Lesotho Highlands

Natural region

The Lesotho Highlands from the air

The Lesotho Highlands in a map of Southern Africa.

Country| Lesotho
Elevation

| 2,000 m (7,000 ft)
Snow near Malealea village in the Lesotho Highlands River Makhaleng River Gorges in the highlands

The Lesotho Highlands are formed by the Drakensberg[1] and Maloti mountain ranges in the east and central parts of the country of Lesotho. Foothills form a divide between the lowlands and the highlands.[2] Snow is common in the highlands in the winter.

## Contents

* 1 Location and description
* 2 Flora
* 3 Fauna
* 4 Threats and preservation
* 5 See also
* 6 References
* 7 External links

## Location and description

The Highlands are located to the southeast of the Highveld, encompassing the whole eastern part of Lesotho.[3] The average annual rainfall is nearly 1,000 mm (40 inches) in some parts of the high ranges. Temperature is closely related to elevation in the Lesotho Highlands. In general, the mean July (winter) temperatures stay around 7 °C (45 °F).

The Lesotho Highlands form a localized high spot on the Central Plateau of the Great Escarpment. This is because it is capped by a 1400 m thick layer of erosion resistant lava[4] which welled up and spread across most of Southern Africa when it was still part of Gondwana.[5] Most of this lava has eroded away together with a layer of Karoo sedimentary rocks several kilometres thick on top of which the lava was poured out 182 million years ago. Only a small patch of this lava remains and covers much of Lesotho. The Lesotho Highlands have been deeply eroded by the tributaries of the Orange River which drain these highlands towards the south-west by means of erosion gulleys which turn into deep valleys further downstream. This gives this high region its very rugged, mountainous appearance. There are so many of these tributaries that the whole terrain of the highlands has a very rugged mountainous appearance, both from the ground and from the air.

The eastern Lesotho Highlands contain numerous terraces and scarp faces developed on ancient flood basalt. The form and development of terraces is controlled by rock structure. The terraces are pediments where cryogenic processes are active. The terraces may be referred as cryoplanation terraces albeit this term is controversial. Each scarp represent a flow unit of the flood basalt.[6]

During the last glacial period periglacial conditions prevailed in the highlands producing landforms such as blockfields, blockstreams and stone garlands.[7][8] During the coldest period of the last glacial period—the last glacial maximum— the environment was relatively arid with deep seasonal freezing. The area is believed to have been free of both permafrost and large snow accumulations.[7] There is some uncertainty if small glaciers ever developed in the shadowy slopes around the highlands.[9]

## Flora

There are numerous species of plants in the highlands.[10][11] The soil cover in the upland areas is discontinuous and immature. Soils in the Lesotho Highlands differ according to the host rock (basalt) and the influence of freeze and thaw processes; generally they are dominated by mollisols.[12]

Some sectors of the Lesotho Highlands are part of the Drakensberg alti-montane grasslands and woodlands ecoregion.[13]

## Fauna

The Lesotho Highlands are one of the endemic bird areas of the world.

The Drakensberg Rockjumper is an endemic bird species of the Lesotho Highlands and areas surrounding them in South Africa .[14]

## Threats and preservation

The Lesotho Highlands Water Project (LHWP) is an ongoing water supply and hydropower project in the area of the Highlands. Developed in partnership between the governments of Lesotho and South Africa, it comprises a system of several large dams and tunnels throughout the territory of both countries. The project allegedly is said to have had so far negative social and environmental effects.[15]

## See also

* Great Escarpment, Southern Africa
* Lesotho Highlands Water Project
* Climate Change in Lesotho

## References

1. ↑ Cana, Frank Richardson; Hillier, Alfred Peter (1911). "Basutoland". in Chisholm, Hugh. Encyclopædia Britannica. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 503–506.
2. ↑ "Lesotho travel guide". The Africa Guide. http://www.africaguide.com/country/lesotho/.
3. ↑ Atlas of Southern Africa p. 13 (1984) Reader's Digest & the Directorate of Surveys and Mapping
4. ↑ Geological Map of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. (1970). Council for Geoscience, Geological Survey of South Africa.
5. ↑ McCarthy t. & Rubidge B. (2005) The Story of Earth & Life. p. 192, 209-269. Struik Publishers, Cape Town.
6. ↑ "Controls on basalt terrace formation in the eastern Lesotho highlands". Geomorphology 67 (3–4): 473–485. 2005. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.11.010.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Geomorphic and climatic implications of relict openwork block accumulations near Thabana-Ntlenyana, Lesotho". Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography 86 (3): 289–302. 2004. doi:10.1111/j.0435-3676.2004.00232.x.
8. ↑ "The cold climate geomorphology of the Eastern Cape Drakensberg: A reevaluation of past climatic conditions during the last glacial cycle in Southern Africa". Geomorphology 278: 184–194. 2017. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.11.011. https://pearl.plymouth.ac.uk/bitstream/10026.1/8086/2/Mills et al. (2017) Eastern Cape.pdf.
9. ↑ "The shape of glacial valleys and implications for southern African glaciation". South African Geographical Journal 92 (1): 35–44. 2010. doi:10.1080/03736245.2010.485360.
10. ↑ SADC - Lesotho
11. ↑ Leslie, A. D. (1991). "Indigenous Forest and Woodland in the Kingdom of Lesotho". South African Forestry Journal 158: 97–103. doi:10.1080/00382167.1991.9630382.
12. ↑ R. M. Cowling, D. M. Richardson, S. M. Pierce, Vegetation of Southern Africa. p. 16
13. ↑ Drakensberg alti-montane grasslands and woodlands - WWF
14. ↑ Thompson, Hazell S. (2003). "Rockjumpers and Rockfowl". in Christopher Perrins. Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds. Firefly Books. pp. 515. ISBN 1-55297-777-3. https://archive.org/details/fireflyencyclope0000unse.
15. ↑ Hoover, Ryan (2001). ﻿Pipe Dreams - The World Bank's Failed Efforts to Restore Lives and Livelihoods of Dam-Affected People in Lesotho﻿ (Report). International Rivers Network. http://www.irn.org/programs/lesotho/pdf/pipedreams.pdf.

## External links

* ISS - Environmental change and human security in Lesotho: The role of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project in environmental degradation
* Late Holocene Neoglacial conditions from the Lesotho highlands, southern Africa: Phytolith and stable carbon isotope evidence from the archaeological site of Likoaeng
* Lesotho Flora

[ ⚑ ]  29°0′0″S 28°30′0″E﻿ / ﻿29°S 28.5°E﻿ / -29; 28.5

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