Capital of Japan

Short description: Historical aspects of the capital cities of Japan

The capital of Japan is Tokyo.[1][2][3] Throughout history, the national capital of Japan has been in locations other than Tokyo. The oldest capital is Nara.

## Contents

* 1 Legal status
* 2 History
* 3 List of capitals
* 3.1 Legendary
* 3.2 Historical
* 4 Historical capitals
* 5 See also
* 6 References
* 7 Further reading
* 8 External links

## Legal status

While no laws have designated Tokyo as the Japanese capital, many laws have defined a "capital area" (首都圏, shuto-ken) that incorporates Tokyo. Article 2 of the Metropolitan Area Readjustment Act (首都圏整備法) of 1956 states: "In this Act, the term 'capital area' shall denote a broad region comprising both the territory of the Tokyo Metropolis as well as outlying regions designated by cabinet order." This implies that the government has designated Tokyo as the capital of Japan, although (again) it is not explicitly stated, and the definition of the "capital area" is purposely restricted to the terms of that specific law.[4]

Other laws referring to the "capital area" include the Capital Expressway Public Corporation Law (首都高速道路公団法),[5] the Capital Area Greenbelt Preservation Law (首都圏近郊緑地保全法), the Act on Arrangement of Suburban Development and Redevelopment Areas and Urban Development Areas in Metropolitan Area (首都圏の近郊整備地帯及び都市開発区域の整備に関する法律), the Act on State's Special Financial Measures on Arrangement of Suburban Development and Redevelopment Areas, etc. in Tokyo Metropolitan Area, Kinki Area and Chubu Area (首都圏、近畿圏及び中部圏の近郊整備地帯等の整備のための国の財政上の特別措置に関する法律), and the Special Measurements for Greater Tokyo Area earthquakes Law (首都直下地震対策特別措置法).[6][7]

In February 2018, Seiji Osaka, a member of the House of Representatives, asked the government where the capital of Japan is. In response, Shinzo Abe stated that while no laws define the capital of Japan, they believed that "the capital of Japan is Tokyo is widely accepted by the people".[8][9]

## History

Traditionally, the home of the Emperor is considered the capital. From 794 through 1868, the Emperor lived in Heian-kyō, modern-day Kyoto.[10][11] After 1868, the seat of the Government of Japan and the location of the Emperor's home was moved to Edo, which it renamed Tokyo.[12] This term for capital was never used to refer to Kyoto. Indeed, shuto came into use during the 1860s as a gloss of the English term "capital".

In 1941, the Ministry of Education published the "designation of Tokyo as capital" (東京奠都, Tōkyō-tento).[13] The Ministry of Education published a book called "History of the Restoration" in 1941. This book referred to "designating Tokyo as capital" (東京奠都, Tōkyō-tento) without talking about "relocating the capital to Tokyo" (東京遷都, Tōkyō-sento). A contemporary history textbook states that the Meiji government "moved the capital (shuto) from Kyoto to Tokyo" without using the sento term.[13]

The proposals to move the capital were conceptualized in 1979, and 16 years later, in 1995, the parliament voted to move the capital away from Tokyo to a place no more than 180 miles and 40 minutes away from the airport, which was planned to be completed in 2010.[14][15] In 1999, the following sites were proposed: Tochigi and Fukushima prefectures, north of Tokyo; the second candidate is Gifu and Aichi prefectures, south of Tokyo; and the panel recommended the third region near the ancient capitals, Nara, Kyoto, and Shiga prefectures.[16] These plans did not include moving the Imperial Palace, so they were not seen as moving the capital city but rather transferring the government functions. Ryutaro Hashimoto explicitly denied the possibility of moving the capital city (i.e. moving the Imperial Palace) in 1996.[17][18] The plans for moving were not made later on.

As of 2007, there is a movement to transfer the government functions of the capital from Tokyo while retaining Tokyo as the de facto capital, with the Gifu-Aichi region, the Mie-Kio region and other regions submitting bids for a de jure capital. Officially, the relocation is referred to as "capital functions relocation" instead of "capital relocation", or as "relocation of the Diet and other organizations".[19][20]

In 2023, the Government of Japan moved the Agency for Cultural Affairs to Kyoto. This was the first time that a central government office has been relocated outside Tokyo since Tokyo was designated as the capital.[21][22]

## List of capitals

### Legendary

This list of legendary capitals of Japan begins with the reign of Emperor Jimmu. The names of the Imperial palaces are in parentheses:

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

1. Kashihara, Yamato at the foot of Mount Unebi during reign of Emperor Jimmu[23]
2. Kazuraki, Yamato during reign of Emperor Suizei[24]
3. Katashiha, Kawachi during the reign of Emperor Annei[24]
4. Karu, Yamato during reign of Emperor Itoku.[25]
5. Waki-no-kami, Yamato during the reign of Emperor Kōshō[26]
6. Muro, Yamato during reign of Emperor Kōan[26]
7. Kuruda, Yamato during the reign of Emperor Kōrei[26]
8. Karu, Yamato during reign of Emperor Kōgen[26]
9. Izakaha, Yamato during reign of Emperor Kaika[26]
10. Shika, Yamato (Palace of Mizugaki) during reign of Emperor Sujin[27]
11. Shika, Yamato (Palace of Tamagaki) during reign of Emperor Suinin[28]
12. Makimuko, Yamato (Palace of Hishiro) during reign of Emperor Keikō[29]
13. Shiga, Ōmi (Palace of Takaanaho) during reign of Emperor Seimu[30]
14. Ando, Nara (Palace of Toyoura) and Kashiki on the island of Kyushu during reign of Emperor Chūai[30]

### Historical

This list of capitals includes the Imperial palaces names in parentheses.

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

Kofun period

* Karushima, Yamato (Palace of Akira), reign of Emperor Ōjin[31]
* Naniwa, Settsu (Palace of Takatsu), reign of Emperor Nintoku[32]
* Iware, Yamato (Palace of Wakasakura), reign of Emperor Richū[33]
* Tajihi, Kawachi (Palace of Shibakaki), reign of Emperor Hanzei[34]
* Asuka, Yamato (Palace of Tohotsu), reign of Emperor Ingyō[35]
* Isonokami, Yamato (Palace of Anaho), reign of Emperor Ankō[36]
* Sakurai, Nara (Hatsuse no Asakura Palace), 457–479[37] in reign of Emperor Yūryaku[38]
* Sakurai, Nara (Iware no Mikakuri Palace), 480–484[37] in reign of Emperor Seinei[39]
* Asuka, Yamato (Chikatsu-Asuka-Yatsuri Palace), 485–487[40] in reign of Emperor Kenzō[39]
* Tenri, Nara (Isonokami Hirotaka Palace), 488–498[37] in reign of Emperor Ninken[41]
* Sakurai, Nara (Nimiki Palace), 499–506 in reign of Emperor Buretsu[41]

Traditional site of Kusuba-no-Miya Palace in Osaka Prefecture

* Hirakata, Osaka (Kusuba Palace), 507–511 [42]
* Kyōtanabe, Kyoto (Tsutsuki Palace), 511–518 in reign of Emperor Keitai[37][43]
* Nagaoka-kyō (Otokuni Palace), 518–526 in reign of Keitai[37][44]
* Sakurai, Nara (Iware no Tamaho Palace), 526–532[37] in reign of Keitai[45]
* Kashihara, Nara (Magari no Kanahashi Palace), 532–535[37] in reign of Emperor Ankan[46]
* Sakurai, Nara (Hinokuma no Iorino Palace), 535–539[37] in reign of Emperor Senka[46]

Asuka period

* Asuka, Yamato (Shikishima no Kanasashi Palace), 540–571[37] in reign of Emperor Kinmei[46]
* Sakurai, Nara (Osata no Sakitama Palace or Osada no Miya), 572–585[47] in reign of Emperor Bidatsu[48]
* Shiki District, Nara (Iwareikebe no Namitsuki Palace), 585–587[49] in the reign of Emperor Yōmei[50]
* Shiki District, Nara (Kurahashi no Shibagaki Palace), 587–592[37] in the reign of Emperor Sushun[50]
* Asuka, Yamato (Toyura Palace or Toyura-no-miya), 593–603[51] in the reign of Empress Suiko[52]
* Asuka, Yamato (Oharida Palace or Oharida-no-miya), 603–629[51] in the reign of Suiko[52]
* Asuka, Yamato (Okamoto Palace or Oakmoto-no-miya), 630–636[51] in the reign of Emperor Jomei[53]
* Kashihara, Nara (Tanaka Palace or Tanaka-no-miya), 636–639[51]
* Kōryō, Nara (Umayasaka Palace or Umayasaka-no-miya, 640[51]
* Kōryō, Nara (Kudara Palace or Kudara-no-miya), 640–642[51]
* Asuka, Yamato (Oharida Palace), 642–643
* Asuka, Yamato (Itabuki Palace or Itabuki no miya), 643–645[51] in the reign of Empress Kōgyoku[53]
* Osaka (Naniwa Nagara-Toyosaki Palace), 645–654[54] in the reign of Emperor Kōtoku[55]
* Asuka, Yamato (Itabuki Palace), 655–655[51] in the reign of Kōtoku[55]
* Asuka, Yamato (Kawahara Palace or Kawahara-no-miya), 655–655[51]
* Asuka, Yamato (Okamoto Palace or Nochi no Asuka-Okamoto-no-miya), 656–660[51] in the reign of Emperor Saimei[56]
* Asakura, Fukuoka (Asakura no Tachibana no Hironiwa Palace or Asakure no Tachibana no Hironiwa-no-miya), 660–661[51]
* Osaka, (Naniwa Nagara-Toyosaki Palace), 661–667[54]
* Ōtsu, Shiga (Ōmi Ōtsu Palace or Ōmi Ōtsu-no-miya), 667–672[57] in reign of Emperor Tenji[56] and the reign of Emperor Kōbun[58]
* Asuka, Yamato (Kiyomihara Palace or Kiomihara-no-miya), 672–694[51] in the reign of Emperor Tenmu[59] and in the reign of Empress Jitō[60]

1/1000 scale model of Fujiwara-kyō, held by Kashihara-shi Fujiwara-kyō reference room

* Fujiwara-kyō (Fujiwara Palace), 694–710[61] in the reign of Emperor Monmu[60]

Nara period

1/1000 scale model of Heijō-kyō, held by Nara City Hall

* Heijō-kyō (Heijō Palace), 710–740[62] in the reigns of Empress Genmei,[63] Empress Genshō,[64] and Emperor Shōmu[64]
* Kuni-kyō (Kuni Palace), 740–744[65] in the reign of Shomu[66]
* Naniwa-kyō (Naniwa Palace (ja)), 744[67]
* Naniwa-kyō, Shigaraki Palace, 744–745[67]
* Heijō-kyō (Heijō Palace), 745–784[62]
* Nagaoka-kyō (Nagaoka Palace), 784–794[68] in the reign of Emperor Kanmu[69][70]

Heian period

1/1000 scale model of Heian-kyō, held by Kyoto City Heiankyo Sosei-Kan Museum

* Heian-kyō (Heian Palace), 794–1180[71] in the reign of Kammu[69] and others
* Fukuhara Palace, 1180[72] in the reign of Emperor Antoku[73]

Medieval Japan and Early modern period (see also: History of Japan)

* Heian-kyō or Kyōto (Heian Palace), 1180–1868[71]
* Yoshino (Nanboku-chō period), 1336–1392

Modern Japan (see also: History of Japan)

* Tōkyō (Kōkyo), 1868–present[12][74]

## Historical capitals

* Hiraizumi was the capital of totally independent Northern Fujiwara polity (Ōshū) based in Tōhoku region, having defeated Emishi tribes. This polity existed as Kyoto's internal politics prevented Kyoto's authority from 1100 to 1189.
* Hakodate was the capital of the short lived Republic of Ezo (1869).
* Shuri was the capital of Ryukyu Kingdom (1429–1879) and Urasoe was capital of Chuzan from at least 1350, which predated the Ryukyu Kingdom.

## See also

* List of capitals and largest cities by country

## References

1. ↑ "About Japan". The Government of Japan. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
2. ↑ "Japan - The World Factbook". CIA. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
3. ↑ "Japan country profile". BBC News. 9 September 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
4. ↑ "Metropolitan Area Readjustment Act - Japanese/English - Japanese Law Translation". https://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/en/laws/view/737.
5. ↑ "法律第百三十三号（昭三四・四・一四）". https://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_housei.nsf/html/houritsu/03119590414133.htm.
6. ↑ "Japanese Law Translation". https://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/en.
7. ↑ "e-Gov 法令検索". https://laws.e-gov.go.jp.
8. ↑ "日本の首都に関する質問主意書". https://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_shitsumon.nsf/html/shitsumon/a196048.htm.
9. ↑ "衆議院議員逢坂誠二君提出日本の首都に関する質問に対する答弁書". https://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_shitsumon.nsf/html/shitsumon/b196048.htm.
10. ↑ Nussbaum, "Kyōto" at pp. 585-587.
11. ↑ Wendy, Frey. History Alive!: The Medieval World and beyond. Palo Alto, CA: Teacher's Curriculum Institute, 2005.
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Tokyo", Japan Encyclopedia, pp. 981–982.
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 国会等の移転ホームページ – 国土交通省. Mlit.go.jp. Retrieved on 2011-04-29.
14. ↑ "Tokyo: 27 million into one doesn't go". The Montreal Gazette: pp. 34. 7 February 1979.
15. ↑ "Building a new capital city". Manila Standard: pp. 25B. 16 December 1995.
16. ↑ "Will Japan move capital from crowded Tokyo?". WIlmington Morning Star: pp. 5A. December 28, 1999.
17. ↑ 土岐寛 (1995-03-30). "首都機能移転問題の軌跡と展望" (in ka). 大東法学 (大東文化大学) 24 (2): 54. CRID 1050845762779791872. http://opac.daito.ac.jp/repo/repository/daito/2670/. (土岐寛 1995 )
18. ↑ 国会等の移転は首都移転と違うのか 国土交通省・国会等の移転ホームページ
19. ↑ "Shift of Capital from Tokyo Committee". Japan Productivity Center for Socio-Economic Development. http://www.jpc-sed.or.jp/eng/committee/committee06.html.
20. ↑ "Policy Speech by Governor of Tokyo, Shintaro Ishihara at the First Regular Session of the Metropolitan Assembly, 2003". Tokyo Metropolitan Government.. http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/GOVERNOR/SPEECH/2003/0301/2.htm.
21. ↑ "After Relocation to Kyoto, Cultural Affairs Agency Starts Operations". The Japan News. March 27, 2023. https://japannews.yomiuri.co.jp/politics/politics-government/20230327-99865/.
22. ↑ Hiroshi Kajiyama (August 7, 2018). 5th meeting of the Agency for Cultural Affairs Relocation Council (Speech) (in 日本語). MEXT. Archived from the original on August 11, 2018. Retrieved August 11, 2018. "文化首都とも言われる京都"
23. ↑ Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1915). The Imperial Family of Japan, p. 1.
24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Ponsonby-Fane, p. 2.
25. ↑ Ponsonby-Fane, pp. 2-3.
26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 Ponsonby-Fane, p. 3.
27. ↑ Ponsonby-Fane, p. 4.
28. ↑ Ponsonby-Fane, p. 5.
29. ↑ Ponsonby-Fane, p. 6.
30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Ponsonby-Fane, p. 7.
31. ↑ Ponsonby-Fane, p. 8.
32. ↑ Ponsonby-Fane, p. 9.
33. ↑ コトバンク「履中天皇」
34. ↑ コトバンク「反正天皇」
35. ↑ Ponsonby-Fane, p. 10.
36. ↑ Ponsonby-Fane, p. 12.
37. ↑ 37.00 37.01 37.02 37.03 37.04 37.05 37.06 37.07 37.08 37.09 Koch, W. (1904). Japan; Geschichte nach japanischen Quellen und ethnographische Skizzen. Mit einem Stammbaum des Kaisers von Japan, p. 13.
38. ↑ Ponsonby-Fane, p. 13.
39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Ponsonby-Fane, p. 14; excerpt, "Mikaguri Palace"
40. ↑ Nussbaum, "Asuka" at p. 59.
41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Ponsonby-Fane, p. 15.
42. ↑ "枚方八景 樟葉宮跡の杜" (in ja). http://www.city.hirakata.osaka.jp/0000000636.html.
43. ↑ "筒城宮伝承地（Tsutsuki-no-miya denshochi）" (in ja). http://kyotana.be/object/detail/59.
44. ↑ "弟国宮（Otokuni-no-miya）遷都1500年記念事業" (in ja). http://www.city.nagaokakyo.lg.jp/0000007305.html.
45. ↑ Ponsonby-Fane, p. 16.
46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 Ponsonby-Fane, p. 17; except, "Palace of Kanahashi at Magari, Yamato"
47. ↑ Brown, Delmer. (1979). Gukanshō, pp. 262–263; excerpt, "... palace was Osada no Miya of Iware in the province of Yamato."
48. ↑ Ponsonby-Fane, p. 18.
49. ↑ Brown, p. 263; excerpt, "... palace was Namitsuki no Miya at Ikebe in the province of Yamato."
50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 Ponsonby-Fane, p. 19.
51. ↑ 51.00 51.01 51.02 51.03 51.04 51.05 51.06 51.07 51.08 51.09 51.10 51.11 Asuka Historical Museum, Palaces of the Asuka Period," 1995; retrieved 2011-11-25.
52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 Ponsonby-Fane, p. 20.
53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 Ponsonby-Fane, p. 21.
54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 なにわ活性化プロジェクト (Naniwa Revialization Project) , August 24, 201; retrieved 2011-11-24.
55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 Ponsonby-Fane, p. 23.
56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 Ponsonby-Fane, p. 24.
57. ↑ Nussbaum, "Ōtsu mo Miya" at p. 216.
58. ↑ Ponsonby-Fane, p. 25.
59. ↑ Ponsonby-Fane, p. 26.
60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 Ponsonby-Fane, p. 27.
61. ↑ Nussbaum, "Fujiwara" at pp. 200–201.
62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 Nussbaum, "Heijō-kyō" at p. 304.
63. ↑ Ponsonby-Fane, p. 28.
64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 Ponsonby-Fane, p. 29.
65. ↑ Nussbaum, "Kuni-kyō" at p. 574.
66. ↑ Ponsonby-Fane, p. 30.
67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 Nussbaum, "Naniwa" at p. 697.
68. ↑ Nussbaum, "Nagaoka-kyō" at p. 216–217.
69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 Ponsonby-Fane, p. 34.
70. ↑ "長岡京とは" (in ja). http://www.city.muko.kyoto.jp/rekimachi/rekishi_bunkazai/rekishi/nagaokakyo/1441755809691.html.
71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 Nussbaum, "Heian-kyō" at pp. 303–304.
72. ↑ Nussbaum, "Fukuhara" at pp. 216.
73. ↑ Ponsonby-Fane, p. 37.
74. ↑ "History of capitals of Japan" (in en-US). 2016-12-24. http://www.gbac123.com/2016/12/24/history-of-capitals-of-japan/.

## Further reading

* Fiévé, Nicolas and Paul Waley. (2003). Japanese Capitals in Historical Perspective: Place, Power and Memory in Kyoto, Edo and Tokyo. New York: Psychology Press. ISBN 9780700714094

## External links

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