Kaftan

A kaftan or caftan (/ˈkæftæn/; Arabic: قفطان, qafṭān; Persian: خفتان, khaftān; Turkish: kaftan) is a variant of the robe or tunic. Originating in West Asia, it has been worn by a number of cultures around the world for thousands of years. In Russian usage, kaftan instead refers to a style of men's long suit with tight sleeves.

It may be made of wool, cashmere, silk, or cotton, and may be worn with a sash. Popular during the time of the Ottoman Empire, detailed and elaborately designed garments were given to ambassadors and other important guests at the Topkapı Palace.

Variations of the kaftan were inherited by cultures throughout Asia and were worn by individuals in Russia, the Middle East, and North Africa.

Styles, uses, and names for the kaftan vary from culture to culture. The kaftan is often worn as a coat or as an overdress, usually having long sleeves and reaching to the ankles. In regions with a warm climate, it is worn as a light-weight, loose-fitting garment. In some cultures, the kaftan has served as a symbol of royalty. Template:Arab culture

## Contents

* 1 History
* 1.1 Abbasid era
* 2 Types
* 2.1 Turkic kaftan
* 2.2 Algerian kaftan
* 2.3 Moroccan kaftan
* 2.4 West African kaftan
* 2.5 Persian
* 2.6 North Asia and Eastern Europe
* 2.6.1 Russian
* 2.6.2 Jewish
* 2.7 Southeast Asian
* 2.8 Europe and United States
* 3 Gallery
* 4 See also
* 5 References
* 6 External links

## History

The origins of the kaftan are uncertain, but it is believed to have first appeared in ancient Mesopotamia.[1][2] It is described as a long robe as far as the calves sometimes or just under the knee, and is open at the front and the sleeves are slight cut at the wrists or even as far as to the middle of the arms. The word kaftan is attested in Ottoman Turkish as ḳaftān, denoting a long robe or tunic.[3] The term is generally traced to Persian ḵaftān.[4]

Some linguists, notably Gerhard Doerfer, have argued that the Persian and Arabic form may itself reflect an earlier Turkic loanword. "kap-ton" meaning "bag garment". "Doerfer, Türk. und Mong. Elementen im Neupersisch p. 3:185 , suggesting that the term entered Persian and Arabic from Turkic before spreading more widely.[5][6][7]

### Abbasid era

During the Islamic golden age of the Abbasid era, the cosmopolitan super-culture[clarification needed] spread far and wide to Chinese emperors, Anglo-Saxon coinage, but also in Constantinople too (current day Istanbul). They were mimicking and imitating Baghdad culture (capital of the Abbasids). In the 830s, Byzantine Emperor Theophilus, who fought the Abbasids on the battlefield and built a Baghdad-style palace near the Bosporus, went about in kaftans and turbans. Even as far as the streets of Ghuangzhou during the era of Tang dynasty, the Abbasid kaftan was in fashion.[8]

The kaftan became a luxurious fashion,[when?] a richly styled robe with buttons down the front. The Caliphs wore elegant kaftans made from silver or gold brocade and buttons in the front of the sleeves.[9] The Caliph al-Muqtaddir (908–932) wore a kaftan from silver brocade Tustari silk and had his son one made from Byzantine silk richly decorated with figures. The kaftan was spread far and wide by the Abbasids and made known throughout the Middle East and North Africa.[10]

## Types

### Turkic kaftan

The caftan appears to be the oldest Turkish dress; this costume can be traced as far back as the Hun and Göktürk periods.[11] The kaftan was the favourite garment worn in Turkic states of Central Asia, the Turkic Empire in India, the Seljuk Turks and the Ottomans.[12] It was the most important component of the Seljuk period and the oldest known examples of this robe are said to have been found in Hun tombs.[13] The costume of the Gokturk period consisted of long kaftans that are closed with a belt at the waist, these kaftans can be observed in Gokturk statues.[14][15]

The Seljuk Sultan Ahmad Sanjar who ruled from 1097 to 1118 gave 1000 red kaftans to his soldiers.[16] In 1058 as well as the period of the Seljuk Sultan Malik-Shah I, the Seljuk Turks wore kaftans and excavations discovered a child's kaftan dating back to the reign of Sanjar-Shah who ruled from 1185 or 1186 to 1187.[17][18][19]

The tiles in the Kubadabad Palace depict Turkish figures dressed in kaftans.[20] The palace was built for Sultan Aladdin Kayqubad I who ruled from 1220 to 1237. Furthermore, typical Seljuk depictions from the 11th to the 13th century depict figures dressed in Turkish style kaftans.[21] The kaftan was also worn by the Anatolian Seljuks who had even gifted kaftans to the first Ottoman Sultan, Osman I.[22][23] In connection with the inheritance of Osman I, the historian Neşri described a kaftan in the list of inherited items: "There was a short-sleeved kaftan of Denizli cloth".[24]

In an excavation in Kinet in Turkey, a bowl dating back to the early 14th century was found with a depiction of a man wearing what appears to be a kaftan.[25]

Kaftans were worn by the sultans of the Ottoman Empire. Decoration on the garment, including colours, patterns, ribbons, and buttons, indicated the rank of the person who wore it. In the first half of the 14th century Orhan Ghazi captured Bursa and made it the Ottoman capital. One of the chief specialties of Bursa was gold embroidery among other weaving related specialties, an archive notes that two kaftans made of the finest Bursa gold-brocaded velvet were prepared for the circumcision of Geliboulu Bey Sinan Pasha's two sons in 1494.[26][27]

Ibn Battuta who had visited Anatolia witnessed that a mudarris was wearing a gown embroidered with golden pieces and that a Seljuk Bey gifted a kaftan that was embroidered with golden threads.Cite error: Closing `</ref>` missing for `<ref>` tag

Nearly 2,500 caftans and other garments belonging to subsequent sultans from the 15th to the 19th century are preserved in the Topkapı Palace museum.[28] The Topkapı Palace houses 21 kaftan that belonged to Mehmed II, 77 kaftan that belonged to Suleiman the Magnificent, 13 that belonged to Ahmed I, 30 that belonged to Osman II and 27 that belonged to Murad IV.[29]

Depiction of Ertugrul wearing a kaftan

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Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent in a kaftan of complex woven fabric.

A young member of the Ottoman court dressed in a navy velvet caftan woven with gold. Variously attributed to Gentile Bellini or Costanzo da Ferrara, with a caption in Persian by a later hand. Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum

### Algerian kaftan

Rites and craftsmanship associated with the wedding costume tradition of Tlemcen

UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage

Country| Algeria
Reference| 00
Region| Arab States
Inscription history
Inscription| 2012 (7th session)
List| Representative
The women’s ceremonial costume in the Eastern region of Algeria: knowledge and skills associated with the making and adornment of the Gandoura, the Melehfa, the Caftan, the Quat and the Lhef

UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage

Country| Algeria
Reference| 02139
Region| Arab States
Inscription history
Inscription| 2024 (19th session)
List| Representative

The kaftan has been historically documented to have been worn in Algeria in the beginning of the 16th century and the presence of the kaftan in Algeria dates far back to the Rustamid period[30] and is attested during the Zirid period in the 10th century as well as the Zayyanid period.[31][32]

The kaftan played an important role in the dress culture of the Zayyanid era.[33] The Zayyanid king Abu Hammu Musa II would gift luxurious gold embroidered kaftans to his aides and couriers.[33] In the Zayyanid court wealthy women wore gold embroidered jackets that featured a golden braid and wore a short-sleeved embroidered kaftan over it.[33]

Following the Ottoman tradition, the male kaftan, known as the kaftan of honour, was bestowed by the Ottoman Sultan upon the governors of Algiers who, in turn, bestowed kaftans upon the Beys and members of distinguished families.[34][35] In his Topography and General History of Algiers, Antonio de Sosa (es) described it as a coloured robe made of satin, of damask, of velvet and silk and having a form that reminded him of the priests' cassocks.[36] The Dey wore the kaftan with dangling sleeves; the khodjas (secretaries) wore a very long cloth based kaftan, falling to the ankles; the chaouchs (executors of the justice of the dey) were recognized by a green kaftan with sleeves either open or closed, according to their rank. The kaftan was also worn by the janissaries in the 17th and part of the 18th century.[36] It continued to be worn by male dignitaries well into the 20th century.[36]

Woman wearing long red garmentsAlgerian woman wearing a caftan, by Jan Baptist Huysmans

The female kaftan, on the other hand, evolved locally and derives from the ghlila,[37] a mid-calf jacket that combined Morisco and Ottoman influences, but which evolved following a very specific Algerian style from the sixteenth century onward.[38] Between the sixteenth and seventeenth century, middle-class women started wearing the ghlila. The use of brocades and quality velvet, the profusion of embroidery and gold threading were not enough to satisfy the need for distinction of the wealthiest Algerians who choose to lengthen the ghlila all the way to the ankles to make a kaftan that became the centrepiece of the ceremonial costume, while the ghlila was confined to the role of daily clothing.[37] The introduction of gold thread embroidery into North Africa itself is reputed to have been introduced through Turkish rule.[39]

In the Ottoman era, the textile production significantly contributed to the traditional economy of Ottoman Algeria.[40] Garments such as the kaftan, djabadouli, karakou, djellaba and the burnous were produced.[40] These garments were crafted using bright coloured silk threads or would feature gold or silver embroidery.[40]

In 1789, the diplomat Venture de Paradis described the women of Algiers as follows:

“  | When they go to a party, they put three or four ankle length golden kaftans on top of one another, which, with their other adjustments and gilding, may weigh more than fifty to sixty pounds. These kaftans in velvet, satin or other silks are embroidered in gold or silver thread on the shoulders and on the front, and they have up to the waistband big buttons in gold or silver thread on both sides; they are closed in front by two buttons only.  | ”

|
|

— Venture de Paradis, [37]

Several types of kaftans were developed since then, while still respecting the original pattern. Nowadays, the Algerian female kaftans, including the modernised versions, are seen as an essential garment in the bride's trousseau in cities such as Algiers, Annaba, Bejaia, Blida, Constantine, Miliana, Nedroma and Tlemcen.[41]

The wedding costume tradition of Tlemcen, known as chedda of Tlemcen.,[42] which features the Algerian caftan, was inscribed to the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO in 2012, in recognition of its cultural significance.[43]

On December 4, 2024, UNESCO inscribed the ceremonial women's costume of the Eastern region of Algeria: know-how and skills related to the making and ornamentation of the "Gandoura" and the "Melehfa" on its Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. This element concerns the "Communities of seamstresses, embroiderers and jewelers of the eastern departments of the country specializing in the Gandoura, the Melehfa, the Caftan, the Quat, the Lhef and the ceremonial officiants".[44] On December 11, 2025, the title of the element was updated as follows: The ceremonial women's costume of the Eastern region of Algeria: knowledge and skills related to the making and ornamentation of the Gandoura, the Melehfa, the Caftan, the Quat and the Lhef.[45][46]

File:Caftan algérien musée du Quai Branly.jpg

19th-century Algerian caftan, during an exhibition at the Quai Branly Museum in Paris

A female caftan offered by Ali Abdi Pacha of Algiers to the crown of Sweden on the occasion of a peace treaty, 1731.

### Moroccan kaftan

Moroccan Caftan: art, traditions and skills

UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage

Country| Morocco
Reference| 02077
Region| Arab States
Inscription history
Inscription| 2025 (20th session)
List| Representative

According to the Encyclopaedia of Islam, the kaftan was introduced into the Barbary States by the Ottomans and spread by fashion as far as Morocco.[47]

According to art historian Rachida Alaoui, the kaftan in Morocco dates back to the end of the 15th century and goes back to the region's Moorish history, which represents the medieval heritage of Al-Andalus. However, the first written record of the garment being worn in Morocco is from the 16th century, she states.[48]

According to Naima El Khatib Boujibar, however, the kaftan might only have been introduced to Morocco by the Saadi Sultan Abd al-Malik, who had lived in Algiers and Istanbul.[49] Abd al-Malik, who had officially acknowledged Ottoman overlordship throughout his time as ruler of Morocco, dressed in Ottoman fashion, spoke Turkish, reorganised his army and administration in imitation of Ottoman practices and used Ottoman Turkish titles for his officials.[50] He implemented an Ottomanization policy, dressed himself like an Ottoman and wore Ottoman kaftans, during this period Moroccan society also underwent Ottomanization and it is believed that the Ottoman kaftan entered Morocco as a result of this.[51][52][53] The second half of the sixteenth century was a period of Ottoman influence in Morocco during which Ahmad al-Mansur, who was greatly influenced by Ottoman culture, adopted Turkish costumes and customs, he introduced Ottoman fashions of dress, his army adopted Turkish costumes and titles and ambassadors even noted the use of Turkish pottery and Turkish carpets in the Badi Palace.[54][55][56] Aspects of Ottoman culture had been introduced to Morocco during the reign of both Abd al-Malik and Ahmad al-Mansur and Abd al-Malik's brief reign opened a period which continued under his successor of the "Turkification" of Morocco.[57][58] Henri Terrasse asserted that Moroccan embroidery styles are almost all derived from the former regions of the Turkish empire, the introduction of gold thread embroidery into North Africa itself is reputed to have been introduced with Turkish rule.[39][59]

Worn by the dignitaries and women of the palace at first, it became fashionable among the middle classes from the late 17th century onwards.[60]

Today in Morocco, kaftans are worn by women of different social groups and the word kaftan is commonly used to mean a "one-piece traditional fancy dress". Alternative two-piece versions of Moroccan kaftans are called takchita and worn with a large belt. The takchita is also known as Mansouria which derives from the name of Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur, who invented Al-Mansouria, which likely derived from Ottoman dress, and the new fashion of wearing a two-piece kaftan.[61][62]

In 2022, the Islamic World Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICESCO) inscribed the Moroccan caftan and the brocade of Fez on its Islamic World Heritage List.[63] On 10 December 2025, UNESCO inscribed the element "Moroccan Caftan: art, traditions and skills" on its Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity as part of Morocco's intangible cultural heritage.[64]

### West African kaftan

In West Africa, a kaftan is a pullover robe, worn by both men and women. The women's robe is called a kaftan, and the men's garment is referred to as a Senegalese kaftan.

A Senegalese kaftan is a pullover men's robe with long bell-like sleeves. In the Wolof language, this robe is called a mbubb and in French, it is called a boubou. The Senegalese kaftan is an ankle-length garment, and is worn with matching drawstring pants called tubay. Usually made of cotton brocade, lace, or synthetic fabrics, these robes are common throughout West Africa. A kaftan and matching pants are called a kaftan suit. The kaftan suit is worn with a kufi cap.[65] Senegalese kaftans are formal wear in all West African countries.

### Persian

Persian kaftan robes of honour were commonly known as khalat or kelat.[66]

### North Asia and Eastern Europe

#### Russian

Gotlandic picture stone showing men in kaftan-like attire

The Russian kaftan was probably influenced by Persian and/or Turkic people in Old Russia.[67] The word "kaftan" was adopted from the Tatar language.[68] In the 13th century, the kaftan was still common in Russia. In the 19th century, Russian kaftans were the most widespread type of outer-clothing amongst peasants and merchants in Old Russia. Currently in the early 21st century, they are most commonly used as ritual religious clothing by conservative Old Believers, in Russian fashion (Rusfashion), Russian folk dress and with regards to Russian folklore.[69]

#### Jewish

Jewish children with a school teacher in Samarkand, wearing kaftans (circa 1910).

Hasidic Jewish culture adapted a silky robe (bekishe) or frock coat (kapoteh, Yiddish word kapote or Turkish synonym chalat) from the garb of Polish nobility,[70] which was itself a type of kaftan. The term kapoteh may originate from the Spanish capote or possibly from "kaftan" via Ladino. Sephardic Jews from Muslim countries wore a kaftan similar to those of their neighbours.

### Southeast Asian

In Southeast Asia, the kaftan was originally worn by Arab traders, as seen in early lithographs and photographs from the region. Religious communities that formed as Islam became established later adopted this style of dress as a distinguishing feature, under a variety of names deriving from Arabic and Persian such as "jubah", a robe, and "cadar", a veil or chador.[71]

### Europe and United States

Americans returning from journeys on the hippie trail helped popularise the kaftan.

In the recent era the kaftan was introduced to the West in the 1890s, Queen Victoria's granddaughter Alix of Hesse wore a traditional Russian coronation dress before a crowd which included Western on-lookers, this traditional dress featured the loose-fitting Russian kaftan which was so exotic to Western eyes.[72] This was one of the first times a Western woman, a high-status Western woman who had also been seen in fashionable Western dress no less, was seen wearing something so exotic. The traditional Russian kaftan resembles the kaftans worn by the Ottoman sultans; it was in stark contrast to the tight-fitting, corseted dresses common in England at that time.

In the 1950s, fashion designers such as Christian Dior and Balenciaga adopted the kaftan as a loose evening gown or robe in their collections.[73] These variations were usually sashless. This style had also began appearing as high fashion.[74]

American hippie fashions of the late 1960s and the 1970s often drew inspiration from ethnic styles, including kaftans for women and men. These styles were brought to the United States by people who journeyed the so-called "hippie trail".[73] African-styled, kaftan-like dashikis were popular, especially among African-Americans. Street styles were appropriated by fashion designers, who marketed lavish kaftans as hostess gowns for casual at-home entertaining. The popularity of Kaftans went high in mass market and their cheap imports.[74] Given the materials and the style of the Kaftan, it has shown to symbolize serving as royalty.[75] The types of forms of dresses and kaftans were among the rich.[76]

Diana Vreeland, Babe Paley, and Barbara Hutton all helped popularize the kaftan in mainstream western fashion.[77] Into the 1970s, Elizabeth Taylor often wore kaftans designed by Thea Porter. In 1975, for her second wedding to Richard Burton she wore a kaftan designed by Gina Fratini.[78]

More recently, in 2011 Jessica Simpson was photographed wearing kaftans during her pregnancy.[72] American fashion editor André Leon Talley also wore kaftans designed by Ralph Rucci as one of his signature looks.[79] Beyoncé, Uma Thurman, Susan Sarandon, Kate Moss, Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen, and Nicole Richie have all been seen wearing the style.[80]{{better source needed|date=May 2022|reason=Collector's Weekly is not considered reliable}

## Gallery

* The first Mughal Emperor Babur dressed in a kaftan.

* August III the Saxon in żupan, by Louis de Silvestre.

* Evreu cu caftan (Jew in kaftan) by Nicolae Grigorescu.

* An Armenian youth 'out of Persia' who wears a pale blue kaftan. Ottoman Turkish Illustrations from Peter Mundy's Album, Istanbul 1618.

* Portrait of the artist's wife, Marie Fargues, in a kaftan, by Jean-Étienne Liotard.

* Tzar Feodor I wearing a kaftan. Antiquities of the Russian country 1846–1853, Solntsev, Fedor Grigorievich.

* Hayreddin Barbarossa, Barbary corsair, Beylerbey of Algiers and Kapudan Pasha (Grand Admiral) of the navy of the Ottoman Empire, wearing a caftan.

Hayreddin Barbarossa, Barbary corsair, Beylerbey of Algiers and Kapudan Pasha (Grand Admiral) of the navy of the Ottoman Empire, wearing a caftan.

* Mufti of Algiers wearing what appears to be crimson kaftan in 1817, British Library.

Mufti of Algiers wearing what appears to be crimson kaftan in 1817, British Library.

* Streltsy (warriors in Russia from 16th to the early 18th centuries) wearing kaftans. Painted in 19th century.

* Green kaftan designed by Sybil Connolly (1970s)

* Algerian caftan at the ifaegypt of the 2023 by Karim Akrouf.

Algerian caftan at the ifaegypt of the 2023 by Karim Akrouf.

* Royal algerian caftan of 2023 by Karim Akrouf.

Royal algerian caftan of 2023 by Karim Akrouf.

## See also

* Caftan Show
* Chapan
* Deel (clothing)
* Kanzu
* Kufi
* Ottoman clothing
* Takchita
* Thawb
* Wrapper (clothing)

## References

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2. ↑ "The journey of kaftans from Mesopotamia to the rest of the world" (in en-US). https://htschool.hindustantimes.com/editorsdesk/knowledge-vine/the-journey-of-kaftans-from-mesopotamia-to-the-rest-of-the-world.
3. ↑ "Caftan". https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/caftan. "Russian & Turkish; Russian kaftan, from Turkish, from Persian qaftān."
4. ↑ "kaftan noun". Oxford University Press. https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/kaftan. "late 16th cent.: from Turkish, from Persian k̲aftān, partly influenced by French cafetan."
5. ↑ "CLOTHING xxvii. Historical lexicon of Persian clothing". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Brill. https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/clothing-xxvii/. Retrieved 22 February 2026. "Ḵaftān (probably Turk.; Doerfer, III, pp. 185–90).".
6. ↑ Doerfer, Gerhard (1965). Türkische und mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen. 3. Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 185–190.
7. ↑ [1] Nişanyan Dictionary "kaftan"
8. ↑ Mackintosh-Smith, Tim (2019-04-30) (in en). Arabs: A 3,000-Year History of Peoples, Tribes and Empires. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-18235-4.
9. ↑ Cosman, Madeleine Pelner; Jones, Linda Gale (2009) (in en). Handbook to Life in the Medieval World, 3-Volume Set. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4381-0907-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=-Jf5t1vFw1QC&q=caftan+abbasid&pg=PA848.
10. ↑ Bloom, Jonathan; Blair, Sheila S.; Blair, Sheila (2009-05-14) (in en). Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture: Three-Volume Set. OUP USA. ISBN 978-0-19-530991-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC&q=abbasid+kaftan&pg=RA1-PA26.
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18. ↑ An Universal History: From the Earliest Accounts to the Present Time, Volume 4. C. Bathurst. 1759. p. 140. OCLC 21385381. https://books.google.com/books?id=TasEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA140.
19. ↑ "Sanjar-Shah was the amir of central Khurasan from 1185 or 1186 until 1187. His short reign was ended by a Khwarezmid invasion and resulted in the takeover of Ni". https://amp.ww.en.freejournal.org/15558887/1/sanjar-shah.html.
20. ↑ Selçuk, Issue 3. Selçuklu Araştırmaları Merkezi. 1988. OCLC 23036573. https://books.google.com/books?id=D6fiAAAAMAAJ.
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23. ↑ Mansel, Philip (1 January 2005). Dressed to Rule: Royal and Court Costume from Louis XIV to Elizabeth II. Yale University Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-300-10697-8. OCLC 1000803473. https://books.google.com/books?id=QCIxgIZ4w38C&pg=PA39.
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26. ↑ Velvet and Patronage: The Origin and Historical Background of Ottoman and Italian Velvets. S Okumura. 2016.
27. ↑ Harris, Jennifer, ed (30 September 1993). Textiles: 5000 Years. Harry N. Abrams. ISBN 978-0-8109-3875-5. OCLC 247803587. https://books.google.com/books?id=eUvrAAAAMAAJ.
28. ↑ Turnau, Irena (1991). History of Dress in Central and Eastern Europe from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century. Institute of the History of Material Culture, Polish Academy of Sciences. ISBN 9788385463030. OCLC 1008382522. https://books.google.com/books?id=qnyBAAAAMAAJ.
29. ↑ Moore, Jennifer Grayer (2019). Patternmaking History and Theory. Bloomsbury Publishing.
30. ↑ Histoire et archéologie de l'Afrique du Nord: actes du IIIe colloque international réuni dans le cadre du 110e Congrès national des sociétes savantes, Montpellier, 1-15 avril 1985. France. Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques Ministère de l'éducation nationale, Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques.
31. ↑ Gaïd, Mouloud. Les Berbers dans l'histoire: De Ziri à Hammad. Editions Mimouni.
32. ↑ Bulletin trimestriel, Volume 10. Société de Géographie de la Province d'Oran.
33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 قشيوش, نصيرة (2023). "لباس "الكركو" الجزائري: التأثيل والتأصيل والتطور" (in ar). II. Uluslararası Karşılaştırmalı Kültür Araştırmaları Kongresi Tam Metin Bildiri Kitabı. Istanbul: İstanbul Aydın Üniversitesi Yayınları. p. 273. ISBN 978-625-93572-1-8. https://iletisim.aydin.edu.tr/tr-tr/arastirma/universite-yayinlari/Documents/tam-metin-bildiriler-kitabi-ii-uluslararasi-kongre.pdf.
34. ↑ Chems-Eddine Chitour (2004). Algérie: le passé revisité : une brève histoire de l'Algérie. Casbah Editions. p. 221.
35. ↑ Jean-Michel Venture de Paradis (2006). Alger au XVIII siècle, 1788-1790: mémoires, notes et observations d'un dipolomate-espion. Éditions grand-Alger livres. p. 146.
36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 Marçais, Georges (1930). Le Costume musulman d'Alger. Plon. pp. 36–47. https://books.google.com/books?id=-LOBAAAAMAAJ.
37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 Paresys, Isabelle (26 February 2008). Paraître et apparences en Europe occidentale du Moyen Âge à nos jours. Presses Univ. Septentrion. p. 236. ISBN 978-2-85939-996-2.
38. ↑ Zanardi, Tara; Lynda Klich (4 July 2018). Visual Typologies from the Early Modern to the Contemporary: Local Contexts and Global Practices. Taylor & Francis. p. 569. ISBN 978-1-315-51511-3.
39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Prussin, Labelle (2006). "Judaic Threads in the West African Tapestry: No More Forever?" The Art Bulletin, 88:2, 328-353, DOI: 10.1080/00043079.2006.10786293.
40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 Daheur, Youcef (July 2025). "Algerian Industry in the Ottoman Era: Between Resource Abundance and Productive Diversity". بلد والأركات مسرس 6 (2): 17. ISSN 2716-8131. https://asjp.cerist.dz/en/downArticle/718/6/2/273119.
41. ↑ "Tradition vestimentaire : Le Kaftan est Algérien" (in fr). http://www.elmoudjahid.com/fr/actualites/129327.
42. ↑ "UNESCO - Rites and craftsmanship associated with the wedding costume tradition of Tlemcen" (in en). https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/rites-and-craftsmanship-associated-with-the-wedding-costume-tradition-of-tlemcen-00668.
43. ↑ "UNESCO - Rites and craftsmanship associated with the wedding costume tradition of Tlemcen" (in en). https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/rites-and-craftsmanship-associated-with-the-wedding-costume-tradition-of-tlemcen-00668.
44. ↑ "Le costume féminin de cérémonie dans le Grand Est de l'Algérie : savoir-faire associés à la confection et à la parure de la" (in fr). https://ich.unesco.org/fr/RL/le-costume-feminin-de-ceremonie-dans-le-grand-est-de-l-algerie-savoir-faire-associes-a-la-confection-et-a-la-parure-de-la-gandoura-et-de-la-melehfa-02139.
45. ↑ "Twentieth session of the Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage - UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage" (in en). https://ich.unesco.org/en/20com.
46. ↑ "The women’s ceremonial costume in the Eastern region of Algeria: knowledge and skills associated with the making and adornment of the Gandoura, the Melehfa, the Caftan, the Quat and the Lhef’ - UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage" (in en). https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/the-women-s-ceremonial-costume-in-the-eastern-region-of-algeria-knowledge-and-skills-associated-with-the-making-and-adornment-of-the-gandoura-the-melehfa-the-caftan-the-quat-and-the-lhef-02139.
47. ↑ Huart, Cl. (24 Apr 2012). "Ḳaftān". Encyclopedia of Islam. doi:10.1163/2214-871X_ei1_SIM_3796.
48. ↑ "Rachida Alaoui, de l'origine du caftan" (in fr-FR). https://femmesdumaroc.com/caftan/rachida-alaoui-de-lorigine-du-caftan-122. "Il remonte à la fin du XVème siècle, et les premières mentions de ce vêtement porté par les Marocains datent du XVIème siècle." English:"It dates back to the end of the 15th century, and the first mentions of this garment worn by Moroccans date from the 16th century."
49. ↑ "Discover Islamic Art". https://islamicart.museumwnf.org/database_item.php?id=object;ISL;ma;Mus01_B;45;en&pageT=N.
50. ↑ Cory, Stephen (2016). Reviving the Islamic Caliphate in Early Modern Morocco. Routledge.
51. ↑ Rouabhi, Nadhir; Zennou, Salah eddine; Dahmani, Youssouf; Halimi, Mustapha (30 March 2025). "The Ottoman Influence on the Artistic and Cultural Life in Morocco During the Sixteenth Century". Ziglôbitha: Revue des Arts, Linguistique, Littérature & Civilisations (Université Peleforo Gon Coulibaly - Korhogo) 2 (13): 217–230. https://www.ziglobitha.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/13-Art.-Rouabhi-Nadhir-pp.217-230.pdf.
52. ↑ Cook, Michael (2024). A History of the Muslim World: From Its Origins to the Dawn of Modernity. Princeton University Press. p. 744. https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vGXiEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT744. "No realistic ruler of the country in this period could fail to be aware that the Ottoman state was far more powerful than his own, and the result was a tendency to Ottomanization that was entirely compatible with hostility to the Ottoman presence on Morocco's eastern frontier.” “He dressed like an Ottoman, Ottomanized his army and administration, and adopted Ottoman titles for his officials. According to a bureaucrat and historian who wrote toward the end of the century, down to the mid-1570s the Saʿdid caliphs ran a plain Arab state that dealt with issues as needed, unconstrained by elaborate rules and regulations. Then ʿAbd al-Malik came to the throne and forcefully moved the state away from the Arab way of governing toward the non-Arab way—in other words, the Ottoman way.” “Ahmad al-Mansūr shared his experience of exile and was likewise something of an Ottomanizer; his expansion across the Sahara spread the Ottoman title “pasha” to the banks of the Niger, and later Saʿdid rulers such as Zaydān (r. 1603–27) issued coins modeled on those of the Ottoman sultans."
53. ↑ Berthier, Pierre (1985) (in fr). La bataille de l'Oued el-Makhâzen : dite bataille des Trois Rois (4 août 1578). France: Éditions du Centre national de la recherche scientifique. p. 95. https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xhYkAQAAIAAJ. "Ainsi donc, l'armée marocaine qui, jusqu'à la fin du règne d'el-Moutaouakil, comme nous l'enseigne El-Fichtâli, « était restée organisée à la façon arabe sous le rapport du costume, des vivres, etc. » (322), tout en utilisant des innovations techniques et tactiques inspirées des modèles turc et ibérique, ressembla à partir de 1576 à l'armée ottomane et bénéficia à l'image de son modèle d'une redoutable efficacité. D'ailleurs cette turquisation ne se limita pas au seul domaine de l'armée. Abdelmalek entrepris dans le même temps l'ottomanisation de la société marocaine, bien que l'intrusion d'usages nouveaux répugnât à une forte partie de la population du pays (323)."
54. ↑ Porter, Venetia and Rosser-Owen, Mariam (2012). Metalwork and Material Culture in the Islamic World: Art, Craft and Text. Bloomsbury Publishing.
55. ↑ Marrakech, demeures et jardins secrets. Narjess Ghachem-Benkirane, Philippe Saharoff.
56. ↑ Bulletin de la Société de géographie du Maroc, Volume 3. Société de géographie du Maroc. 1922.
57. ↑ Lamia Balafrej (2015) Islamic iconoclasm, visual communication and the persistence of the image, Interiors, 6:3, 351-366, DOI: 10.1080/20419112.2015.1125659
58. ↑ García-Arenal, Mercedes. 2006. Messianism and puritanical reform: Mahdīs of the Muslim west. Leiden: Brill.
59. ↑ Moroccan Textile Embroidery. By Isabelle Denamur.
60. ↑ "Kaftan". http://islamicart.museumwnf.org/database_item.php?id=object;isl;ma;mus01_b;45;en.
61. ↑ Morocco in the era of the Saadi Dynasty|المغرب في عهد السعديين, p 305
62. ↑ Al-Othmani, Saida Muhammad Ibn Al-Arabi; Salah, Yasser Wajih (2021). "The Ottoman-Moroccan Relations Crossed the Path of Alliance and Conflict". Journal of Arts, Literature, Humanities and Social Sciences 69: 26. doi:10.33193/JALHSS.69.2021.521. ISSN 2414-3383. https://www.jalhss.com/index.php/jalhss/article/download/521/513.
63. ↑ "Morocco Tops ICESCO's Heritage Lists with 46 Items | MapNews". https://www.mapnews.ma/en/actualites/culture/morocco-tops-icescos-heritage-lists-46-items.
64. ↑ "Moroccan Caftan: art, traditions and skills". https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/moroccan-caftan-art-traditions-and-skills-02077.
65. ↑ Cicero, Providence (2009-02-27). "Afrikando Afrikando Dishes up Great Food with a Side of Quirkiness". The Seattle Times. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/restaurants/2008790476_cicero27.html.
66. ↑ "CLOTHING xxvii. lexicon of Persian clothing – Encyclopaedia Iranica". Iranicaonline.org. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/clothing-xxvii.
67. ↑ Callmer, Johan; Gustin, Ingrid; Roslund, Mats, eds (2017). Identity Formation and Diversity in the Early Medieval Baltic and Beyond. Communicators and Communication. 75. Leiden: Brill. pp. 91–102. ISBN 9789004292178. OCLC 951955747.
68. ↑ Hellie, Richard (15 June 1999). The Economy and Material Culture of Russia, 1600–1725. University of Chicago Press. p. 354. ISBN 978-0-226-32649-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=V1bCm-E251MC&pg=PA354.
69. ↑ Wolff, Norma H.. "Caftan" (in en). https://fashion-history.lovetoknow.com/clothing-types-styles/caftan.
70. ↑ "DELET". http://www.jhi.pl/psj/chalat.
71. ↑ Maxwell, Robyn (2003). Textiles of Southeast Asia: Trade, Tradition and Transformation. Periplus Editions. p. 310. ISBN 978-0794601041. https://archive.org/details/textilesofsouthe0000maxw/page/310.
72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 Hix, Lisa (17 July 2014). "Caftan Liberation: How an Ancient Fashion Set Modern Women Free". http://www.collectorsweekly.com/articles/caftan-liberation/.
73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 Annette Lynch; Mitchell D. Strauss (30 October 2014). Ethnic Dress in the United States: A Cultural Encyclopedia. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 61–62. ISBN 978-0-7591-2150-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=tiEvBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA61.
74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 Helms, Laura (2018-03-02). "#FashionHistory101: How the Kaftan Went Global" (in en-GB). https://en.vogue.me/fashion/how-the-kaftan-went-global/.
75. ↑ "kaftan | Fashion History Timeline" (in en-US). https://fashionhistory.fitnyc.edu/kaftan/.
76. ↑ Acquaye, Richard (December 2023). "Reinventing Indigenous West African Fabric Design". Journal of Urban Culture Research 27 (2): 'pp.262', 'pp.263'. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/376713517.
77. ↑ Erika Stalder (1 May 2008). Fashion 101: A Crash Course in Clothing. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-547-94693-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=uNxhd1Z7n1EC&pg=PA13.
78. ↑ Salamone, Gina (2 December 2011). "Elizabeth Taylor's prized possessions—ranging from diamonds to designer gowns—on view at Christie's before going on auction". http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/tv-movies/elizabeth-taylor-prized-possessions-ranging-diamonds-designer-gowns-view-christie-auction-article-1.985851.
79. ↑ Smith, Ray A. (9 October 2013). "An Emperor of Fashion". https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304520704579125780024564384.
80. ↑ "Caftan Liberation: How an Ancient Fashion Set Modern Women Free". Collectors Weekly. http://www.collectorsweekly.com/articles/caftan-liberation/.

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