Barlas

The Barlas (Mongolian: Barulās;[1] Chagatai Turkic/Persian: برلاس Barlās; also Berlās) were a Mongol[1][2][3][4][5] tribe, which later became Turkified[6][7] in Central Asia, forming a nomadic confederation. They were a sub-clan of the Kiyat-Borjigin,[8][9] emerged within the Khamag Mongol confederation in present-day Mongolia in the early to mid-12th century,[10] and traced their military roots to one of the elite regiments of the Mongol Empire’s Kheshig armies.[11][12] The Barlas spawned as one imperial dynasties with two major empires in Asia: the Timurid Empire in Central Asia and Persia; and its later branch, the Mughal Empire in the Indian subcontinent.[13][14]

## Contents

* 1 Origins
* 2 Timurids and Mughals
* 3 See also
* 4 References

## Origins

Portrait of Timur, a member of the Barlas. Painted in 1405–1409.[15]

According to the Secret History of the Mongols, written during the reign of Ögedei Khan [r. 1229–1241] of Mongol empire, and Historian Rashid al-Din Hamadani (1247–1318) of Ilkhanate he written in his documents Jami' al-tawarikh,[16] the Barlas shared ancestry with the Khiyad Borjigin,[17][18][19] who were the descendents of Khaidu Khan, but mainly Barlas were sharing a common ancestries with Tumbinai Khan who was both Timur and Genghis Khan's ancestor, which proved by Rashid al-din Hamadani on his documents,[20][21][22][23] while the Imperial clan of Genghis Khan and his successors, and other Mongol clans related. Barlas clan emerging first founder traced its original roots to Qachuli as founder of tribe in Khamag Mongol at Northern Mongolia,[24][25][26][27] Qachuli was the son of Tumanay Setsen or, Tumbinai Khan who was the ruler of Borjigin, as well as twin brother of Qabul Khan the founder and first ruler of Khamag Mongol Confederations,[28][29][30] Qachulis great-grandson was Qarachar Barlas who was the one of Genghis Khan Minister and Commander (Noyan and Tumen) as Mongol Invasions of Central asia, he migrated and founding his clans new settlements in Central asia Transoxiana regions,[31][32][33] Genghis Khan later assigned Qarachar to his second son Chagatai Khan as then becoming one his minister and governor (Darughachi) of Transoxiana.[34][35][36][37]

The Barlas controlled the region of Kish (modern day Shahrisabz, Uzbekistan) and all of its lineages seem to have been associated with this region.[38] In contrast to most neighboring tribes who remained nomadic, the Barlas were a sedentary due to there military and aristrocratic natures and status of tribe.[39][40] Due to extensive contacts with the native population of Central Asia, the tribe had adopted the religion of Islam and leaving there forefathers Tengrism,[7][41][42] and as they native Mongol speaker they adopted the Chagatai language, a Turkic language of the Qarluq branch, which was heavily influenced by Arabic and Persian.[43][44] Although the Barlas were not always exogamous, but many marriages recorded were outside the tribe.[45][46]

## Timurids and Mughals

Babur, founder of the Mughal Empire. Late Shah Jahan Album, painted c. 1640.[47]

Its most famous representatives were the Timurids, a dynasty founded by the conqueror Timur in the 14th century, who ruled over modern-day Iran, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and almost the entire rest of the Caucasus, Afghanistan, much of Central Asia, as well as parts of contemporary Pakistan, Mesopotamia, and Anatolia.[48] One of his descendants, Babur, later founded the Mughal Empire of Central Asia and South Asia.[49]

## See also

* Turco-Mongol tradition
* Hajji Beg Barlas

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Grupper, S. M. 'A Barulas Family Narrative in the Yuan Shih: Some Neglected Prosopographical and Institutional Sources on Timurid Origins'. Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 8 (1992–94): 11–97
2. ↑ Chann, Naindeep Singh (2008). "Intellectual Movements during Timuri and Safavid Periods (1500-1700 A.D.)". Iran and the Caucasus 12 (2): 413–415. doi:10.1163/157338408x406182. ISSN 1609-8498. https://doi.org/10.1163/157338408x406182.
3. ↑ Anooshahr, Ali (2018-04-19). "Mongols in the Tarikh-i Rashidi". Oxford Scholarship Online. doi:10.1093/oso/9780190693565.003.0006. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190693565.003.0006.
4. ↑ Rührdanz, Karin (2016-01-01), "8 From the Mongols to the Timurids: Refinement and Attrition in Persian Painting", The Mongols' Middle East (BRILL): pp. 172–192, ISBN 978-90-04-31199-2, https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004314726_010, retrieved 2025-06-07
5. ↑ B.F. Manz, The rise and rule of Tamerlan, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1989, p. 28: "... We know definitely that the leading clan of the Barlas tribe traced its origin to Qarachar Barlas, head of one of Chaghadai's regiments ... These then were the most prominent members of the Ulus Chaghadai: the old Mongolian tribes — Barlas, Arlat, Soldus and Jalayir ..."
6. ↑ Timur and the Timurids, Svat Soucek, Princeton University, New Jersey, Publisher Cambridge University Press. p. Timur was born around 1336 in Transoxania near Kesh – later known as Shahrisabz – in the Kashka Darya region of what is today the Republic of Uzbekistan. He was a Turk of the Barlas tribe; this tribe, like many others, boasted a Mongol name and ancestry, but for all practical purposes it was Turkic..
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 M.S. Asimov & C. E. Bosworth, History of Civilizations of Central Asia, UNESCO Regional Office, 1998, ISBN 92-3-103467-7, p. 320: "... One of his followers was [...] Timur of the Barlas tribe. This Mongol tribe had settled [...] in the valley of Kashka Darya, intermingling with the Turkish population, adopting their religion (Islam) and gradually giving up its own nomadic ways, like a number of other Mongol tribes in Transoxania ..."
8. ↑ G.R. Garthwaite, "The Persians", Malden, ISBN 978-1-55786-860-2, MA: Blackwell Pub., 2007. (p.148)
9. ↑ "Family tree of major Timurid princes", Power, Politics and Religion in Timurid Iran (Cambridge University Press): pp. xviii–xviii, 2007-03-01, ISBN 978-0-521-86547-0, https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511497483.003, retrieved 2025-05-07
10. ↑ "Part Two: The Secret History of the Mongols Index", Index to the Secret History of the Mongols (De Gruyter Mouton): pp. 175–344, 1972-12-31, https://doi.org/10.1515/9783112311790-003, retrieved 2025-05-07
11. ↑ Saunders, J. J. (2023-07-07), "The Turkish rehearsal for the Mongol conquests", The History of the Mongol Conquests (London: Routledge): pp. 16–29, ISBN 978-1-003-40809-3, https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003408093-2, retrieved 2025-05-07
12. ↑ Grupper, S. M. 'A Barulas Family Narrative in the Yuan Shih: Some Neglected Prosopographical and Institutional Sources on Timurid Origins'. Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 8 (1992–94): 11–97
13. ↑ Gérard Chaliand, A Global History of War: From Assyria to the Twenty-First Century, University of California Press, California 2014, p. 151
14. ↑ Lee, Joo-Yup (2019-12-23), "Turkic Identity in Mongol and Post-Mongol Central Asia and the Qipchaq Steppe", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History (Oxford University Press), ISBN 978-0-19-027772-7, https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.443, retrieved 2025-05-07
15. ↑ Droese, Janine; Karolewski, Janina (4 December 2023) (in en). Manuscript Albums and their Cultural Contexts: Collectors, Objects, and Practices. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 135. ISBN 978-3-11-132146-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=OoLlEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA135. "To the best of my knowledge, the earliest portrait of Timur can be found in a genealogical scroll (Istanbul, Topkapı Palace Museum, H. 2152, fols 32-43"), produced shortly after his death in Samarqand (probably under the reign of Khalil Sultan, r. 1405-1409)"
16. ↑ Kamola, Stefan (2019-09-01). Making Mongol History. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-1-4744-2142-3. https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474421423.001.0001.
17. ↑ "Part Two: The Secret History of the Mongols Index", Index to the Secret History of the Mongols (De Gruyter Mouton): pp. 175–344, 1972-12-31, https://doi.org/10.1515/9783112311790-003, retrieved 2025-06-03
18. ↑ Rührdanz, Karin (2016-01-01), "8 From the Mongols to the Timurids: Refinement and Attrition in Persian Painting", The Mongols' Middle East (BRILL): pp. 172–192, ISBN 978-90-04-31199-2, https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004314726_010, retrieved 2025-06-08
19. ↑ Kamola, Stefan (2019-09-01). Making Mongol History. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-1-4744-2142-3. https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474421423.001.0001.
20. ↑ The Secret History of the Mongols, transl. by I. De Rachewiltz, Chapter I .
21. ↑ Kamola, Stefan (2019-09-01). Making Mongol History. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-1-4744-2142-3. https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474421423.001.0001.
22. ↑ Joshi, Harit (2020), "Akbarnama", Encyclopédie des historiographies : Afriques, Amériques, Asies (Presses de l’Inalco): pp. 41–43, ISBN 978-2-85831-344-0, https://doi.org/10.4000/books.pressesinalco.21823, retrieved 2025-06-10
23. ↑ Melville, Charles (2021-10-11), "On Some Manuscripts of Hatifi’s Timurnama", Exploring Written Artefacts (De Gruyter): pp. 1123–1146, ISBN 978-3-11-075330-1, https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110753301-055, retrieved 2025-06-10
24. ↑ "Part Two: The Secret History of the Mongols Index", Index to the Secret History of the Mongols (De Gruyter Mouton): pp. 175–344, 1972-12-31, https://doi.org/10.1515/9783112311790-003, retrieved 2025-06-03
25. ↑ Rührdanz, Karin (2016-01-01), "8 From the Mongols to the Timurids: Refinement and Attrition in Persian Painting", The Mongols' Middle East (BRILL): pp. 172–192, ISBN 978-90-04-31199-2, https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004314726_010, retrieved 2025-06-08
26. ↑ Chann, Naindeep Singh (2008). "Intellectual Movements during Timuri and Safavid Periods (1500-1700 A.D.)". Iran and the Caucasus 12 (2): 413–415. doi:10.1163/157338408x406182. ISSN 1609-8498. https://doi.org/10.1163/157338408x406182.
27. ↑ Kamola, Stefan (2019-09-01). Making Mongol History. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-1-4744-2142-3. https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474421423.001.0001.
28. ↑ Kamola, Stefan (2019-09-01). Making Mongol History. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-1-4744-2142-3. https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474421423.001.0001.
29. ↑ Chann, Naindeep Singh (2008). "Intellectual Movements during Timuri and Safavid Periods (1500-1700 A.D.)". Iran and the Caucasus 12 (2): 413–415. doi:10.1163/157338408x406182. ISSN 1609-8498. https://doi.org/10.1163/157338408x406182.
30. ↑ Rührdanz, Karin (2016-01-01), "8 From the Mongols to the Timurids: Refinement and Attrition in Persian Painting", The Mongols' Middle East (BRILL): pp. 172–192, ISBN 978-90-04-31199-2, https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004314726_010, retrieved 2025-06-08
31. ↑ Kamola, Stefan (2019-09-01). Making Mongol History. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-1-4744-2142-3. https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474421423.001.0001.
32. ↑ Chann, Naindeep Singh (2008). "Intellectual Movements during Timuri and Safavid Periods (1500-1700 A.D.)". Iran and the Caucasus 12 (2): 413–415. doi:10.1163/157338408x406182. ISSN 1609-8498. https://doi.org/10.1163/157338408x406182.
33. ↑ Rührdanz, Karin (2016-01-01), "8 From the Mongols to the Timurids: Refinement and Attrition in Persian Painting", The Mongols' Middle East (BRILL): pp. 172–192, ISBN 978-90-04-31199-2, https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004314726_010, retrieved 2025-06-08
34. ↑ "Part One: The Secret History of the Mongols Text", Index to the Secret History of the Mongols (De Gruyter Mouton): pp. 11–174, 1972-12-31, https://doi.org/10.1515/9783112311790-002, retrieved 2025-06-08
35. ↑ Rührdanz, Karin (2016-01-01), "8 From the Mongols to the Timurids: Refinement and Attrition in Persian Painting", The Mongols' Middle East (BRILL): pp. 172–192, ISBN 978-90-04-31199-2, https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004314726_010, retrieved 2025-06-08
36. ↑ Chann, Naindeep Singh (2008). "Intellectual Movements during Timuri and Safavid Periods (1500-1700 A.D.)". Iran and the Caucasus 12 (2): 413–415. doi:10.1163/157338408x406182. ISSN 1609-8498. https://doi.org/10.1163/157338408x406182.
37. ↑ Kamola, Stefan (2019-09-01). Making Mongol History. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-1-4744-2142-3. https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474421423.001.0001.
38. ↑ B.F. Manz, The rise and rule of Tamerlan, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1989, p. 156–7
39. ↑ Gérard Chaliand, A Global History of War: From Assyria to the Twenty-First Century, University of California Press, California 2014, p. 151
40. ↑ Kamola, Stefan (2019-09-01). Making Mongol History. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-1-4744-2142-3. https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474421423.001.0001.
41. ↑ Rührdanz, Karin (2016-01-01), "8 From the Mongols to the Timurids: Refinement and Attrition in Persian Painting", The Mongols' Middle East (BRILL): pp. 172–192, ISBN 978-90-04-31199-2, https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004314726_010, retrieved 2025-06-08
42. ↑ Kamola, Stefan (2019-09-01). Making Mongol History. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-1-4744-2142-3. https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474421423.001.0001.
43. ↑ G. Doerfer, "Chaghatay[Usurped!]", in Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition 2007.
44. ↑ Rührdanz, Karin (2016-01-01), "8 From the Mongols to the Timurids: Refinement and Attrition in Persian Painting", The Mongols' Middle East (BRILL): pp. 172–192, ISBN 978-90-04-31199-2, https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004314726_010, retrieved 2025-06-08
45. ↑ B.F. Manz, The rise and rule of Tamerlan, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1989, p. 157
46. ↑ Rührdanz, Karin (2016-01-01), "8 From the Mongols to the Timurids: Refinement and Attrition in Persian Painting", The Mongols' Middle East (BRILL): pp. 172–192, ISBN 978-90-04-31199-2, https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004314726_010, retrieved 2025-06-08
47. ↑ "Babur and Humayun with Courtiers, from the Late Shah Jahan Album". https://asia-archive.si.edu/object/S1986.401/. "The first Mughal emperor, Babur, who reigned from 1526 to 1530, is shown seated on the right with his son and successor, Humayun."
48. ↑ René Grousset, The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia, Rutgers University Press, 1988. ISBN 0-8135-0627-1 (p.409)
49. ↑ Ẓahīr-al-Dīn Moḥammad Bābor at Encyclopædia Iranica

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