due to Oran being the chief seaport of the Ziyanids.[10]

The Peñón of Algiers, an islet in front of Algiers harbour, had been occupied by the Spaniards as early as 1302. Thereafter, a considerable amount of trade began to flow between Algiers and Spain . However, Algiers continued to be of comparatively little importance until after the expulsion of the Moors from Spain, many of whom sought asylum in the city. In 1510, following their occupation of Oran and other towns on the coast of Africa, the Spaniards fortified the islet of Peñon[10] and imposed a levy intended to suppress the Barbary pirates.[13]

### Ottoman rule

Algiers by Antonio Salamanca, circa 1540, published in Civitates Orbis Terrarum

Abraham Duquesne delivering Christian captives in Algiers after the bombing in 1683.

In 1516, the amir of Algiers, Selim b. Teumi, invited the corsair brothers Oruç Reis and Hayreddin Barbarossa to expel the Spaniards. Oruç Reis came to Algiers, ordered the assassination of Selim, and seized the town and ousted the Spanish in the Capture of Algiers (1516). Hayreddin, succeeding Oruç after the latter was killed in battle against the Spaniards in the 1518 fall of Tlemcen, was the founder of the pashaluk, which subsequently became the beylik, of Algeria. Barbarossa lost Algiers in 1524 but regained it with the 1529 Capture of Peñón of Algiers, and then formally invited the Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent to accept sovereignty over the territory and to annex Algiers to the Ottoman Empire.

Historic map of Algiers by Piri Reis

Algiers from this time became the chief seat of the Barbary pirates. In October 1541 in the Algiers expedition, the King of Spain and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor sought to capture the city, but a storm destroyed a great number of his ships, and his army of some 30,000, chiefly made up of Spaniards, was defeated by the Algerians under their pasha, Hassan.[10]

The bombardment of Algiers under Viscount Exmouth, August 1816, painted by Thomas Luny

Ornate Ottoman cannon found in Algiers on 8 October 1581 by Ca'fer el-Mu'allim. Length: 385 cm, cal:178 mm, weight: 2910 kg, stone projectile. Seized by France during the invasion of Algiers in 1830. Army Museum, Paris.

Formally part of the Ottoman Empire but essentially free from Ottoman control, starting in the 16th century Algiers turned to piracy and ransoming. Due to its location on the periphery of both the Ottoman and European economic spheres, and depending for its existence on a Mediterranean that was increasingly controlled by European shipping, backed by European navies, piracy became the primary economic activity. Repeated attempts were made by various nations to subdue the pirates that disturbed shipping in the western Mediterranean and engaged in slave raids as far north as Iceland.[14] By the 17th century, up to 40% of the city's 100,000 inhabitants were enslaved Europeans.[15] The United States fought two wars (the First and Second Barbary Wars) over Algiers' attacks on shipping.

Among the notable people held for ransom was the future Spanish novelist, Miguel de Cervantes, who was held captive in Algiers for almost five years, and wrote two plays set in Algiers of the period. The primary source for knowledge of Algiers of this period, since there are no contemporary local sources, is the Topografía e historia general de Argel (1612, but written earlier), published by Diego de Haedo, but whose authorship is disputed.[16][17] This work describes in detail the city, the behavior of its inhabitants, and its military defenses, with the unsuccessful hope of facilitating an attack by Spain so as to end the piracy.

A significant number of renegades lived in Algiers at the time, Christians converted voluntarily to Islam, many fleeing the law or other problems at home. Once converted to Islam, they were safe in Algiers. Many occupied positions of authority, such as Samson Rowlie, an Englishman who became Treasurer of Algiers.[18]

The city under Ottoman control was enclosed by a wall on all sides, including along the seafront. In this wall, five gates allowed access to the city, with five roads from each gate dividing the city and meeting in front of the Ketchaoua Mosque. In 1556, a citadel was constructed at the highest point in the wall. A major road running north to south divided the city in two: The upper city (al-Gabal, or 'the mountain') which consisted of about fifty small quarters of Andalusian, Jewish, Moorish and Kabyle communities, and the lower city (al-Wata, or 'the plains') which was the administrative, military and commercial centre of the city, mostly inhabited by Ottoman Turkish dignitaries and other upper-class families.[19]

In August 1816, the city was bombarded by a British squadron under Lord Exmouth (a descendant of Thomas Pellew, taken in an Algerian slave raid in 1715[20][self-published source?]), assisted by men-of-war from the Kingdom of the Netherlands, destroying the corsair fleet harboured in Algiers.[10]

### French rule

File:Algiers - depot and station grounds of Algerian Railway LCCN2004707260.tif The history of Algiers from 1830 to 1962 is bound to the larger history of Algeria and its relationship to France . On July 4, 1830, under the pretext of an affront to the French consul—whom the dey had hit with a fly-whisk when the consul said the French government was not prepared to pay its large outstanding debts to two Algerian merchants—a French army under General de Bourmont attacked the city in the 1830 invasion of Algiers. The city capitulated the following day. Algiers became the capital of French Algeria.

Many Europeans settled in Algiers, and by the early 20th century they formed a majority of the city's population.[21] During the 1930s, the architect Le Corbusier drew up plans for a complete redesign of the colonial city. Le Corbusier was highly critical of the urban style of Algiers, describing the European district as "nothing but crumbling walls and devastated nature, the whole a sullied blot". He also criticised the difference in living standards he perceived between the European and African residents of the city, describing a situation in which "the 'civilised' live like rats in holes" whereas "the 'barbarians' live in solitude, in well-being".[22] However, these plans were ultimately ignored by the French administration.

During World War II, Algiers was the first city to be seized from the Axis by the Allies in Operation Terminal, a part of Operation Torch.

City and harbour of Algiers, c. 1921

In 1962, after a bloody independence struggle in which hundreds of thousands (estimates range between 350,000 and 1,500,000) died (mostly Algerians but also French and Pieds-Noirs) during fighting between the French Army and the Algerian Front de Libération Nationale, Algeria gained its independence, with Algiers as its capital. Since then, despite losing its entire pied-noir population, the city has expanded massively. It now has about five million inhabitants, or 10 percent of Algeria's population—and its suburbs now cover most of the surrounding Mitidja plain.

### Algerian War

File:1962-03-22 Algeria tense cease fire.ogv Algiers also played a pivotal role in the Algerian War (1954–1962), particularly during the Battle of Algiers when the 10th Parachute Division of the French Army, starting on January 7, 1957, and on the orders of the French Minister of Justice François Mitterrand (who authorized any means "to eliminate the insurrectionists"[citation needed]), led attacks against the Algerian fighters for independence. Algiers remains marked by this battle, which was characterized by merciless fighting between FLN forces which carried out a guerrilla campaign against the French military and police and pro-French Algerian soldiers, and the French Army which responded with a bloody repression, torture and blanket terrorism against the native population. The demonstrations of May 13 during the crisis of 1958 provoked the fall of the Fourth Republic in France, as well as the return of General de Gaulle to power.

### Independence

Algeria achieved independence on July 5, 1962. Run by the FLN that had secured independence, Algiers became a member of Non-Aligned Movement during the Cold War. In October 1988, one year before the fall of the Berlin Wall, Algiers was the site of demonstrations demanding the end of the single-party system and the creation of a real democracy baptized the "Spring of Algier". The demonstrators were repressed by the authorities (more than 300 dead), but the movement constituted a turning point in the political history of modern Algeria. In 1989, a new constitution was adopted that put an end to the one-party rule and saw the creation of more than fifty political parties, as well as official freedom of the press.

### Crisis of the 1990s

The city became the theatre of many political demonstrations of all descriptions until 1993. In 1991, a political entity dominated by religious conservatives called the Islamic Salvation Front engaged in a political test of wills with the authorities. In the 1992 elections for the Algerian National Assembly, the Islamists garnered a large amount of support in the first round. Fearing an eventual win by the Islamists, the army canceled the election process, setting off a civil war between the State and armed religious conservatives which would last for a decade.

On December 11, 2007, two car bombs exploded in Algiers. One bomb targeted two United Nations office buildings and the other targeted a government building housing the Supreme Court. The death toll was at least 62, with over two hundred injured in the attacks.[23] However, only 26 remained hospitalized the following day.[24] (As of 2008), it is speculated that the attack was carried out by the Al Qaida cell within the city.[25]

Indigenous terrorist groups have been actively operating in Algeria since around 2002.

## Geography

### Districts of Algiers

Notre Dame d'Afrique, built by European settlers in 1872[26]

* The Casbah (of Al Qasbah, "the Citadel"), Ier District of Algiers: called Al-Djazaïr Al Mahroussa ("Well Kept Algiers"), is founded on the ruins of old Icosium. It is a small city which, built on a hill, goes down towards the sea, divided in two: the High city and the Low city. One finds there masonries and mosques of the 17th century; Ketchaoua mosque (built in 1794 by the Dey Baba Hassan) flanked by two minarets, mosque el Djedid (built in 1660, at the time of Turkish regency) with its large finished ovoid cupola points some and its four coupolettes, mosque El Kébir (oldest of the mosques, it was built by Almoravid Youssef Ibn Tachfin and rebuilt later in 1794), mosque Ali Betchnin (Raïs, 1623), Dar Aziza, palate of Jénina. In the Kasbah, there are also labyrinths of lanes and houses that are very picturesque, and if one gets lost there, it is enough to go down again towards the sea to reposition oneself.
* Bab El Oued: Literally the River's Gate, the popular district which extends from the Casbah beyond "the gate of the river". It is the capital's darling and best liked borough. Famous for its square with "the three clocks" and for its "market Triplet", it is also a district of workshops and manufacturing plants.
* Edge of sea: from 1840, the architects Pierre-August Guiauchain and Charles Frédéric Chassériau designed new buildings apart from the Casbah, town hall, law courts, buildings, theatre, palace of the Governor, and casino, to form an elegant walk bordered by arcades which is today the boulevard Che Guevara (formerly the Boulevard of the Republic).
* Kouba (will daira of Hussein-dey): Kouba is an old village which was absorbed by the expansion of the town of Algiers. Kouba quickly developed under the French colonial era then continued growing due to formidable demographic expansion that Algiers saw after the independence of Algeria in 1962. It is today a district of Algiers which is largely made up of houses, villas, and buildings not exceeding five stories.
* El Harrach, a suburb of Algiers, is located about 10 kilometres (6 miles) to the east of the city.
* The communes of Hydra, Ben Aknoun, El-Biar and Bouzareah form what the inhabitants of Algiers call the "Heights of Algiers". These communes shelter the majority of the foreign embassies of Algiers, of many ministries and university centres, which makes it one of the administrative and policy centres of the country.
* The Didouche Mourad street is located in the 3rd district Of Algiers. It extends from the Grande Post office to the Heights of Algiers. It crosses in particular the place Audin, the Faculty of Algiers, The Crowned Heart and the Freedom Park (formerly Galland). It is bordered by smart stores and restaurants along most of its length. It is regarded as the heart of the capital.

Astronautical view of Algiers

### Climate

Algiers has a Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa). Its proximity to the Mediterranean Sea aids in moderating the city's temperatures. As a result, Algiers usually does not see the extreme temperatures that are experienced in the adjacent interior. Algiers on average receives roughly 600 millimetres (24 in) of rain per year, the bulk of which is seen between October and April. The precipitation is higher than in most of coastal Mediterranean Spain , and similar to most of coastal Mediterranean France , as opposed to the interior North African semi-arid or arid climate.

Snow is very rare; in 2012, the city received 100 millimetres (4 in) of snowfall, its first snowfall in eight years.[27]

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#### Climate change

A 2019 paper published in PLOS One estimated that under Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5, a "moderate" scenario of climate change where global warming reaches ~2.5–3 °C (4.5–5.4 °F) by 2100, the climate of Algiers in the year 2050 would most closely resemble the current climate of Perth in Australia . The annual temperature would increase by 2.6 °C (4.7 °F), and the temperature of the warmest month by 1.9 °C (3.4 °F), while the temperature of the coldest month would be 3.8 °C (6.8 °F) higher.[31][32] According to Climate Action Tracker, the current warming trajectory appears consistent with 2.7 °C (4.9 °F), which closely matches Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5.[33]

Moreover, according to the 2022 IPCC Sixth Assessment Report, Algiers is one of 12 major African cities (Abidjan, Alexandria, Algiers, Cape Town, Casablanca, Dakar, Dar es Salaam, Durban, Lagos, Lomé, Luanda and Maputo) which would be the most severely affected by the future sea level rise. It estimates that they would collectively sustain cumulative damages of U$65 billion under RCP 4.5 and US$86.5 billion for the high-emission scenario RCP 8.5 by the year 2050. Additionally, RCP 8.5 combined with the hypothetical impact from marine ice sheet instability at high levels of warming would involve up to US$137.5 billion in damages, while the additional accounting for the "low-probability, high-damage events" may increase aggregate risks to $187 billion for the "moderate" RCP 4.5, $206 billion for RCP 8.5 and $397 billion under the high-end ice sheet instability scenario.[34] Since sea level rise would continue for about 10,000 years under every scenario of climate change, future costs of sea level rise would only increase, especially without adaptation measures.[35] The Casbah is on a list of 10 African World Heritage Site most threatened by sea level rise.[34]

## Government

The city (and province) of Algiers is composed of 13 administrative districts, sub-divided into 57 communes listed below with their populations at the 1998 and 2008 Censuses:

Name | Name in
Arabic  | Population
(1998)[36] | Population
(2008)[3]

|
|
|

Bab El Oued  | باب الوادي  | 87,557  | 64,732
Bologhine  | بولوغين  | 43,283  | 43,835
Casbah  | القصبة  | 50,453  | 36,762
Oued Koriche  | وادي قريش  | 53,378  | 46,182
Raïs Hamidou  | الرايس حميدو  | 21,518  | 28,451
Bab El Oued District |  | 256,189  | 219,962
Baraki  | براقي  | 95,247  | 116,375
Les Eucalyptus  | الكليتوس  | 96,310  | 116,107
Sidi Moussa  | سيدي موسى  | 27,888  | 40,750
Baraki District |  | 219,445  | 273,232
Bir Mourad Raïs  | بئر مراد رايس  | 43,254  | 45,345
Birkhadem  | بئر خادم  | 55,084  | 77,749
Djasr Kasentina  | جسر قسنطينة  | 82,729  | 133,247
Hydra  | حيدرة  | 35,727  | 31,133
Saoula  | سحاولة  | 31,388  | 41,690
Bir Mourad Raïs District |  | 248,182  | 329,164
Birtouta  | بئر توتة  | 21,808  | 30,575
Ouled Chebel  | أولاد الشبل  | 16,335  | 20,006
Tessala El Merdja  | تسالة المرجى  | 10,792  | 15,847
Birtouta District |  | 48,935  | 66,428
Ben Aknoun  | بن عكنون  | 19,404  | 18,838
Beni Messous  | بني مسوس  | 17,490  | 36,191
Bouzareah  | بوزريعة  | 69,153  | 83,797
El Biar  | الأبيار  | 52,582  | 47,332
Bouzareah District |  | 158,629  | 186,158
Aïn Bénian  | عين البنيان  | 52,343  | 68,354
Chéraga  | الشراقة  | 60,374  | 80,824
Dely Ibrahim  | دالي إبرهيم  | 30,576  | 35,230
El Hammamet  | الحمامات الرومانية  | 19,651  | 23,990
Ouled Fayet  | أولاد فايت  | 15,209  | 27,593
Chéraga District |  | 178,153  | 235,991
Aïn Taya  | عين طاية  | 29,515  | 34,501
Bab Ezzouar  | باب الزوار  | 92,157  | 96,597
Bordj El Bahri  | برج البحري  | 27,905  | 52,816
Bordj El Kiffan  | برج الكيفان  | 103,690  | 151,950
Dar El Beïda  | الدار البيضاء  | 44,753  | 80,033
El Marsa  | المرسى  | 8,784  | 12,100
Mohammedia  | المحمدية  | 42,079  | 62,543
Dar El Beïda District |  | 348,883  | 490,540
Baba Hassen  | بابا حسن  | 13,827  | 23,756
Douera  | دويرة  | 41,804  | 56,998
Draria  | درارية  | 23,050  | 44,141
El Achour  | العاشور  | 19,524  | 41,070
Khraicia  | خراسية  | 17,690  | 27,910
Draria District |  | 115,895  | 193,875
Bachdjerrah  | باش جراح  | 90,073  | 93,289
Bourouba  | بوروبة  | 77,498  | 71,661
El Harrach  | الحراش  | 48,167  | 48,869
Oued Smar  | وادي سمار  | 21,397  | 32,062
El Harrach District |  | 237,135  | 245,881
El Magharia  | المغارية  | 30,457  | 31,453
Hussein Dey  | حسين داي  | 49,921  | 40,698
Kouba  | القبة  | 105,253  | 104,708
Mohamed Belouizdad
(Hamma Annassers)  | الحامة العناصر  | 59,248  | 44,050
Hussein Dey District |  | 244,879  | 220,909
Haraoua  | الهراوة  | 18,167  | 27,565
Reghaïa  | رغاية  | 66,215  | 85,452
Rouïba  | الرويبة  | 49,881  | 61,984
Rouïba District |  | 134,263  | 175,001
Alger Centre  | الجزائرالوسطى  | 96,329  | 75,541
El Madania  | المدنية  | 51,404  | 40,301
El Mouradia  | المرادية  | 29,503  | 22,813
Sidi M'Hamed  | سيدي امحمد  | 90,455  | 67,873
Sidi M'Hamed District |  | 267,691  | 206,528
Mahelma  | محالمة  | 14,810  | 20,758
Rahmania  | الرحمانية  | 5,759  | 7,396
Souidania  | سويدانية  | 11,620  | 17,105
Staoueli  | سطاوالي  | 38,915  | 47,664
Zéralda  | زرالدة  | 33,047  | 51,552
Zéralda District |  | 104,151  | 144,475
Totals | الجزائر  | 2,562,428  | 2,988,145

## Local architecture

Algiers waterfront

Cosmopolitan Algiers

There are many public buildings of interest, including the whole Kasbah quarter, Martyrs Square (Sahat ech-Chouhada ساحة الشهداء), the government offices (formerly the United Kingdom consulate), the "Grand", "New", and Ketchaoua Mosques, the Roman Catholic cathedral of Notre Dame d'Afrique, the Bardo Museum, the old Bibliothèque Nationale d'Alger—a moorish palace built in 1799–1800 and the new National Library, built in a style reminiscent of the British Library.

The main building in the Kasbah was begun in 1516 on the site of an older building, and served as the palace of the deys until the French conquest. A road has been cut through the centre of the building, the mosque turned into barracks, and the hall of audience allowed to fall into ruin. There still remain a minaret and some marble arches and columns. Traces exist of the vaults in which were stored the treasures of the dey.[37]

Djamaa el Kebir (Jamaa-el-Kebir الجامع الكبير) is the oldest mosque in Algiers. It was first built by Yusuf ibn Tashfin, but reconstructed many times. The pulpit (minbar منبر) bears an inscription showing that the building existed in 1097. The minaret was built by the sultan of Tlemcen, in 1324.[38] The interior of the mosque is square and is divided into aisles by columns joined by Moorish arches.[37]

The New Mosque (Jamaa-el-Jedid الجامع الجديد), dating from the 17th century, is in the form of a Greek cross, surmounted by a large white cupola, with four small cupolas at the corners. The minaret is 27 metres (89 ft) high. The interior resembles that of the Grand Mosque.[37]

The church of the Holy Trinity (built in 1870) stands at the southern end of the rue d'Isly near the site of the demolished Fort Bab Azoun باب عزون. The interior is richly decorated with various coloured marbles. Many of these marbles contain memorial inscriptions relating to the British residents (voluntary and involuntary) of Algiers from the time of John Tipton, the first English consul, in 1580 (NB Some sources give 1585). One tablet records that in 1631 two Algerine pirate crews landed in Ireland, sacked Baltimore, and enslaved its inhabitants.[37]

The Ketchaoua Mosque

Mosque in the City of Algiers.

The Ketchaoua Mosque (Djamaa Ketchaoua جامع كتشاوة), at the foot of the Casbah, was before independence in 1962 the cathedral of St Philippe, itself made in 1845 from a mosque dating from 1612. The principal entrance, reached by a flight of 23 steps, is ornamented with a portico supported by four black-veined marble columns. The roof of the nave is of Moorish plaster work. It rests on a series of arcades supported by white marble columns. Several of these columns belonged to the original mosque. In one of the chapels was a tomb containing the bones of Geronimo.[37] The building seems a curious blend of Moorish and Byzantine styles.

Algiers possesses a college with schools of law, medicine, science and letters. The college buildings are large and handsome. The Bardo Museum holds some of the ancient sculptures and mosaics discovered in Algeria, together with medals and Algerian money.[37]

The port of Algiers is sheltered from all winds. There are two harbours, both artificial—the old or northern harbour and the southern or Agha harbour. The northern harbour covers an area of 95 hectares (235 acres). An opening in the south jetty affords an entrance into Agha harbour, constructed in Agha Bay. Agha harbour has also an independent entrance on its southern side. The inner harbour was begun in 1518 by Khair-ad-Din Barbarossa (see History, below), who, to accommodated his pirate vessels, caused the island on which was Fort Penon to be connected with the mainland by a mole. The lighthouse which occupies the site of Fort Penon was built in 1544.[37]

Algiers was a walled city from the time of the deys until the close of the 19th century. The French, after their occupation of the city (1830), built a rampart, parapet and ditch, with two terminal forts, Bab Azoun باب عزون to the south and Bab-el-Oued اد to the north. The forts and part of the ramparts were demolished at the beginning of the 20th century, when a line of forts occupying the heights of Bouzareah بوزريعة (at an elevation of 396 metres (1,299 ft) above the sea) took their place.[37]

Notre Dame d'Afrique, a church built (1858–1872) in a mixture of the Roman and Byzantine styles, is conspicuously situated overlooking the sea, on the shoulder of the Bouzareah hills, 3 km (2 mi) to the north of the city. Above the altar is a statue of the Virgin depicted as a black woman. The church also contains a solid silver statue of the archangel Michael, belonging to the confraternity of Neapolitan fishermen.[10]

Villa Abd-el-Tif, former residence of the dey, was used during the French period, to accommodate French artists, chiefly painters, and winners of the Abd-el-Tif prize, among whom Maurice Boitel, for a while of two years. Nowadays, Algerian artists are back in the villa's studios.

### Monuments

Basilica of Our Lady of Africa - Algiers

The Monument of the Martyrs (Maquam E'chahid)

Grand Post Office

* Notre Dame d'Afrique, accessible by one cable car, is one of the city's most outstanding monuments: located in the district of Z' will ghara, the basilica was built around 1858.
* Monument des Martyrs (Marquand E' chahid): an iconic concrete monument commemorating the Algerian war for independence. The monument was opened in 1982 on the 20th anniversary of Algeria's independence. It is fashioned in the shape of three standing palm leaves which shelter the "Eternal Flame" beneath. At the edge of each palm leaf stands a statue of a soldier, each representing a stage of Algeria's struggle.

The El Jedid mosque at the Place des Martyrs

* The El Jedid mosque at the Place des Martyrs near the port.
* Place of the Emir Abdelkader (formerly Bugeaud): in memory of the famous emir Abd El-Kader, resistant during French conquest of Algeria.
* Grand Post Office (1910, by Voinot and Tondoire): construction of the neo-Moorish type which is in full centre town of Algiers.
* The Jardin d'essai (Garden of Test; El-Hamma): situated in the east of Algiers, it extends over 80 hectares (198 acres) and contains exotic plants and gardens. It was created in 1832 by A. Hardy.
* Villa Abd-el-Hair, with the top of the Garden of test, one of the old residences of the dey, where until 1962, were placed the artists prizes winner of Price Abd-el-Hair, and in particular Maurice Boitel and Andre Hamburg.
* Citadel.
* Riadh El-Feth (shopping centre and art gallery).
* Ketchaoua Mosque (This mosque became the Saint-Philippe cathedral during colonization before becoming again a mosque).
* National Library, is in the district of El HAMMA and was built in the 1990s.
* Djamaa el Kebir at the Rue de la Marine. It is the oldest mosque of Algiers and was built during the reign of the Almoravid sultan Yusuf ibn Tashfin.
* Le Bastion 23 – Palais des Rais, built in 1576 by Dey Ramdhan Pacha and located in the lower Casbah in the Bab El Oued neighborhood.

## Demographics

| Parts of this place (those related to section) need to be updated. Please update this place to reflect recent events or newly available information. (July 2023)

|

Year  | Population

|

1977 (Census) | 1,523,000[39]
1987 (Census) | 1,507,241[39]
1998 (Census) | 2,086,212[39]
2008 (Census) | 2,364,230[39]

As of 2012, Algiers has a population of about 3,335,418.[40]

The ethnic distribution is 53% from an Arabic-speaking background, 44% from a Berber-speaking background and 3% foreign-born.

## Economy

Ministry of Finance of Algeria

Algiers is an important economic, commercial and financial center, with a stock exchange capitalized at 60 million euros. The city has the highest cost of living of any city in North Africa, as well as the 50th highest worldwide, as of March 2007, having gained one position compared to the previous year.[41]

Mohamed Ben Ali El Abbar, president of the Council of Administration of the Emirate Group EMAAR, presented five "megaprojects" to Algerian President Abdelaziz Bouteflika, during a ceremony which took place Saturday, July 15, in the People's Palace of Algiers. These projects will transform the city of Algiers and its surroundings by equipping them with a retail area and restoration and leisure facilities.

The first project will concentrate on the reorganization and the development of the infrastructures of the railway station "Aga" located in the downtown area. The ultramodern station intended to accommodate more than 80.000 passengers per day, will become a centre of circulation in the heart of the grid system, surrounded by commercial offices and buildings and hotels intended for travellers in transit. A shopping centre and three high-rise office buildings rising with the top of the commercial zone will accompany the project.

The second project will not relate to the bay of Algiers and aims to revitalize the sea front. The development of the 44 km (27 mi) sea front will include marinas, channels, luxury hotels, offices, apartments of great standing, luxury stores and leisure amenities. A crescent-shaped peninsula will be set up on the open sea. The project of the bay of Algiers will also comprise six small islands, of which four of round form, connected to each other by bridges and marinas and will include tourist and residential complexes.

Air Algérie head office in Place Audin near the University of Algiers, in Alger-Centre

The third project will relate to restructuring an area of Algiers, qualified by the originators of the project of "city of wellness". El Abbar indicated to the journalists that the complex would be "agreeable for all those which will want to combine tourism and well-being or tourism and relaxation". The complex will include a university, a research center and a medical centre. It should also include a hospital complex, a care centre, a hotel zone, an urban centre and a thermal spa with villas and apartments. The university will include a medical school and a school for care male nurses which will be able to accommodate 500 students. The university campus will have the possibility of seeing setting up broad ranges of buildings of research laboratories and residences.

Another project relates to technological implantation of a campus in Sidi Abdellah, 25 km (16 mi) south-east from Algiers. This 90 hectares (222 acres) site will include shopping centres, residential zones with high standard apartments and a golf course surrounded by villas and hotels. Two other residential zones, including 1.800 apartments and 40 high standard villas, will be built on the surrounding hills.

The fifth project is that of the tourist complex Colonel Abbès, which will be located 25 km (16 mi) west from Algiers. This complex will include several retail zones, meeting places, and residential zones composed of apartments and villas with views of the sea.[42]

There is another project under construction, by the name of Algiers Medina. The first step of the project is nearly complete.

A Hewlett-Packard office for French-speaking countries in Africa is in Algiers.[43]

## Tourist installations

Panorama of the city as seen from Bologhine district

Morning view of Algiers

Some 20 km (12 mi) to the west of Algiers are such seaside resorts as Sidi Fredj (ex-Sidi Ferruch), Palm Beach, Douaouda, Zéralda, and the Club of the Pines (residence of State); there are tourist complexes, Algerian and other restaurants, souvenir shops, supervised beaches, and other amenities. The city is also equipped with important hotel complexes such as the hotel Hilton, El-Aurassi or El Djazair. Algiers also has the first water park in the country. The tourism of Algiers is growing but is not as developed as that of the larger cities in Morocco or Tunisia.

## Education

The presence of a large diplomatic community in Algiers prompted the creation of multiple international educational institutions. These schools include :

* American International School of Algiers;
* British School Algiers
* El Kalimat School (English-language school);
* Lycée International Alexandre-Dumas d'Alger (French school);
* Roma Italian School of Algiers;
* Russian Embassy School in Algiers.

There was formerly the École japonaise d'Alger (アルジェ日本人学校 Aruje Nihonjin Gakkō), a school for Japanese children.[44][45]

## Public transport

Public transport of Algiers

Various means of transport in Algiers

* ETUSA (urban and suburban bus transportation for Algiers) operates bus service in Algiers and the surrounding suburbs. 54 lines are operating, with service from 5:30 a.m. to 12:45 a.m.
* SNTF (national railroad company) operates commuter-rail lines connecting the capital to the surrounding suburbs.
* Algiers Metro, opened November 1, 2011.
* Algiers tramway, opened on May 8, 2011.
* Houari Boumediene Airport is located 20 km (12 mi) from the city. The airport serves domestics, many European cities, West Africa, the Middle East, Asia and North America. On July 5, 2006, a new international air terminal was opened for service. The terminal is managed by Aéroports de Paris.

4 urban beltways:

* El Madania – Belouizdad
* Notre Dame d'Afrique – Bologhine
* Memorial des Martyres/Riad el Feth – Jardin d'essais
* Palais de la culture – Oued Kniss

## Sports

Algiers is the sporting centre of Algeria. The city has a number of professional clubs in the variety of sports, which have won national and international titles. Among the sports facilities within the city, there is an enormous sporting complex – Complex of OCO – Mohamed Boudiaf. This includes the Stade 5 Juillet 1962 (capacity 64,000), a venue for athletics, an Olympic swimming pool, a multisports room (the Cupola), an 18-hole golf course, and several tennis courts.

The following major sporting events have been held in Algiers (not-exhaustive list):

### Football clubs

Major association football club based in Algiers include:

## International relations

### Twin towns – sister cities

Algiers is twinned with:

* Montreal , Canada[46]
* Sofia, Bulgaria[47]

In addition, many of the wards and cities within Algiers maintain sister-city relationships with other foreign cities.

### Cooperation agreements

Algiers has cooperation agreements with:

* Lisbon, Portugal[48][49]
* Paris, France[50]

## Films about Algiers

The Battle of Algiers (1966), Italian-Algerian movie by Gillo Pontecorvo.

* Algiers, 1938, starring Charles Boyer and Hedy Lamarr, and directed by John Cromwell;
* The Battle of Algiers, 1966, directed by Gillo Pontecorvo;
* Tahya ya Didou, Alger Insolite, 1970, Mohammed Zinet;
* Bab El-Oued City, 1994, directed by Merzak Allouache;
* Viva Laldjérie, 2003, directed by Nadir Moknèche, with Biyouna and Lubna Azabal;
* Bab el Web, 2004, directed by Merzak Allouache, with Samy Naceri, Julie Gayet, Faudel;
* Once upon a time in the Oued, 2005, directed by Djamel Bensalah;
* Beur, White, Red, 2005, directed by Mahmoud Zemmouri.
* Delice Paloma, 2007, directed by Nadir Moknèche, with Biyouna and Nadia Kaci.
* Abbott and Costello in the Foreign Legion, 1950, starring Bud Abbott and Lou Costello.
* Carry on Spying 1964, directed by Gerald Thomas with Kenneth Williams, Charles Hawtrey, Barbara Windsor & Renee Houston

## Notable people

## See also

* Barbary pirates
* Botanical Garden Hamma
* List of Ottoman governors of Algiers

## References

This article was originally based on a translation of the French Wikipedia's article "Alger".

### Citations

1. ↑ "Population of the city proper according to the 2008 census". Citypopulation.de. http://citypopulation.de/Algeria.html.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "UN World Urbanization Prospects". Esa.un.org. http://esa.un.org/unup/index.asp?panel=2.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Census 14 April 2008: Office National des Statistiques de l'Algérie (web).
4. ↑ UNESCO, Decision Text, World Heritage Centre, retrieved 21 July 2017.
5. ↑ Chisholm 1911, p. 653.
6. ↑ Origins of Algiers by Louis Leschi, speech delivered June 16, 1941, published in El Djezair Sheets, July 1941 History of Algeria (in French).
7. ↑ "les origines d'alger,conference faite le 16 juin 1941,comite du vieil alger;venis". http://alger-roi.fr/Alger/alger_son_histoire/textes/3_origines_alger_1941_feuillets.htm.
8. ↑ "الجزائر... تُلقب تاريخياً بأرض الإسلام ومنها انطلقت الفتوحات الإسلامية نحو الأندلس وأفريقيا". 2012-05-17. https://www.alraimedia.com/article/324914/متفرقات/الجزائر-تلقب-تاريخيا-بأرض-الإسلام-ومنها-انطلقت-الفتوحات-الإسلامية-نحو-الأندلس-وأفريقيا.
9. ↑ Edward Lipiński (2004). Itineraria Phoenicia. Peeters Publishers. p. 403. ISBN 978-90-429-1344-8. OCLC 1026236463. https://books.google.com/books?id=SLSzNfdcqfoC&pg=PA403.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 Chisholm 1911, p. 655.
11. ↑ "History of Algeria - Key Figures in Algeria's history". https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/History/Algeria-history.htm.
12. ↑ John Ruedy (12 August 2005). Modern Algeria, Second Edition: The Origins and Development of a Nation. Indiana University Press. pp. 13–. ISBN 978-0-253-21782-0. OCLC 1025661094. https://books.google.com/books?id=WIRWgrbE_fEC&pg=PA13.
13. ↑ Zeynep Çelik (1997). Urban Forms and Colonial Confrontations: Algiers Under French Rule. University of California Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-520-20457-7. OCLC 208879670. https://books.google.com/books?id=hSSLQgAACAAJ.
14. ↑ "Tyrkjaránið – Heimaslóð" (in is). Heimaslod.is. http://www.heimaslod.is/index.php/Tyrkjaránið.
15. ↑ Martin Reinheimer (2003). "From Amrum to Algiers and Back: The Reintegration of a Renegade in the Eighteenth Century". Central European History (Cambridge University Press) 36 (2): 209–233. doi:10.1163/156916103770866121. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4547299. Retrieved 2021-06-23.
16. ↑ Eisenberg, Daniel (1996). "Cervantes, autor de la Topografía e historia general de Argel publicada por Diego de Haedo". Cervantes: Bulletin of the Cervantes Society of America 16 (1): 32–53. doi:10.3138/Cervantes.16.1.032. http://www.h-net.org/~cervantes/csa/artics96/topograf.htm. Others have disputed Eisenberg's attribution of the work to Cervantes.
17. ↑ Eisenberg, Daniel (1999). "¿Por qué volvió Cervantes de Argel?" ("Why Did Cervantes return from Algiers?". Ingeniosa invención: Essays on Golden Age Spanish Literature for Geoffrey L. Stagg in Honor of his Eighty-Fifth Birthday. Newark, Delaware: Juan de la Cuesta. pp. 241–253. ISBN 0936388838. https://archive.org/details/ingeniosainvenci0000unse/page/241.
18. ↑ "The First Muslims in England" (in en-GB). BBC News. 20 March 2016. https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-35843991.
19. ↑ Celik, Zeynep, Urban Forms and Colonial Confrontations: Algiers Under French Rule, University of California Press, 1997, pp. 13–14.
20. ↑ Godfrey., Mugoti (2009). Africa (a-z).. [Place of publication not identified]: Lulu Com. ISBN 978-1435728905. OCLC 946180025. [self-published source]
21. ↑ Albert Habib Hourani, Malise Ruthven (2002). "A history of the Arab peoples ". Harvard University Press. p.323. ISBN:0-674-01017-5
22. ↑ Celik, Zeynep, Urban Forms and Colonial Confrontations: Algiers Under French Rule, University of California Press, 1997, p. 5.
23. ↑ "Les autorités accusent al-Qaïda". RFI. http://www.rfi.fr/actufr/articles/096/article_60149.asp.
24. ↑ "Toll in Algiers bombings rises to 31". Associated Press. https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20071212/ap_on_re_af/algeria_explosion.
25. ↑ "Al Qaeda blamed for Algeria bombs". CNN. 2007-12-12. http://edition.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/africa/12/11/algeria.blast/index.html.
26. ↑ "Notre Dame d'Afrique and Carmelite Convent, Algiers, Algeria". 1899. http://www.wdl.org/en/item/8766/.
27. ↑ Balmforth, Richard (4 February 2012). "European Chill Moves West, 122 Die in Ukraine". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-europe-weather-idUSTRE8130NK20120204.
28. ↑ "Alger Dar-el-Beida Climate Normals 1991–2020". World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Algeria/CSV/AlgerDarElBeida_60390.csv.
29. ↑ "Appendix I: Meteorological Data". Springer. http://extras.springer.com/2007/978-1-4020-4577-6/Book_Shahin_ISBN_9781402045776_Appendix.pdf.
30. ↑ "Station Alger" (in fr). Meteo Climat. http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=15.
31. ↑ Bastin, Jean-Francois; Clark, Emily; Elliott, Thomas; Hart, Simon; van den Hoogen, Johan; Hordijk, Iris; Ma, Haozhi; Majumder, Sabiha et al. (10 July 2019). "Understanding climate change from a global analysis of city analogues". PLOS ONE 14 (7): S2 Table. Summary statistics of the global analysis of city analogues.. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0217592. PMID 31291249. Bibcode: 2019PLoSO..1417592B.
32. ↑ "Cities of the future: visualizing climate change to inspire action". Current vs. future cities. https://crowtherlab.pageflow.io/cities-of-the-future-visualizing-climate-change-to-inspire-action.
33. ↑ "The CAT Thermometer". https://climateactiontracker.org/global/cat-thermometer/.
34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Trisos, C.H., I.O. Adelekan, E. Totin, A. Ayanlade, J. Efitre, A. Gemeda, K. Kalaba, C. Lennard, C. Masao, Y. Mgaya, G. Ngaruiya, D. Olago, N.P. Simpson, and S. Zakieldeen 2022: Chapter 9: Africa. In Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke,V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2043–2121
35. ↑ Technical Summary. In: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCC. August 2021. p. TS14. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
36. ↑ Census of 25 June 1998: Office National des Statistiques de l'Algérie (web).
37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3 37.4 37.5 37.6 37.7 Chisholm 1911, p. 654.
38. ↑ "Fountain in Mosque of El Kebir, Algiers, Algeria". 1899. http://www.wdl.org/en/item/8764/.
39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 39.3 "Algeria: Provinces & Major Cities - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information". http://citypopulation.de/Algeria-Cities.html.
40. ↑ "Algiers in the World Gazetteer". World-gazetteer.com. http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gadm&lng=en&dat=32&geo=-66&srt=npan&col=aohdq.
41. ↑ "MERCER Human Resources Consulting – Moscow tops Mercer's cost of living list; London is close behind". Mercerhr.com. http://www.mercerhr.com/costofliving.
42. ↑ (in en) The report 2008 : Algeria.. Oxford Business Group. 2008. ISBN 978-1-902339-09-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=zPz9FHXJVLUC&q=Colonel+Abbes++tourist+complex&pg=PA32.
43. ↑ "HP Office locations". Welcome.hp.com. http://welcome.hp.com/gms/emea_africa/en/contact/office_locs.html.
44. ↑ Kobori, Iwao (Conseiller aupres del'Universite des Nations Unies). "L'Algerie et moi" ( ). Japan-Algeria Center. Retrieved on 16 January 2015.
45. ↑ "過去に指定・認定していた在外教育施設" ( ). Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Retrieved on January 15, 2015.
46. ↑ "Sherlock, banque d'information de la Ville de Montréal". 1.ville.montreal.qc.ca. http://www11.ville.montreal.qc.ca/sherlock2/servlet/template/sherlock,AfficherDocumentInternet.vm/nodocument/20146;jsessionid=24C10045060CDD0AA23BD919B260FD0F.
47. ↑ "Градина "Алжир" – София" (in bg). 2015-06-19. https://opoznai.bg/view/gradina-aljir-sofiia.
48. ↑ "Lisboa – Geminações de Cidades e Vilas" (in pt). Associação Nacional de Municípios Portugueses [National Association of Portuguese Municipalities]. http://www.anmp.pt/anmp/pro/mun1/gem101l0.php?cod_ent=M1100.
49. ↑ "Acordos de Geminação, de Cooperação e/ou Amizade da Cidade de Lisboa" (in pt). Camara Municipal de Lisboa. http://www.cm-lisboa.pt/municipio/relacoes-internacionais.
50. ↑ "Friendship and cooperation agreements". Paris: Marie de Paris. http://next.paris.fr/english/paris-a-city-with-an-international-profile/international-action-cooperation/friendship-and-cooperation-agreements/rub_8139_stand_29940_port_18784.
51. ↑ This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Jacobs, Joseph; Seligsohn, M. (1906). "Ẓeror, Raphael Jedidiah Solomon ben Jeshua". in Singer, Isidore. The Jewish Encyclopedia. 12. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. p. 662. https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/15250-zeror-raphael-jedidiah-solomon-ben-jeshua.

### Bibliography

* Carroll, David. Albert Camus the Algerian (Columbia University Press, 2007).
* Emerson, Charles. 1913: In Search of the World Before the Great War (2013) compares Algiers to 20 major world cities; pp 267–79.
* Benseddik, Nacéra (2004), "Chronique d'une Cité Antique", Alger: Lumières sur la Ville, Actes du Colloque de l'EPAU 4–6 May 2001, Algiers, pp. 29–34 . (in French)
* Ghaki, Mansour (2015), "Toponymie et Onomastique Libyques: L'Apport de l'Écriture Punique/Néopunique", in Anna Maria di Tolla, La Lingua nella Vita e la Vita della Lingua: Itinerari e Percorsi degli Studi Berberi, Studi Africanistici: Quaderni di Studi Berberi e Libico-Berberi, No. 4, Naples: Unior, pp. 65–71, ISBN 978-88-6719-125-3, ISSN 2283-5636, https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/50105050/Toponymie_et_onomastique_Lapport_de_lecriture_punique_neopunique.pdf . (in French)
* Lipiński, Edward (2004), Itineraria Phoenicia, Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta, No. 127, Studia Phoenicia, Vol. XVIII, Leuven: Uitgeverij Peeters, ISBN 9789042913448, https://books.google.com/books?id=SLSzNfdcqfoC 127,+''Studia+Phoenicia'',+Vol. XVIII&rft.place=Leuven&rft.pub=Uitgeverij+Peeters&rft.isbn=9789042913448&rft_id=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLSzNfdcqfoC&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikibooks.org:Place:Algiers"> .

## External links

* Algiers travel guide from Wikivoyage

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