Hispanic America

Short description: Predominantly Spanish-speaking countries of North and South America

Not to be confused with Latin America, Spanish America, Ibero-America, Spanish North America, Spanish American, Hispanic, or Hispanic and Latino American.

Hispanic America

Area| 11,485,417 km2 (4,434,544 sq mi)
Population| 427,122,274
Population density| 37.19/km2 (96.3/sq mi)
Demonym| Hispanic American
Countries|

* Argentina
* Bolivia
* Chile
* Colombia
* Costa Rica
* Cuba
* Dominican Republic
* Ecuador
* El Salvador
* Guatemala
* Honduras
* Mexico
* Nicaragua
* Panama
* Paraguay
* Peru
* Uruguay
* Venezuela

Dependencies|  Puerto Rico[lower-alpha 1]
Languages| Spanish and Indigenous languages of the Americas
Time zones| 00 to

Largest cities| Largest urban areas:
1\. Mexico City
2\. Buenos Aires
3\. Bogotá
4\. Lima
5\. Santiago
6\. Guadalajara
7\. Caracas
8\. Guatemala City
9\. Monterrey
10\. Medellín

Hispanic America (Spanish: Hispanoamérica or América Hispana), historically known as Spanish America (Spanish: América Española) or Castilian America (Spanish: América Castellana), consists of the Spanish-speaking countries and territories of the Americas.[1][2] In all of these countries, Spanish is the main language—sometimes sharing official status with one or more indigenous languages (such as Guaraní, Quechua, Aymara or Mayan) or English (in Puerto Rico),[3] and Latin Catholicism is the predominant religion.[4]

Hispanic America is sometimes grouped together with Brazil under the term Ibero-America, meaning those countries in the Americas with cultural roots in the Iberian Peninsula.[lower-alpha 2] Hispanic America also contrasts with Latin America, which includes not only Hispanic America, but also Brazil (the former Portuguese America), and by few definitions, the former French colonies in the Western Hemisphere (areas that are now in either the United States or Canada are usually excluded).[5]

## Contents

* 1 History
* 2 Impact
* 3 Demographics
* 3.1 Countries and territories
* 3.2 Largest cities
* 3.3 Ethnology
* 3.4 Languages
* 3.5 Religion
* 4 Culture
* 4.1 Cuisine
* 4.2 Symbols
* 4.2.1 Flag
* 5 See also
* 6 Notes
* 7 References

## History

The Spanish conquest of the Americas began in 1492, up until 1531, during the reign of the catholic crown King Fernando V and Queen Isabella. Christopher Columbus landed in the Caribbean islands during one of his expeditions with the Spanish crew looking for Asia. Once established in the "New World" the desire of the Spaniards to acquire wealth quickly developed into conquest, the idea of goods and wealth drew more Spaniards' attention to the new land. Conquerors like Hernan Cortes motivated the Spanish to conquer lands and establish their living in this 'New World' and ultimately was part of a larger historical process of world discovery, through which various European powers colonized a considerable amount of territory and peoples in the Americas, Asia, and Africa between the 15th and 20th centuries. Hispanic America became the main part of the vast Spanish Empire. Napoleon's intervention in Spain in 1808 and the consequent chaos initiated the dismemberment of the Spanish Empire, as the Hispanic American territories began their struggle for emancipation. By 1830, the only remaining Spanish American territories were the islands of Cuba and Puerto Rico, until the 1898 Spanish–American War.[6]

* Image of Christopher Columbus' arrival to the Caribbean Islands.

* The Battle of San Antonio, for the independence of Uruguay.

## Impact

File:De español e india, mestiza.jpgThis image shows a 'Mestiza' child as she is a mixture of a European man and an Amerindian woman.

In general, Spanish colonies allowed mostly flexibility as long as people followed specific obligations and respected hierarchies and within these limits, Hispanic Americans were able to negotiate certain aspects of their living. In the early 1540s, once most of the territories were conquered, a lot of Spanish established themselves there for a living, and they also brought with them many African slaves and even free Africans to build on the economy of the 'New World'. They created two separate Republics; Republica de Españoles and Republica de Indios.[7] One was composed by the Spanish and their African slaves and the other one by indigenous peoples.

There are theories that there were various Republics, others say there were none, however, these two existed and inside the Republica de Indios there were lots of villages that created their own too.[7] Both 'Republica de Indios' and 'Republica de Españoles' lived apart from each other but did not have problems between them, it was just a way to separate hierarchies due to race and ethnicity. Spaniards created this separation as a similar government behaviour as the one back in their country, where only the top of the hierarchy didn't work or pay. In this case, the 'Republica de Españoles' was the top of the hierarchy and most took advantage of it to gain wealth without working just because of their ethnicity. Later on, in the later 1550s the Spaniards would send some churchmen and officials to incorporate into the 'Republica de Indios' so that Christianity remained regardless of the ethnicity.

This idea of the two republics isolated the Hispanic people due to their race. It gave Spanish people wealth and power only because of their ethnicity, generating a social hierarchy that left Hispanic Americans in the lowest position at the level of the African slaves Spanish brought with them through the Atlantic slave trade, and them in the highest position. Spanish were always considered at the top of the hierarchy and both Indigenous Americans and Africans at the bottom. However, sexual relations between these groups developed into mixed raced populations called Castas. This partially threatened the hierarchy but Spanish maintained themselves at the top and maintained Hispanic Americans and Africans at the bottom but allowed Castas to position themselves somewhere in the middle. However people were often judged and categorised by their level of Spanish, their clothing and their diet as well as their relationship circles. This system entrenched racial inequalities that persisted long after the colonial period.

The independence of Hispanic American countries consisted mainly between 1808 and 1826, and was a fruit of the Spanish elites fighting for their territory as they saw an opportunity after the Spanish Independence War (1808-1814) against Napoleon. The wars for territories consisted of many battles that were generally violent but ended up being effective for the new local bourgeoisie to gain their independence. However, it took long for some of the countries to re-establish economic stability in their territories since most of the wealth had been acquired by the Spanish and was no longer there.

## Demographics

### Countries and territories

Country or territory  | Population[8] | Area (km2)  | GDP (nominal [USD, billions])[9] | GDP (nominal) per capita  | GDP (PPP)  | GDP (PPP) per capita

|
|
|
|
|
|

Argentina  | 46,376,763  | 2,780,400  | 604.15  | 12,812.56  | 12,45.01  | 26,390.44
Bolivia  | 11,673,029  | 1,098,581  | 46.71  | 3,857.15  | 125.06  | 10,340.32
Chile  | 19,116,209  | 756,102  | 344.94  | 17,253.13  | 517.53  | 29,928.25
Colombia  | 52,882,884  | 1,141,748  | 386.61  | 7,352.67  | 1042.26  | 19,770.18
Costa Rica  | 5,094,114  | 51,180  | 85.18  | 16,213.84  | 141.09  | 26,866.67
Cuba  | 11,326,616  | 110,860  | 147.79[10] | 13,270.00  | 254.80  | 22,300.00
Dominican Republic  | 11,847,904  | 48,670  | 128.92  | 11,825.35  | 294.96  | 27,230.14
Ecuador  | 17,643,060  | 283,561  | 122.59  | 6,630.18  | 268.19  | 14,485.60
El Salvador  | 6,486,201  | 21,041  | 35.28  | 5,550.27  | 75.95  | 11,700.78
Guatemala  | 16,858,333  | 108,889  | 112.40  | 5,739.46  | 214.57  | 10,948.04
Honduras  | 9,904,608  | 112,492  | 34.16  | 3,285.97  | 75.65  | 7,198.47
Mexico  | 128,932,753  | 1,972,550  | 2,017.48  | 15,246.01  | 3,413.80  | 25,966.32
Nicaragua  | 6,624,554  | 130,373  | 17.28  | 2,599.90  | 51.96  | 7,648.20
Panama  | 4,314,768  | 75,320  | 82.38  | 18,489.51  | 190.81  | 42,788.36
Paraguay  | 7,132,530  | 406,752  | 45.84  | 7,345.63  | 124.93  | 20,054.20
Peru  | 32,971,846  | 1,285,216  | 282.92  | 8,288.27  | 566.26  | 16,684.88
Puerto Rico  | 3,075,871  | 9,100  | 117.68  | 37,232.71  | 132.27  | 41,942.78
Uruguay  | 3,473,727  | 176,215  | 82.46  | 23,053.11  | 108.17  | 30,474.28
Venezuela  | 28,435,943  | 916,447  | 92.53  | 3,541.70  | 212.74  | 7,978.27
Total  | 412,323,809 | 11,485,417 | 4,787.30 | 11,610.53 | 9,056.09 | 21,963.53

### Largest cities

City | Country | Population | Metro

|
|
|

Mexico City |  Mexico | 9,209,944 | 21,804,515
Buenos Aires |  Argentina | 3,054,300 | 12,806,866
Bogotá |  Colombia | 7,963,734 | 12,545,272
Lima |  Peru | 8,894,000 | 9,569,468
Santiago |  Chile | 5,428,590 | 7,112,000
Guadalajara |  Mexico | 1,385,621 | 5,286,642
Caracas |  Venezuela | 3,273,863 | 5,239,364
Guatemala City |  Guatemala | 2,149,188 | 4,500,000
Monterrey |  Mexico | 1,133,814 | 4,106,054
Medellín |  Colombia | 2,636,101 | 3,731,447
Quito |  Ecuador | 2,011,388 | 3,156,182
Guayaquil |  Ecuador | 2,698,077 | 3,113,725
Havana |  Cuba | 2,350,000 | 3,073,000
Maracaibo |  Venezuela | 2,201,727 | 2,928,043
Santo Domingo |  Dominican Republic | 965,040[11] | 2,908,607[12]
Puebla |  Mexico | 1,399,519 | 2,728,790
Asunción |  Paraguay | 525,294 | 2,698,401
Cali |  Colombia | 2,068,386 | 2,530,796
San Juan |  Puerto Rico[sn 1] | 434,374 | 2,509,007
San Salvador |  El Salvador | 540,090 | 2,223,092
San José |  Costa Rica | 1,543,000 | 2,158,898
Toluca |  Mexico | 820,000 | 1,936,422
Montevideo |  Uruguay | 1,325,968 | 1,868,335
Managua |  Nicaragua | 1,380,300 | 1,825,000
Barranquilla |  Colombia | 1,148,506 | 1,798,143
Santa Cruz |  Bolivia | 1,594,926 | 1,774,998
Valencia |  Venezuela | 894,204 | 1,770,000
Tijuana |  Mexico | 1,286,157 | 1,751,302
Tegucigalpa |  Honduras | 1,230,000 | 1,600,000
La Paz |  Bolivia | 872,480 | 1,590,000
Panama City |  Panama | 990,641 | 1,500,000
Barquisimeto |  Venezuela | 1,116,000 | 1,500,000
León |  Mexico | 1,278,087 | 1,488,000
Córdoba |  Argentina | 1,309,536 | 1,452,000
Ciudad Juárez |  Mexico | 1,301,452 | 1,343,000
San Pedro Sula |  Honduras | 1,250,000 | 1,300,000
Maracay |  Venezuela | 1,007,000 | 1,300,000
Rosario |  Argentina | 908,163 | 1,203,000
Torreón |  Mexico | 548,723 | 1,144,000
Bucaramanga |  Colombia | 516,512 | 1,055,331

1. ↑ Note: Puerto Rico is a territory of the  United States.

### Ethnology

The population of the Hispanic America is made up of the descendants of three large racial groups and their combinations:

• The Indigenous peoples of the Americas, descendants of Incas, Aztecs, Mayan, Taíno and others.

• Those of European ancestry, mainly Spanish and Italian.

• Africans who were brought over to Hispanic America during the Slave Trade.

Unlike in the United States, there were no anti-miscegenation policies in Latin America. Though still a racially stratified society there were no significant barriers to gene flow between the three populations. As a result, admixture profiles are a reflection of the colonial populations of Amerindians, Europeans and Africans. The pattern is also sex biased in that the Amerindian and African maternal lines are found in significantly higher proportions than Amerindian or African Y chromosomal lines. This is an indication that the primary mating pattern was that of European males with Amerindian or African females. According to the study, half the White populations of the Latin American countries studied have some degree of either Indigenous American or African admixture (MtDNA or Y chromosome). In countries such as Chile and Colombia almost the entire white population was shown to have some non-European admixture.[13][14][15][16]

Frank Moya Pons, a Dominican historian documented that Spanish colonists intermarried with Taíno women, and, over time, these mestizo descendants intermarried with Africans, creating a tri-racial Creole culture. 1514 census records reveal that 40% of Spanish men in the colony of Santo Domingo had Taíno wives.[17]

The most common combinations are:

• Mestizos, those of mixed ancestry.

File:Flag map of Hispanoamérica.svgFlag Map of Hispanic America Ethnic distribution, in 2005[18] \- Population estimates, as of 2020[8] Country  | Population[19][20] | Mestizos  | Whites  | Others

|
|
|
|

Argentina  | 45,376,763 | 32.0% | 63.0% | 5.0%
Bolivia  | 11,673,029 |  50.0% | 1.0% | 49.0%
Chile  | 19,116,209 | 35.0% | 60.0% | 5.0%
Colombia  | 50,882,884 | 52.0% | 32.0% | 16.0%
Costa Rica  | 5,094,114 | 45.0% | 50.0% | 5.0%
Cuba  | 11,326,616 | 34.0% | 50.0% | 16.0%
Dominican Republic  | 10,847,904 | 65.0% | 24.0% | 11.0%
Ecuador  | 17,643,060 | 77.0% | 8.0% | 15.0%
El Salvador  | 6,486,201  | 86.0% | 13.0% | 1.0%
Guatemala  | 16,858,333 | 60.0% | 1.0% | 39.0%
Honduras  | 9,904,608 | 90.0% | 2.0% | 8.0%
Mexico  | 128,932,753 | 51.0% | 40.0% | 9.0%
Nicaragua  | 6,624,554 | 70.0% | 16.0% | 14.0%
Panama  | 4,314,768 | 69.0% | 17.0% | 14.0%
Paraguay  | 7,132,530 | 94.0% | 5.0% | 1.0%
Peru  | 32,971,846 |  50.0%  | 3.0% | 47.0%
Uruguay  | 3,473,727 | 23.0% | 70.0% | 7.0%
Venezuela  | 28,435,943 | 53.0% | 32.0% | 15.0%
Total | 420,289,876 | 50.0% | 33.0% | 17.0%

### Languages

Quechua

Guarani

Aymara

Nahuatl

Mayan languages

Mapudungun

Spanish is the official language in most Hispanic American countries, and it is spoken by the vast majority of the population. Indigenous American languages are widely spoken in Chile, Peru, Guatemala, Bolivia, Paraguay and Mexico, and to a lesser degree, in Panama, Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela. In some Hispanic American countries, the population of speakers of indigenous languages tends to be very small or even non-existent (e.g. Uruguay). Mexico contains the largest variety of indigenous languages; there, the most spoken native language is Nahuatl.

In Peru, Quechua is an official language, alongside Spanish and any other indigenous language in the areas where they predominate. In Ecuador, while holding no official status, the closely related Quichua is a recognized language of the indigenous people under the country's constitution; however, it is only spoken by a few groups in the country's highlands. In Bolivia, Aymara, Quechua and Guaraní hold official status alongside Spanish. Guaraní, along with Spanish, is an official language of Paraguay, and is spoken by a majority of the population (who are, for the most part, bilingual), and it is co-official with Spanish in the Argentine province of Corrientes. In Nicaragua, Spanish is the official language, but on the country's Caribbean coast English and indigenous languages such as Miskito, Sumo, and Rama also hold official status. Colombia recognizes all indigenous languages spoken within its territory as official, though fewer than 1% of its population are native speakers of these languages. Nahuatl is one of the 62 native languages spoken by indigenous people in Mexico, which are officially recognized by the government as "national languages" along with Spanish.

Other European languages spoken in Hispanic America include: English, by some groups in Puerto Rico and descendants of British settlers in Argentina and Chile; German, in southern Chile and portions of Argentina, Venezuela, and Paraguay; Italian, in Argentina, Venezuela, and Uruguay; Ukrainian, Polish, and Russian in Argentina; and Welsh, in southern Argentina.[21][22][23][24][25][26] Yiddish and Hebrew can be heard around Buenos Aires. Non-European or Asian languages include Japanese in Peru, Bolivia, and Paraguay; Korean in Argentina and Paraguay; Arabic in Argentina, Colombia, Venezuela, and Chile; and Chinese throughout South America.

In several nations, especially in the Caribbean region, creole languages are spoken. Creole languages of mainland Latin America, similarly, are derived from European languages and various African tongues.

The Garifuna language is spoken along the Caribbean coast in Honduras, Guatemala, and Nicaragua mostly by the Garifuna people a mixed race Zambo people who were the result of mixing between Indigenous Caribbeans and escaped Black slaves. Primarily an Arawakan language, it has influences from Caribbean and European languages.

### Religion

The Spanish and the Portuguese took the Latin Catholic faith to their colonies in the Americas, Asia and Africa; Roman Catholicism remains the predominant religion amongst most Hispanic Americans.[27] Membership in Protestant denominations is increasing, particularly in Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Puerto Rico and other countries.[28] In particular, Pentecostalism has experienced massive growth.[29][30] This movement is increasingly attracting Latin America's middle classes.[31] Anglicanism also has a long and growing presence in Latin America.

Countries  | Population Total  | Christians %  | Christian Population  | Unaffiliated %  | Unaffiliated Population  | Other religions %  | Other religions Population  | Source

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Argentina  | 43,830,000 | 85.4%  | 37,420,000  | 12.1%  | 5,320,000  | 2.5%  | 1,090,000  | [32]
Bolivia  | 11,830,000 | 94.0%  | 11,120,000  | 4.1%  | 480,000  | 1.9%  | 230,000  | [32]
Chile  | 18,540,000 | 88.3%  | 16,380,000  | 9.7%  | 1,800,000  | 2.0%  | 360,000  | [32]
Colombia  | 52,160,000 | 92.3%  | 48,150,000  | 6.7%  | 3,510,000  | 1.0%  | 500,000  | [32]
Costa Rica  | 5,270,000  | 90.8%  | 4,780,000  | 8.0%  | 420,000  | 1.2%  | 70,000  | [32]
Cuba  | 11,230,000  | 58.9%  | 6,610,000  | 23.2%  | 2,600,000  | 17.9%  | 2,020,000  | [32]
Dominican Republic  | 11,280,000  | 88.0%  | 9,930,000  | 10.9%  | 1,230,000  | 1.1%  | 120,000  | [32]
Ecuador  | 16,480,000 | 94.0%  | 15,490,000  | 5.6%  | 920,000  | 0.4%  | 70,000  | [32]
El Salvador  | 6,670,000  | 88.0%  | 5,870,000  | 11.2%  | 740,000  | 0.8%  | 60,000  | [32]
Guatemala  | 18,210,000  | 95.3%  | 17,360,000  | 3.9%  | 720,000  | 0.8%  | 130,000  | [32]
Honduras  | 9,090,000  | 87.5%  | 7,950,000  | 10.5%  | 950,000  | 2.0%  | 190,000  | [32]
Mexico  | 126,010,000  | 94.1%  | 118,570,000  | 5.7%  | 7,240,000  | 0.2%  | 200,000  | [32]
Nicaragua  | 6,690,000  | 85.3%  | 5,710,000  | 13.0%  | 870,000  | 1.7%  | 110,000  | [32]
Panama  | 4,020,000  | 92.7%  | 3,720,000  | 5.0%  | 200,000  | 2.3%  | 100,000  | [32]
Paraguay  | 7,630,000 | 96.9%  | 7,390,000  | 1.1%  | 90,000  | 2.0%  | 150,000  | [32]
Peru  | 32,920,000 | 95.4%  | 31,420,000  | 3.1%  | 1,010,000  | 1.5%  | 490,000  | [32]
Puerto Rico[sn 1] | 3,790,000  | 90.5%  | 3,660,000  | 7.3%  | 80,000  | 2.2%  | 40,000  | [32]
Uruguay  | 3,490,000 | 57.0%  | 1,990,000  | 41.5%  | 1,450,000  | 1.5%  | 50,000  | [32]
Venezuela  | 33,010,000 | 89.5%  | 29,540,000  | 9.7%  | 3,220,000  | 0.8%  | 250,000  | [32]

1. ↑ Note: Puerto Rico is a territory of the  United States.

## Culture

### Cuisine

Mexican cuisine is considered intangible cultural heritage by UNESCO and can be found all over the United States.

In the United States, with its growing Hispanic population, food staples from Mexican cuisine and the cuisine from other Hispanic countries have become widely available. Over the years, the blending of these cuisines has produced unique American forms such as Tex-Mex cuisine. This cuisine, which originated in Texas, is based on maize products, heavily spiced ground beef, cheese and tomato sauces with chilies. This cuisine is widely available not just in the United States but across other countries, where American exports are found. In Florida, Cuban food is widely available. All of these Hispanic foods in the United States have evolved in character as they have been commercially americanized by large restaurant chains and food companies.

The cuisine of Spain has many regional varieties, with Mediterranean flavors based on olive oil, garlic, and tomatoes and due to its long Atlantic and Mediterranean coastlines, has been graced with a great variety and availability of seafood. In the inland communities of Spain, there is a long tradition of cured meat of different kinds, in addition to an abundance of dishes such as roasts and stews, based on beef, pork, lamb, and poultry. The European and Arab heritage of Spain is reflected in its food, along with cosmopolitan influences beginning in the many new ingredients brought in from the New World since the 16th century, e.g. tomatoes, potatoes, or chocolate, and the more modern tastes introduced from Europe since the 19th century, especially through French and Italian dishes. It is only in the last ten years [when?] that Hispanic American dishes have been introduced in Spain. In the United States and Canada, the number of Hispanic restaurants has become a growing trend, following the tapas-style restaurants fashion that first appeared in North America in the 1990s.

Cuban, Dominican, and Puerto Rican cuisines, on the other hand, tend to use a lot of pork and can depend heavily on starchy root vegetables, plantain, and rice. The most prominent influences on their Spanish culinary traditions were introduced by African slaves, and to a lesser degree, French influence from Haiti and later Chinese immigrants. The use of spicy chile peppers of varying degrees of strength used as flavour enhancers in Mexican tradition is practically unknown in traditional Spanish–Caribbean dishes. The cuisine of Haiti, a country with a Francophone majority, is very similar to its regional neighbors in terms of influences and ingredients used.

The Argentine diet is heavily influenced by the country's position as one of the world's largest beef and wine producers, and by the impact that European immigration had on its national culture. Grilled meats are a staple of most meals as are pastas, potatoes, rice, paella and a variety of vegetables (Argentina is a huge exporter of agricultural products). Italian influence is also seen in the form of pizza and ice cream, both of which are integral components of national cuisine.

Uruguayan cuisine is similar to that of Argentina, though seafood is much more dominant in this coastal nation. As another one of the world's largest producers, wine is as much a staple drink to Uruguayans as beer is to Germans.

In Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Chile, potato dishes are typical since the potato is originally from this region. Beef and chicken are common sources of meat. In the Highlands is the cuy, a South American name for guinea pig, a common meat. Given the coastal location, both countries have extensive fishing fleets, which provide a wealth of seafood options, including the signature South American dish, ceviche. While potato is an important ingredient in the Highlands, Rice is the main side dish on the coast.

This diversity in staples and cuisine is also evident in the differing regional cuisines within the national borders of the individual countries.

### Symbols

#### Flag

Flag of Hispanic Heritage. Motto: Justicia, Paz, Unión y Fraternidad ("Justice, Peace, Union and Fraternity").[33]

While relatively unknown, there is a flag representing the countries of Spanish America, its people, history and shared cultural legacy.

It was created in October 1933 by Ángel Camblor, captain of the Uruguayan army. It was adopted by all the states of Spanish America during the Pan-American Conference of the same year in Montevideo, Uruguay.[33]

The white background stands for peace, while the Inti sun god of Inca mythology symbolizes the light shining on the Americas, and the three crosses represent Christopher Columbus' caravels, the Niña, Pinta, and Santa María, used in his first voyage from Spain to the New World in 1492. The deep lilac color of the crosses evokes the color of the lion on the coat of arms of the medieval Crown of Castile.[34]

## See also

* Hispanic
* Hispanic and Latino Americans (Hispanic, Latino)
* Hispanidad
* Hispanism and Pan-Hispanism
* Hispanophone
* Portuguese America / Lusitanic America
* Ibero-America
* Latin America (Latin Americans)
* Louisiana (Isleños)
* Florida (Floridanos)
* Spanish language
* Spanish language in the Americas
* Spanish language in the Philippines
* Philippines
* Spanish-language literature

## Notes

1. ↑ Territory of the  United States.
2. ↑ The adjective "Ibero-American" usually refers only to countries of the Western Hemisphere, but in the title of the Organization of Ibero-American States it refers to Iberian and (Ibero-)American countries, plus Equatorial Guinea.

## References

1. ↑ All of the following dictionaries only list "Spanish America" as the name for this cultural region. None list "Hispanic America." All list the demonym for the people of the region discussed in this article as the sole definition, or one of the definitions, for "Spanish American". Some list "Hispanic," "Hispanic American" and "Hispano-American" as synonyms for "Spanish American." (All also include as a secondary definition for these last three terms, persons residing in the United States of Hispanic ancestry.) The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (3rd ed.) (1992). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-44895-6. Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) (2003). Springfield: Merriam-Webster. ISBN 0-87779-807-9. The Random House Dictionary of the English Language (2nd ed.) (1987). New York: Random House. ISBN 0-394-50050-4. Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles (2007). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-920687-2. Webster's New Dictionary and Thesaurus (2002). Cleveland: Wiley Publishing. ISBN 978-0-471-79932-0
2. ↑ "Hispanic America" is used in some older works such as Charles Edward Chapman's 1933 Colonial Hispanic America: A History and 1937 Republican Hispanic America: A History (both New York: The Macmillan Co.); or translated titles that faithfully reproduce Hispanoamérica, such as Edmund Stephen Urbanski (1978), Hispanic America and its Civilization: Spanish Americans and Anglo-Americans, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. The Cambridge University Press textbook by two distinguished historians of early Latin America, James Lockhart and Stuart B. Schwartz is entitled, Early Latin America: A History of Colonial Spanish America and Brazil 1983.
3. ↑ "CIA – The World Factbook – Field Listing – Languages". https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2098.html.
4. ↑ "CIA – The World Factbook – Field Listing – Religions". https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html.
5. ↑ "Latin America" The Free Online Dictionary (American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 2000, 4th ed. Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2003.)
6. ↑ Christopher Conway, Nineteenth-Century Spanish America: A Cultural History (Vanderbilt University Press 2015).
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Masters, Adrian (January 2021). "Rethinking the Republics of Spaniards and Indians in the Sixteenth-Century Spanish Indies" (in en). The Americas 78 (1): 3–36. doi:10.1017/tam.2020.72. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/americas/article/two-the-one-the-many-the-none-rethinking-the-republics-of-spaniards-and-indians-in-the-sixteenthcentury-spanish-indies/834427C28A38B1F5A679DAB669501F5E.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Population, total | Data" (in en-us). http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=ZJ.
9. ↑ "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects" (in en). https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/April/weo-report.
10. ↑ "The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency" (in en). https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cuba/.
11. ↑ "Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2010 :: Welcome". https://censo2010.one.gob.do/.
12. ↑ (in es) Expansión Urbana de las ciudades capitales de RD: 1988-2010. Santo Domingo: Oficina Nacional de Estadística. 1 May 2015. ISBN 978-9945-8984-3-9. http://www.one.gob.do/Multimedia/Download?ObjId=5645. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
13. ↑ Martínez Marignac, Verónica L.; Bianchi Néstor O.; Bertoni Bernardo; Parra Esteban J. (2004). "Characterization of Admixture in an Urban Sample from Buenos Aires, Argentina, Using Uniparentally and Biparentally Inherited Genetic Markers". Human Biology 76 (4): 543–57. doi:10.1353/hub.2004.0058. PMID 15754971. http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/human_biology/v076/76.4marignac.html.
14. ↑ Gonçalves, V. F.; Prosdocimi F.; Santos L. S.; Ortega J. M.; Pena S. D. J. (9 May 2007). "Sex-biased gene flow in African Americans but not in American Caucasians". Genetics and Molecular Research 6 (2): 256–61. ISSN 1676-5680. PMID 17573655. http://www.funpecrp.com.br/gmr/year2007/vol2-6/gmr0330_full_text.htm. Retrieved 13 July 2008.
15. ↑ Alves-Silva, Juliana; da Silva Santos, Magda; Guimarães, Pedro E. M.; Ferreira, Alessandro C. S.; Bandelt, Hans-Jürgen; Pena, Sérgio D. J. et al. (2000). "The Ancestry of Brazilian mtDNA Lineages". The American Journal of Human Genetics 67 (2): 444–461. doi:10.1086/303004. PMID 10873790. Bibcode: 2000AmJHG..67..444A.
16. ↑ Salzano, Francisco M.; Cátira Bortolini, Maria (2002). The Evolution and Genetics of Latin American Populations. Cambridge Studies in Biological and Evolutionary Anthropology. 28. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 512. ISBN 978-0-521-65275-9.
17. ↑ Ferbel, Dr. P. J. "Not Everyone Who Speaks Spanish is from Spain: Taíno Survival in the 21st Century Dominican Republic". Kacikie: Journal of Caribbean Amerindian History and Anthropology. . Retrieved 24 September 2009.
18. ↑ Lizcano Fernández, Francisco (May–August 2005). "Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI" (in es). Convergencia (Mexico: Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades) 38: 185–232; table on p. 218. ISSN 1405-1435. http://convergencia.uaemex.mx/rev38/38pdf/LIZCANO.pdf.
19. ↑ ""World Population prospects – Population division"". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. https://population.un.org/wpp/.
20. ↑ ""Overall total population" – World Population Prospects: The 2019 Revision" (xslx). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators (Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx.
21. ↑ "Reference for Welsh language in southern Argentina, Welsh immigration to Patagonia". Bbc.co.uk. 2008-07-22. https://h2g2.com/edited_entry/A1163503.
22. ↑ "The Welsh Immigration to Argentina". 1stclassargentina.com. http://www.1stclassargentina.com/tours/WelshImmigration.html.
23. ↑ Jeremy Howat. "Reference for Welsh language in southern Argentina, Welsh immigration to Patagonia". Argbrit.org. http://www.argbrit.org/Patagonia/patagonia_entry.htm.
24. ↑ "Reference for Welsh language in southern Argentina, Welsh immigration to Patagonia". Patagonline.com. http://www.patagonline.com/gaiman-trelew.
25. ↑ "Reference for Welsh language in southern Argentina, Welsh immigration to Patagonia". Andesceltig.com. 2009-09-29. http://www.andesceltig.com/.
26. ↑ "Reference for Welsh language in southern Argentina, Welsh immigration to Patagonia". Glaniad.com. http://www.glaniad.com/.
27. ↑ "Christians". December 18, 2012. https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-christians/.
28. ↑ Wormald, Benjamin (November 13, 2014). "Religion in Latin America". https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2014/11/13/religion-in-latin-america/.
29. ↑ Allan., Anderson (2004). An introduction to Pentecostalism : global charismatic Christianity. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521825733. OCLC 53919445.
30. ↑ Pierre., Bastian, Jean (1997). La mutación religiosa de América Latina : para una sociología del cambio social en la modernidad periférica (1st ed.). México: Fondo de Cultura Económica. ISBN 9681650212. OCLC 38448929.
31. ↑ Koehrsen, Jens (2017-09-01). "When Sects Become Middle Class: Impression Management among Middle-Class Pentecostals in Argentina" (in en). Sociology of Religion 78 (3): 318–339. doi:10.1093/socrel/srx030. ISSN 1069-4404.
32. ↑ 32.00 32.01 32.02 32.03 32.04 32.05 32.06 32.07 32.08 32.09 32.10 32.11 32.12 32.13 32.14 32.15 32.16 32.17 32.18 "Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050". 2 April 2015. https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/.
33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Raeside, Rob, ed (1999-10-11). "Flag of the Race". Flags of the World. http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/int-raza.html.
34. ↑ Image of the standard of the Crown of Castile

* v
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* e

Earth's primary regions

* v
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* e

Regions of Africa

Central Africa|

* Guinea region
* Gulf of Guinea
* Cape Lopez
* Mayombe
* Igboland
* Mbaise
* Pool Malebo
* Congo Basin
* Chad Basin
* Cameroonian Highlands forests
* Congolian rainforests
* Ouaddaï highlands
* Ennedi Plateau

East Africa|

* African Great Lakes
* Albertine Rift
* East African Rift
* Great Rift Valley
* Gregory Rift
* Rift Valley lakes
* Virunga Mountains
* Kavirondo
* Zanj
* East African montane forests
* Eastern Arc Mountains
* Serengeti
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* Afar Triangle
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* Ethiopian Highlands
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* Red Sea
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* Lamu Archipelago
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* Swahili coast

North Africa|

* Eastern Desert
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* Nile Valley
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* Lower Egypt
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West Africa|

* Pepper Coast
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* Cape Palmas
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* Guinea region
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* Dahomey Gap
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Southern Africa|

* Madagascar
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* Rhodesia
* North
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* Thembuland
* Succulent Karoo
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* Bushveld
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* Okavango Delta
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Macro-regions|

* Aethiopia
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* Equatorial Africa
* Françafrique
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* List of countries where Arabic is an official language
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* Zambezian region

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Regions of Asia

Central|

* Greater Middle East
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* Caspian Sea
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* Ariana
* Arachosia
* Khwarazm
* Sistan
* Kazakhstania
* Kazakh Steppe
* Betpak-Dala
* Eurasian Steppe
* Asian Steppe
* Kazakh Steppe
* Pontic–Caspian steppe
* Mongolian-Manchurian grassland
* Wild Fields
* Yedisan
* Muravsky Trail
* Ural
* Ural Mountains
* Volga region
* Idel-Ural
* Pryazovia
* Bjarmaland
* Kuban
* Zalesye
* Ingria
* Novorossiya
* Gornaya Shoriya
* Tulgas
* Iranian Plateau
* Altai Mountains
* Pamir Mountains
* Tian Shan
* Badakhshan
* Wakhan Corridor
* Wakhjir Pass
* Mount Imeon
* Mongolian Plateau
* Western Regions
* Taklamakan Desert
* Karakoram
* Trans-Karakoram Tract
* Siachen Glacier

North|

* Arctic
* Arctic Circle
* Inner Asia
* Northeast
* Ural
* Ural Mountains
* Far East
* Russian Far East
* Okhotsk-Manchurian taiga
* Beringia
* Chukchi Peninsula
* Kamchatka Peninsula
* Extreme North
* Tartary
* Siberia
* Baikalia (Lake Baikal)
* Baraba steppe
* Khatanga Gulf
* Transbaikal
* West
* Amur Basin
* Yenisei Gulf
* Yenisei Basin
* Sikhote-Alin
* Kolyma
* Bering Strait
* Ring of Fire
* Asia-Pacific

East|

* Orient
* Japanese archipelago
* Northeastern Japan Arc
* Sakhalin Island Arc
* Korean Peninsula
* Gobi Desert
* Taklamakan Desert
* Greater Khingan
* Mongolian Plateau
* Inner Asia
* Inner Mongolia
* Outer Mongolia
* China proper
* Manchuria
* Outer Manchuria
* Inner Manchuria
* Northeast China Plain
* Mongolian-Manchurian grassland
* North China Plain
* Yan Mountains
* Kunlun Mountains
* Liaodong Peninsula
* High-mountain Asia
* Himalayas
* Tibetan Plateau
* Tibet
* Karakoram
* Tarim Basin
* Sichuan Basin
* Northern Silk Road
* Hexi Corridor
* Nanzhong
* Lingnan
* Liangguang
* Jiangnan
* Jianghuai
* Guanzhong
* Huizhou
* Wu
* Jiaozhou
* Zhongyuan
* Shaannan
* Ordos Loop
* Loess Plateau
* Shaanbei
* Hamgyong Mountains
* Central Mountain Range
* Japanese Alps
* Suzuka Mountains
* Leizhou Peninsula
* Gulf of Tonkin
* Yangtze River
* Yangtze River Delta
* Yellow River
* Pearl River Delta
* Yenisei Basin
* Altai Mountains
* Wakhan Corridor
* Wakhjir Pass
* Far East
* Ring of Fire
* Asia-Pacific
* Tropical Asia

West|

* Greater Middle East
* MENA
* MENASA
* Middle East
* Red Sea
* Hanish Islands
* Caspian Sea
* Mediterranean Sea
* Zagros Mountains
* Elam
* Persian Gulf
* Pirate Coast
* Strait of Hormuz
* Greater and Lesser Tunbs
* Al-Faw Peninsula
* Gulf of Oman
* Gulf of Aqaba
* Gulf of Aden
* Balochistan
* Arabian Peninsula
* Najd
* Al-Yamama
* Hejaz
* Tihamah
* Eastern Arabia
* South Arabia
* Hadhramaut
* Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert
* Al-Sharat
* Tigris–Euphrates
* Mesopotamia
* Upper Mesopotamia
* Lower Mesopotamia
* Sawad
* Nineveh plains
* Akkad (region)
* Babylonia
* Canaan
* Aram
* Aram-Naharaim
* Eber-Nari
* Suhum
* Eastern Mediterranean
* Mashriq
* Kurdistan
* Levant
* Southern Levant
* Transjordan
* Jordan Rift Valley
* Levantine Sea
* Holy Land
* Palestine
* Land of Israel
* Golan Heights
* Hula Valley
* Galilee
* Gilead
* Judea
* Samaria
* Arabah
* Anti-Lebanon Mountains
* Sinai Peninsula
* Arabian Desert
* Syrian Desert
* Fertile Crescent
* Azerbaijan
* Syria
* Hauran
* Iranian Plateau
* Dasht-e Kavir
* Armenian Highlands
* Caucasus
* Caucasus Mountains
* Greater Caucasus
* Lesser Caucasus
* North Caucasus
* South Caucasus
* Shirvan
* Kur-Araz Lowland
* Lankaran Lowland
* Alborz
* Absheron Peninsula
* Kartli
* Anatolia
* Taurus Mountains
* Aeolis
* Paphlagonia
* Phasiane
* Isauria
* Ionia
* Bithynia
* Cilicia
* Cappadocia
* Caria
* Corduene
* Chaldia
* Doris
* Lycaonia
* Lycia
* Lydia
* Galatia
* Pisidia
* Pontus
* Mysia
* Arzawa
* Speri
* Sophene
* Biga Peninsula
* Troad
* Tuwana
* Alpide belt

South|

* Orient
* Greater India
* Indian subcontinent
* Himalayas
* Hindu Kush
* Bactria
* Carnatic region
* Tamilakam
* Western Ghats
* Eastern Ghats
* Ganges Basin
* Ganges Delta
* Guzgan
* Pashtunistan
* Punjab
* Balochistan
* Gedrosia
* Makran
* Marathwada
* Kashmir
* Kashmir Valley
* Pir Panjal Range
* Thar Desert
* Indus Valley
* Indus River Delta
* Indus Valley Desert
* Indo-Gangetic Plain
* Eastern Coastal Plains
* Kalinga
* Western Coastal Plains
* Meghalaya subtropical forests
* MENASA
* Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests
* Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows
* Doab
* Bagar tract
* Great Rann of Kutch
* Little Rann of Kutch
* Deccan Plateau
* Coromandel Coast
* Konkan
* False Divi Point
* Hindi Belt
* Ladakh
* Aksai Chin
* Gilgit-Baltistan
* Baltistan
* Shigar Valley
* High-mountain Asia
* Karakoram
* Saltoro Mountains
* Siachen Glacier
* Bengal
* Bay of Bengal
* Gulf of Khambhat
* Gulf of Kutch
* Halar
* Gulf of Mannar
* Trans-Karakoram Tract
* Wakhan Corridor
* Wakhjir Pass
* Lakshadweep
* Laccadive Islands
* Amindivi Islands
* Paropamisadae
* Andaman and Nicobar Islands
* Andaman Islands
* Nicobar Islands
* Maldive Islands
* Alpide belt
* Asia-Pacific
* Tropical Asia

Southeast|

* Orient
* Sundaland
* Mainland
* Indochina
* Malay Peninsula
* Northern Triangle temperate forests
* Maritime
* Peninsular Malaysia
* Sunda Islands
* Greater Sunda Islands
* Lesser Sunda Islands
* Indonesian Archipelago
* Wallacea
* Timor
* Philippine Archipelago
* Luzon
* Visayas
* Mindanao
* Leyte Gulf
* Gulf of Thailand
* East Indies
* Nanyang
* Alpide belt
* Far East
* Ring of Fire
* Asia-Pacific
* Tropical Asia

* v
* t
* e

Regions of Europe

North|

* Arctic
* Arctic Circle
* Nordic
* Northwestern
* Scandinavia
* Scandinavian Peninsula
* Fennoscandia
* Baltoscandia
* Jutland
* Gotland
* Sápmi
* Ingria
* West Nordic
* Baltic
* Baltic Sea
* Gulf of Bothnia
* Gulf of Finland
* Iceland
* Faroe Islands
* British Isles

East|

* Danubian countries
* Prussia
* Galicia
* Volhynia
* Wallachia
* Transylvania
* Moldavia
* Bukovina
* Bessarabia
* Livonia
* Ruthenia
* Carpathian Ruthenia
* Donbass
* Sloboda Ukraine
* Sambia Peninsula
* Amber Coast
* Curonian Spit
* Izyum Trail
* Lithuania Minor
* Nemunas Delta
* Baltic
* Baltic Sea
* Vyborg Bay
* Karelia
* East Karelia
* Karelian Isthmus
* Lokhaniemi
* Southeastern
* Crimea
* Epirus
* Rumelia
* Balkans
* Aegean Sea
* Aegean Islands
* Attica
* Boeotia
* Opuntian Locris
* Phocis
* Megaris
* Peloponnese
* Chalkidiki
* Aetolia
* Gulf of Chania
* North Caucasus
* Greater Caucasus
* Kabardia
* Istria
* European Russia
* Arctic
* Arctic Circle
* Taman Peninsula
* Southern Russia
* Kola Peninsula

Central|

* North European Plain
* Baltic
* Baltic Sea
* Alpine states
* Alpide belt
* Visegrád Group
* Rhineland
* Eastphalia
* Westphalia
* Prussia
* Lusatia
* Bohemia
* Moravia
* Silesia
* Czech Silesia
* Pomerania
* Pomerelia
* Kashubia
* Bukovina
* Istria
* Transdanubia
* Polesia
* Germania
* Germania Slavica

West|

* Benelux
* Low Countries
* Northwest
* British Isles
* English Channel
* Channel Islands
* Cotentin Peninsula
* Doggerland
* Upper Rhine Plain
* Upper Rhine
* Gaul
* Gascony
* Normandy
* Brittany
* Septimania
* Batavia
* Gulf of Lion
* Iberia
* Al-Andalus
* Baetic System
* Pyrenees
* Alpide belt

South|

* Po Valley (Padania)
* Italian Peninsula
* Tuscan Archipelago
* Insular Italy
* Aegadian Islands
* Occitania
* Iberia
* Al-Andalus
* Baetic System
* Gibraltar Arc
* Southeastern
* Mediterranean
* Alpide belt

* Germanic
* Romance
* Celtic
* Slavic countries
* European Plain
* Eurasian Steppe
* Pontic–Caspian steppe
* Wild Fields
* Pannonian Basin
* Great Hungarian Plain
* Little Hungarian Plain
* Eastern Slovak Lowland

* v
* t
* e

Regions of North America

North
(Canada)|

| Eastern|

* Central Canada
* Atlantic Canada
* Atlantic Northeast
* The Maritimes
* Great Lakes region

|

Western|

* Pacific Northwest
* Prairie Pothole Region

Northern|

* Arctic
* Arctic Circle
* Canadian Arctic Archipelago
* Greenland

* Canadian Prairies
* The Maritimes
* French Canada
* English Canada
* Acadia
* Acadian Peninsula
* Quebec City–Windsor Corridor
* Peace River Country
* Cypress Hills
* Palliser's Triangle
* Canadian Shield
* Interior Alaska-Yukon lowland taiga
* Kodiak Island
* Newfoundland (island)
* Vancouver Island
* Gulf Islands
* Strait of Georgia
* Labrador Peninsula
* Gaspé Peninsula
* Avalon Peninsula
* Bay de Verde Peninsula
* Brodeur Peninsula
* Melville Peninsula
* Bruce Peninsula
* Banks Peninsula (Nunavut)
* Cook Peninsula
* Gulf of Boothia
* Georgian Bay
* Hudson Bay
* James Bay

North
(United States)|

| Arctic|

* Aleutian Arc
* Aleutian Range
* Alaska Peninsula
* Aleutian Islands
* Arctic
* Arctic Circle
* Bering Strait
* Gulf of Alaska

|

Eastern|

* East Coast
* Northeast
* Atlantic Northeast
* The Maritimes
* New England
* Mid-Atlantic
* Commonwealth
* Southeast

Western|

* West Coast
* Mountain states
* Intermountain West
* Great Basin
* Basin and Range Province
* Northwestern United States
* Inland Northwest
* Pacific Northwest
* Southwest
* Old Southwest
* Four Corners

Central|

* Great Lakes
* Tallgrass prairie
* Midwest
* Upper Midwest
* South Central
* Gulf Coast

Southern|

* Deep South
* Old South
* Upland South
* Santa Fe de Nuevo México

* Pacific Coast Ranges
* Oregon Trail
* Mormon Corridor
* Calumet Region
* Llano Estacado
* Third Coast
* Backcountry
* Trans-Mississippi
* Great North Woods
* Great Plains
* Interior Plains
* Great Basin
* Great Basin Desert
* Acadia
* Ozarks
* Ark-La-Tex
* Waxhaws
* Siouxland
* Twin Tiers
* Driftless Area
* Palouse
* Piedmont
* Atlantic coastal plain
* Outer Lands
* Black Dirt Region
* Blackstone Valley
* Piney Woods
* Rocky Mountains
* Mojave Desert
* The Dakotas
* The Carolinas
* Shawnee Hills
* San Fernando Valley
* Tornado Alley
* North Coast
* Lost Coast
* Emerald Triangle
* San Francisco Bay Area
* San Francisco Bay
* North Bay
* East Bay
* Silicon Valley
* Interior Alaska-Yukon lowland taiga
* Gulf of Mexico
* Lower Colorado River Valley
* Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta
* Yukon–Kuskokwim Delta
* Colville Delta
* Arkansas Delta
* Mobile–Tensaw River Delta
* Mississippi Delta
* Mississippi River Delta
* Columbia River Estuary
* Great Basin
* High Desert
* Monterey Peninsula
* Upper Peninsula of Michigan
* Lower Peninsula of Michigan
* Virginia Peninsula
* Keweenaw Peninsula
* Middle Peninsula
* Delmarva Peninsula
* Alaska Peninsula
* Kenai Peninsula
* Niagara Peninsula
* "Belt" regions
* Bible Belt
* Black Belt
* Corn Belt
* Cotton Belt
* Frost Belt
* Rice Belt
* Rust Belt
* Sun Belt
* Snow Belt

Middle|

| Northern|

* Basin and Range Province
* Baja California Peninsula
* Gulf of California
* Colorado River Delta
* Gulf of Mexico

|

Southern|

* Soconusco
* Tierra Caliente
* La Mixteca
* La Huasteca
* Bajío
* Valley of Mexico
* Mezquital Valley
* Sierra Madre de Oaxaca
* Yucatán Peninsula
* Gulf of Mexico

Central|

* Northern Triangle of Central America
* Western Caribbean Zone
* Isthmus of Panama
* Gulf of Panama
* Pearl Islands
* Azuero Peninsula
* Mosquito Coast

Caribbean|

* Antilles
* Greater Antilles
* Lesser Antilles
* Leeward
* Leeward Antilles
* Windward
* Lucayan Archipelago
* Southern Caribbean
* West Indies

* Aridoamerica
* Mesoamerica
* Oasisamerica
* Anglo
* Latin
* French
* Hispanic
* American Cordillera
* Ring of Fire
* LAC

* v
* t
* e

Regions of Oceania

Australia|

| Australian Capital Territory|

* Australian Capital Territory

|

New South Wales|

* Central Coast
* Central Tablelands
* Central Western Slopes
* Greater Western Sydney
* Hunter
* Mid North Coast
* Northern Rivers
* North West Slopes
* Northern Tablelands
* Riverina
* South Coast
* South West Slopes
* Southern Tablelands
* Western Plains

Northern Territory|

* Arnhem Land
* Barkly Tableland
* Central Australia
* Darwin
* Katherine

Queensland|

* Central West
* Central
* Darling Downs
* Far North
* Gulf Country
* North
* South East
* South West
* Wide Bay–Burnett

South Australia|

* Adelaide Hills
* Barossa Light and Lower North
* Eastern Adelaide
* Eyre Western
* Far North
* Fleurieu and Kangaroo Island
* Limestone Coast
* Murray and Mallee
* Northern Adelaide
* Southern Adelaide
* Western Adelaide
* Yorke and Mid North

Tasmania|

* Central Highlands
* East Coast
* Midlands
* North East
* North West
* Northern
* South West
* Southern
* West Coast

Victoria|

* Barwon South West
* Gippsland
* Grampians
* Greater Melbourne
* Hume
* Loddon Mallee

Western Australia|

* Gascoyne
* Goldfields-Esperance
* Great Southern
* Kimberley
* Mid West
* Peel
* Pilbara
* South West
* Wheatbelt

Melanesia|

* Islands Region
* Bismarck Archipelago
* Solomon Islands
* North Solomon Islands
* Solomon Islands
* Fiji
* New Caledonia
* New Guinea
* Bonis Peninsula
* Papuan Peninsula
* Huon Peninsula
* Huon Gulf
* Bird's Head Peninsula
* Gazelle Peninsula
* Vanuatu

Micronesia|

* Caroline Islands
* Federated States of Micronesia
* Palau
* Kiribati
* Mariana Islands
* Guam
* Northern Mariana Islands
* Marshall Islands
* Nauru
* Wake Island

Polynesia|

* Easter Island
* Hawaiian Islands
* Cook Islands
* French Polynesia
* Austral Islands
* Gambier Islands
* Mangareva Islands
* Marquesas Islands
* Society Islands
* Tuamotus
* Kermadec Islands
* New Zealand
* South Island
* North Island
* Niue
* Pitcairn Islands
* Samoan Islands
* American Samoa
* Independent State of Samoa
* Tokelau
* Tonga
* Tuvalu

* Asia-Pacific
* Ring of Fire

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Regions of South America

East|

* Amazon basin
* Atlantic Forest
* Caatinga
* Cerrado

North|

* Caribbean South America
* West Indies
* Los Llanos
* The Guianas
* Amazon basin
* Amazon rainforest
* Gulf of Paria
* Paria Peninsula
* Paraguaná Peninsula
* Orinoco Delta

South|

* Tierra del Fuego
* Patagonia
* Pampas
* Pantanal
* Gran Chaco
* Chiquitano dry forests
* Valdes Peninsula
* Triple Frontier
* Río de la Plata
* Río de la Plata Basin

West|

* Andes
* Tropical Andes
* Wet Andes
* Dry Andes
* Pariacaca mountain range
* Altiplano
* Atacama Desert

* Latin
* Hispanic
* Bolivarian
* American Cordillera
* Ring of Fire
* LAC

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Earth's Polar regions of Earth

Antarctic|

* Antarctic Peninsula
* East Antarctica
* West Antarctica
* Eklund Islands
* Ecozone
* Extreme points
* Islands

Arctic|

* Arctic Alaska
* British Arctic Territories
* Canadian Arctic Archipelago
* Finnmark
* Greenland
* Northern Canada
* Northwest Territories
* Nunavik
* Nunavut
* Russian Arctic
* Sakha
* Sápmi
* Yukon
* North American Arctic

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Earth's Borders of the oceans

Arctic Ocean|

* Amundsen Gulf
* Barents Sea
* Beaufort Sea
* Chukchi Sea
* East Siberian Sea
* Greenland Sea
* Gulf of Boothia
* Kara Sea
* Laptev Sea
* Lincoln Sea
* Prince Gustav Adolf Sea
* Pechora Sea
* Queen Victoria Sea
* Wandel Sea
* White Sea

Atlantic Ocean|

* Adriatic Sea
* Aegean Sea
* Alboran Sea
* Archipelago Sea
* Argentine Sea
* Baffin Bay
* Balearic Sea
* Baltic Sea
* Bay of Biscay
* Bay of Bothnia
* Bay of Campeche
* Bay of Fundy
* Black Sea
* Bothnian Sea
* Caribbean Sea
* Celtic Sea
* English Channel
* Foxe Basin
* Greenland Sea
* Gulf of Bothnia
* Gulf of Finland
* Gulf of Lion
* Gulf of Guinea
* Gulf of Maine
* Gulf of Mexico
* Gulf of Saint Lawrence
* Gulf of Sidra
* Gulf of Venezuela
* Hudson Bay
* Ionian Sea
* Irish Sea
* Irminger Sea
* James Bay
* Labrador Sea
* Levantine Sea
* Libyan Sea
* Ligurian Sea
* Marmara Sea
* Mediterranean Sea
* Myrtoan Sea
* North Sea
* Norwegian Sea
* Sargasso Sea
* Sea of Åland
* Sea of Azov
* Sea of Crete
* Sea of the Hebrides
* Thracian Sea
* Tyrrhenian Sea
* Wadden Sea

Indian Ocean|

* Andaman Sea
* Arabian Sea
* Bali Sea
* Bay of Bengal
* Flores Sea
* Great Australian Bight
* Gulf of Aden
* Gulf of Aqaba
* Gulf of Khambhat
* Gulf of Kutch
* Gulf of Oman
* Gulf of Suez
* Java Sea
* Laccadive Sea
* Mozambique Channel
* Persian Gulf
* Red Sea
* Timor Sea

Pacific Ocean|

* Arafura Sea
* Banda Sea
* Bering Sea
* Bismarck Sea
* Bohai Sea
* Bohol Sea
* Camotes Sea
* Celebes Sea
* Chilean Sea
* Coral Sea
* East China Sea
* Gulf of Alaska
* Gulf of Anadyr
* Gulf of California
* Gulf of Carpentaria
* Gulf of Fonseca
* Gulf of Panama
* Gulf of Thailand
* Gulf of Tonkin
* Halmahera Sea
* Koro Sea
* Mar de Grau
* Molucca Sea
* Moro Gulf
* Philippine Sea
* Salish Sea
* Savu Sea
* Sea of Japan
* Sea of Okhotsk
* Seram Sea
* Seto Inland Sea
* Shantar Sea
* Sibuyan Sea
* Solomon Sea
* South China Sea
* Sulu Sea
* Tasman Sea
* Visayan Sea
* Yellow Sea

Southern Ocean|

* Amundsen Sea
* Bellingshausen Sea
* Cooperation Sea
* Cosmonauts Sea
* Davis Sea
* D'Urville Sea
* King Haakon VII Sea
* Lazarev Sea
* Mawson Sea
* Riiser-Larsen Sea
* Ross Sea
* Scotia Sea
* Somov Sea
* Weddell Sea

Endorheic basins|

* Aral Sea
* Caspian Sea
* Dead Sea
* Salton Sea

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic America. Read more

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