Fante Confederacy

Short description: Fante state in pre-colonial Ghana

Fante Confederacy

15th century–1873
Capital| Mankessim
Common languages| Fante
Religion

| Worship at the sacred grove of Nananom Mpow
Government| Commonwealth
Brafo|

• First King President

| King Ghartey IV
Legislature| Mfante Ahenfo Nhyiamu
History|

• Founding of Mankessim

| 15th century

• Invasion by the Ashanti Empire

| 1807-1816

• Expulsion of the Ashanti Military

| 1831

• Proclamation of the Fante Confederacy

| 1868

• Proclamation of the Protectorate of the Gold Coast

| 1873
Currency| Cowries

Preceded by | Succeeded by

|

|  | Fetu Kingdom

|

| Gold Coast (British Colony) |

|

Today part of|  Ghana

The Fante Confederacy (also called a confederation, federation, and other similar terms) powerful alliance of small kingdoms and autonomous city-states in what is now coastal Ghana, united by the Fante people. Centered on the political and spiritual hub of Mankessim, the confederacy emerged in the late 17th century as a major regional force. It expanded through diplomacy, warfare, and trade alliances to incorporate multiple neighboring states and played a decisive role in shaping the Gold Coast's political landscape. At its height, the Fante Confederacy controlled key coastal trade routes and ports such as Anomabo, which became the most important center on the coast.

During the 18th and 19th centuries, the Fante played a crucial role as middlemen in the Atlantic trade, controlling access between inland states and European merchants along the coast. Ports such as Anomabo flourished under Fante control, becoming key centers for the export of enslaved people and goods. Their strategic position allowed them to mediate regional commerce, exert influence over inland trade routes, and shape diplomacy between European powers and African states.

## Contents

* 1 History
* 1.1 Origin
* 1.2 The rise of Fantyn as a regional power
* 1.3 Military expansion and rise of the Confederacy
* 1.4 The rise of Anomabo and coastal hegemony
* 1.5 Ashanti invasion and the fall of the coastal coalition
* 2 Modern Confederacy (1868–1873)
* 2.1 Background and prelude
* 2.2 Formation of the Confederation
* 2.3 Military engagement and governance
* 2.4 Collapse and British annexation
* 3 Government
* 4 Economy
* 5 See also
* 6 References
* 7 Sources

## History

### Origin

Further information: Bonoman

According to oral traditions, the earliest Borbor Fante were Akan-speaking migrants who left the Brong region (likely Tekyiman) and settled at Kwaman and eventually Mankessim in the Central Region of Ghana. Their migration was led by three legendary figures—Oburumankuma (the whale), Odapagyan (the eagle), and Osun (the elephant). The embalmed remains of Oburumankuma and Odapagyan were carried with the group and later interred at the sacred grove of Nananom Mpow, which became a spiritual and political center of Fante identity.[1]

Mankessim became the nucleus of Borbor Fante settlement. Dutch maps from 1629 depicted the polity as “Fantijn,” positioned between Asebu and Agona. As the Fante expanded, they established satellite communities such as Abura, Ekumfi, and Nkusukum. This dispersal followed military victories against earlier coastal groups like Asebu and Etsi, who oral traditions claim had already been present when the Fante arrived from the interior.[2][3]

The Fante political system was non-monarchical from the outset. Mankessim’s authority was vested in a council of elders and spiritual leaders, not in a king. The Braffo, or war leader, was elected. One origin story states that the man first chosen refused to mutilate himself in loyalty, while another volunteered, losing his hand and becoming the first Braffo.[4] Fynn and Boahen also emphasize that the Fante from early on developed a unique form of elected, rather than hereditary, leadership centered around the Braffo and the ruling council.[5][6]

### The rise of Fantyn as a regional power

The Fante were the scene of regular conflicts throughout the 17th century, with the Brafo and the ruling council leading the member states to war against neighboring kingdoms, while also contending with internal civil strife. Around 1645, Acron (Gomoa) seceded from the Agona kingdom to the east, likely with Fante support, and by the 1680s had become functionally a vassal. Fante forces also fought a series of wars with Asebu to the west, gradually bringing the kingdom into their sphere of influence by the same decade.[7]

The 1690s marked a pivotal decade in Fante history. In 1693–94, they defeated the Fetu Kingdom, transforming a long-time rival into a mostly loyal ally. Though the Fante remained on the sidelines during the Komenda Wars, British and Dutch interference weakened Fetu and prompted the Asihene of Abora to overthrow the Brafo. Fante’s alliance with Assin provided an opportunity to gain control of the Etsi kingdom in 1696, but a Denkyiran invasion of Assin and the Brafo’s refusal to intervene sparked a constitutional crisis.[7] By the early 1700s, however, the Brafo and council had reestablished a measure of internal control.[8]

### Military expansion and rise of the Confederacy

In 1706, the Fante launched a new series of military campaigns to re-establish their supremacy on the coast. Over nearly two decades of warfare, the confederacy permanently extended its control to Asebu and Agona, and may have conquered Fetu before losing it by mid-century.[7] This period also marked the transition from a gold-based economy to one centered on the Atlantic slave trade. Captives from these wars were often sold to European slavers at Anomabo, Cape Coast, and other ports.[9] Neighboring kingdoms who were not conquered often allied with the Fante—Assin and Akwamu in the early 1700s, followed by Wassa, Twifo, Denkyira, Nzima, and Akyem by the 1730s, as the Ashanti threat loomed.[10]

These conflicts coincided with the collapse of older royal houses across the coast. By 1730, the ruling systems of Asebu, Agona, Fetu, and others had been dismantled and replaced with a confederated structure grounded in oaths and ritual. A new generation of war leaders and spiritual authorities governed in place of monarchs. These wars were fought to secure trade routes and captives—not territory. European observers often misunderstood Fante political dynamics, describing the Braffo as a king, though his authority was limited and contingent on consensus from town councils.[11]

The 1740s brought political instability. The priest-oracle of Nananom Mpow ordered five Brafos executed for corruption in just three years, leaving the office vacant and weakening its influence. In this power vacuum, the Asahin (war leader) of Abura, a militarily dominant province, assumed greater leadership.[8] In the 1750s, when the Compagnie du Senegal attempted to establish a presence in Anomabo, the Nananom Mpow priesthood rejected them, further asserting coastal autonomy.[9]

### The rise of Anomabo and coastal hegemony

By the 1750s, Anomabo had eclipsed both Cape Coast and Elmina as the principal port for the Atlantic slave trade on the Gold Coast. Its rise was fueled by its embrace of the offshore “boat trade,” which allowed local merchants to bypass European trading forts and transact directly with captains of private slave ships. These traders, often referred to as “interlopers,” offered better terms than company factors, enabling Anomabo's caboceers to command high prices while collecting heavy customs duties.[12]

Anomabo’s political elite—particularly leaders like Eno Baisie Kurentsi and Amonu Kuma—grew increasingly assertive. They frequently used palavers (formalized disputes and negotiations) to resist British attempts to impose restrictions on trade. In several documented instances, Anomabo elites blockaded forts, expelled company agents, or withheld provisions and port access until their demands were met.[13]

By the 1760s, English records noted that trade at Anomabo overwhelmingly occurred outside the fort. One agent reported 17 English slave ships anchored there while Cape Coast had "few slaves purchased." Despite high customs duties, Anomabo remained the preferred destination due to its competitive prices and relative freedom from European control.[14]

This dominance in trade translated into regional political influence. Amonu Kuma I, who led Anomabo during the 1770s, emerged as one of the key figures of the Coastal Coalition. He managed relations not only with the British and Dutch but also with inland polities, positioning Anomabo as the main diplomatic and commercial gateway to the Atlantic world.[15]

### Ashanti invasion and the fall of the coastal coalition

By the late 18th century, tensions between the Ashanti Empire and the Fante Confederacy had escalated significantly. Although the British publicly supported the Fante, their commitment rarely extended beyond limited logistical support. Internal memos from 1772 acknowledged the strategic value of the Fante alliance, yet emphasized that real intervention would only follow threats to British forts.[16]

In 1806, Ashanti forces launched a full-scale invasion of Fanteland in an effort to gain direct control of coastal trade. The British, as in previous decades, confined their role to supplying arms and provisions, hoping to avoid a direct confrontation. The Fante were decisively defeated.[17] Further Ashanti campaigns in 1809, 1810, 1811, and 1814–16 solidified their coastal presence, replacing Fante war leaders with chiefs loyal to Kumasi.[18][19]

Despite these defeats, Fante resistance persisted. British policy toward the Ashanti remained inconsistent—on one hand tolerating Ashanti control, on the other hand covertly encouraging Fante resistance. This ambiguity contributed to the outbreak of the First Anglo-Ashanti War, during which Governor Sir Charles MacCarthy was killed at the Battle of Nsamankow in 1824.[18][19]

At the 1826 Battle of Dodowa, however, a combined Fante and British force defeated the Ashanti army. The ensuing 1831 treaty effectively restored Fante independence, recognizing their sovereignty and prohibiting further Ashanti incursions into the coastal region.[18][19]

The Fante confederacy was structured as a commonwealth, without a high king, although some of the non-Borbor Fante states had kings.[20] The head of state was the Brafo, who led the Fante army in war and represented the state in negotiations with external powers. He was elected by the council of chiefs, the Mfanise Ahernfo Nbyiamu, which was composed of the heads of the various quarters of Mankessim. Each one of these 'Curranteers' also represented the interests of one of the Fante provinces.[8]

The chiefs and kings of other states in the confederation, called 'Caboceers' in European sources, came to Mankessim at least once a year for the Ahoba Kuma festival, where they formed a body that served as a parliament to make important decisions.[8] The Nananom Mpow shrine grew into a regionally important site, enforcing oaths, providing oracles, and advising the ruling council.[7][10]

## Modern Confederacy (1868–1873)

### Background and prelude

After the collapse of the Coastal Coalition and the devastation caused by Ashanti invasions in the early 19th century, a new generation of coastal elites began rebuilding political authority. By the 1840s, a class of educated Fante merchants had emerged, forming relationships with British officials. In 1844, several Fante states entered a protocolonial arrangement through the Bond of 1844, allowing British jurisdiction over certain criminal matters while retaining local autonomy.[21]

Tensions escalated in the 1850s as British-imposed taxes and growing European competition undermined local commerce.[19] Discussions in the British Parliament even suggested abandoning direct administration.[22][23]

The most destabilizing event came in 1867 with the Anglo-Dutch Treaty, which exchanged forts along the coast. The Dutch took over forts in Fante territory, including Elmina, without local consultation. Many Fante elites interpreted this as a Dutch-Ashanti alliance, threatening their autonomy.[22]

### Formation of the Confederation

In response, a January 1868 meeting at Mankessim brought together Fante paramount chiefs and representatives from Twifo and Asen. They declared the formation of the Fante Confederation, an independent state opposing both Dutch encroachment and British paternalism. King Ghartey IV of Winneba was elected the first King-President, while King Nana Amfo Otu Gyandoh I of Abura was appointed commander of the confederation’s military forces.[24][25]

The confederation was backed by powerful Fante merchant families who had gained influence through their role in Atlantic commerce and education.[26]

### Military engagement and governance

When the Dutch bombarded Komenda in February 1868, the Confederation mobilized 15,000 troops, successfully blocking their attempt to occupy the fort. The Fante then laid siege to Elmina, but the campaign stalled.[27][28] Commerce across Fanteland collapsed, and with little revenue from trade, the confederation faced financial crisis.[29]

A revised constitution in November 1871 established an Executive Council dominated by educated Fante merchants. King Amfo Otu and Kwesi Edu of Mankessim served as co-presidents until Otu became sole head in 1872.[30][31]

### Collapse and British annexation

Internal rivalries between Mankessim and Abura, along with the continued costs of warfare, strained the fragile union. The Ghartey family funded government operations temporarily, but financial exhaustion set in.[27][29]

In 1870, the Dutch sold their holdings to the British, removing the Confederation’s primary external enemy. The British offered incentives to Fante leaders and arrested dissenters, eroding unity. Without support from either Britain or the merchant elite, the confederation collapsed by 1873 and Fanteland was fully incorporated into the British Gold Coast colony.[32]

## Government

The Fante Constitution promulgated in 1871 had a King-President as its head of state, but his role was largely ceremonial and judicial.[33] An Executive Council composed of educated men held the real power, along with a federal assembly of kings and elders and a national assembly that met once a year to review the work of the executive council and set strategic priorities.[30] The new government built roads, promoted education, introduced a poll tax covering the region, and built a judicial system with a federal court based in Mankessim presided over by the King-President.[24][29]

## Economy

The Fante were the vital middle-men in trade between European ports on the coast (especially Anomabo and Cape Coast) and the Ashanti Empire and other inland states. The control of trade routes was the key issue that brought the Fante Confederacy into conflict with its neighbors.[34] They also established long-distance maritime trade links with the Kingdom of Kongo around the Congo-Angola region. This was accomplished with dugout canoes powered by sails of woven palm fronds.[35]

## See also

* List of rulers of the Fante Confederation
* Constitution of the New Fante Confederacy.
* Accra Native Confederation

## References

1. ↑ Shumway 2011, pp. 31–32.
2. ↑ Shumway 2011, pp. 32–33.
3. ↑ Fynn 1987, p. 21.
4. ↑ Shumway 2011, p. 122.
5. ↑ Fynn 1987, p. 112.
6. ↑ Boahen 2005, pp. 33–34. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBoahen2005 (help)
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Law 2012, pp. 41–78. sfn error: no target: CITEREFLaw2012 (help)
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Law 2013, pp. 31–51. sfn error: no target: CITEREFLaw2013 (help)
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Shumway 2011, pp. 27–44.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Fynn 1987, p. 114.
11. ↑ Shumway 2011, pp. 93, 122, 137.
12. ↑ Shumway 2011, p. 73.
13. ↑ Shumway 2011, pp. 74–75.
14. ↑ Shumway 2011, p. 74.
15. ↑ Shumway 2011, pp. 75–76.
16. ↑ Shumway 2011, p. 69.
17. ↑ Boahen 1974, pp. 180–183. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBoahen1974 (help)
18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Gocking 2005, pp. 30–31.
19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 Reynolds 2005, pp. 565–566. sfn error: no target: CITEREFReynolds2005 (help)
20. ↑ Fynn 1987, pp. 109–110.
21. ↑ Buah 1998, p. 88.
22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Gocking 2005, p. 33.
23. ↑ Buah 1998, p. 89.
24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Buah 1998, p. 90.
25. ↑ Laumann 1993, p. 126.
26. ↑ Shumway 2011, pp. 24–25.
27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Buah 1998, p. 92.
28. ↑ Laumann 1993, p. 128.
29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 Laumann 1993, p. 129.
30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Buah 1998, p. 91.
31. ↑ Laumann 1993, p. 130.
32. ↑ Laumann 1993, p. 132.
33. ↑ Laumann 1993, p. 133.
34. ↑ Laumann 1993, p. 125.
35. ↑ V. Tarikhu, Farrar (2020). Precolonial African Material Culture: Combatting Stereotypes of Technological Backwardness. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 243. ISBN 9781793606433. https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3HKDwAAQBAJ.

## Sources

* Buah, F. K. (1998). A History of Ghana (2nd ed.). Oxford: MacMillan. https://archive.org/details/historyofghana0000buah/page/n3/mode/2up. Retrieved 5 February 2025.
* Fynn, J. K. (1987). "The political system of the Fante of Ghana during the pre-colonial period". Unwersitas 9.
* Gocking, Roger (2005). The History of Ghana. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. pp. 30–31. ISBN 0-313-31894-8. https://archive.org/details/kaoikaprophe007_gmail_201809/page/n67/mode/2up.
* Law, Robin (2018). "Fante ‘Origins’: The Problematic Evidence of ‘Tradition’". in Green, Toby; Rossi, Benedetta. Landscapes, Sources and Intellectual Projects of the West African Past: Essays in Honour of Paulo Fernando de Moraes Farias. Brill.
* Laumann, Dennis Heinz (1993). "'Compradores-in-Arms': The Fante Confederation Project (1868-1872)". Ufahamu: A Journal of African Studies 21 (1–2): 120–136. doi:10.5070/F7211-2016747. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6372j70c.
* Shumway, Rebecca (2011). The Fante and the Transatlantic Slave Trade. Rochester Studies in African History and the Diaspora. 52 (illustrated, reprint ed.). University of Rochester Press. ISBN 9781580463911. https://books.google.com/books?id=3xc5kJlt4AYC. Retrieved 17 May 2025.

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