List of former national capitals

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Template:Lists of capitals

Throughout the world there are many cities that were once national capitals but no longer have that status because the country ceased to exist, the capital was moved, or the capital city was renamed. This is a list of such cities, sorted by country and then by date. Where a city name has changed, the name of the city when it was a capital is listed first, followed by its modern name in brackets.

## Contents

* 1 Africa
* 1.1 Northern Africa
* 1.2 Sub-Saharan Africa
* 1.2.1 Central Africa
* 1.2.2 Eastern Africa
* 1.2.3 Southern Africa
* 1.2.4 Western Africa
* 2 Asia
* 2.1 Central Asia
* 2.2 Eastern Asia
* 2.3 Northern Asia
* 2.4 Southeast Asia
* 2.5 Southern Asia
* 2.6 Western Asia
* 3 Europe
* 3.1 Central Europe
* 3.2 Eastern Europe
* 3.3 Northern Europe
* 3.4 Southern Europe
* 3.4.1 South-central Europe
* 3.4.2 South-eastern Europe
* 3.4.3 South-western Europe
* 3.5 Western Europe
* 4 North America
* 5 Oceania
* 6 South America
* 7 See also
* 8 References

## Africa

### Northern Africa

Old capital city  | Country  | Today a part of  | From  | Until  | Change, reason

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|
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Fustat  | Template:Country data Abbasid Caliphate Abbasid Egypt
Ikhshidid dynasty  | Egypt | 905  | 969  | Moved to Cairo
Marrakesh | Almoravid dynasty | Morocco  | 1070  | 1147  | Moved to Fez
Tinmel  | Almohad Caliphate | 1121  | 1147  | Moved to Marrakesh and Seville
Marrakesh | 1147  | 1269  | Moved to Fez
Altava  | Kingdom of Altava | Algeria  | 578  | 708  |
Memphis  | Ancient Egypt  | Egypt | 3150 BC  | 2160 BC  | Moved to Henen-Nesut. The Ancient Greeks called the city Memphis, its native name was Inbu-Hedj.
Thebes | 2134 BC  | 1292 BC  | Moved to Pi-Ramesses. The Ancient Greeks called the city Thebes, its native name was Waset.
Béjaïa  | File:Flag of Béjaïa (14th century).svg Hafsid Emirate of Béjaïa  | Algeria  | 1285  | 1510  |
Kalâa of Ait Abbas  | Kingdom of Beni Abbas  | 1510  | 1872  |
Benghazi  | Template:Country data Cyrenaica Emirate of Cyrenaica  | Libya | 1949  | 1951  |
Fez | Zawiya Dila'iya,
Morocco Sharifian Sultanate  | Morocco  | 1659  | 1672  | Moved to Meknes
Qal'at Bani Hammad  | Hammadid dynasty  | Algeria  | c. 1007  | 1090  | Moved to Béjaïa
Béjaïa  | c. 1090  | 1152  |
Walili  | Idrisid dynasty  | Morocco  | 789  | 808  | Moved to Fez
Fez | 808  | 927  | Moved to Hajar an-Nasar, to try and restore power base
Kuku  | Kingdom of Kuku  | Algeria  | c. 1515  | 1730  |
Al Bayda  |  Kingdom of Libya | Libya | 1963  | 1969  | Formation of the Libyan Arab Republic under the rule of Muammar Gaddafi
Fez | Marinid dynasty  | Morocco  | 1244  | 1465  | Moved to Marrakesh
Mascara  | File:Flag of the Emirate of Mascara.svg Emirate of Mascara  | Algeria  | 1832  | 1835  | Moved to Tagdemt
Tagdemt  | 1835  | 1847  |
Altava  | Kingdom of the Moors and Romans | c. 477 | 578  |
Meknes | Morocco (under Ismail Ibn Sharif)  | Morocco  | 1672  | 1727  | Moved to Fez
Alexandria | Ptolemaic Kingdom | Egypt | 305 BC  | 30 BC  | Ptolomaic Egypt was succeeded by the Roman Empire.
Fustat  | Rashidun Egypt
Umayyad Egypt  | 641  | 750  | Moved to Al-Askar
Tahert (Tiaret)  | Rustamid Imamate | Algeria  | 777  | 909  |
Tidsi  | Saadi Sultanate  | Morocco  | 1510  | 1513  | Moved to Afughal
Afughal  | 1513  | 1525  | Moved to Marrakesh
Marrakesh | 1525  | 1659  |
Fez | 1603  | 1627  | Fez was a rival capital to Marrakesh during this period.
Morocco Sharifian Sultanate  | 1727  | 1912  | Moved to Rabat
Tlemcen  | Emirate of Tlemcen  | Algeria  | c. 757  | 790  |
Zayyanid Kingdom of Tlemcen | 1235  | 1556  |
ʽAziziya  | Tripolitanian Republic  | Libya | 1918  | 1922  |
Tuggurt  | Sultanate of Tuggurt  | Algeria  | 1414  | 1871  | The sultanate was absorbed into French Algeria.
Al-Qata'i  | Tulunid Emirate  | Egypt | 868  | 905  | Moved to Fustat
Al-Askar  | 750  | 868  | Abbasid dynasty re-asserted control; provincial capital moved to Al-Qata'i
Hippo Regius (Annaba)  | Kingdom of the Vandals and Alans | Algeria  | 435  | 439  | Capital moved to Carthage.
Carthage  | Tunisia  | 439  | 534  | Vandal Kingdom was absorbed by Byzantine Empire.
Fez | Wattasid dynasty  | Morocco  | 1472  | 1554  | Wattasid dynasty was succeeded by Saadi Sultanate
Achir  | Zirid dynasty  | Algeria  | 936  | 1014  |
al-Mansuriyya  | Tunisia  | 972  | 1057  |
Mahdia  | 1057  | 1148  |

### Sub-Saharan Africa

#### Central Africa

Old capital city  | Country  | Today a part of  | From  | Until  | Change, reason

|
|
|
|
|

Jamba  | Angola, Democratic People's Republic of  | Angola  | 1975  | 1976  |
Jamba  | Angola, Democratic People's Republic of  | Angola  | 1979  | 2002  |
Halã-Vala, Bimbe-Katapi (Bailundo)  | Bailundo  | Angola  | c. 1700  | 1903  |
Cabinda | Cabinda, Republic of  | Angola  | 1975  | 1976  |
Boma  | Congo Free State | Congo, Democratic Republic of the  | 1886  | 1908  |
Boma  | Congo, Belgian  | Congo, Democratic Republic of the  | 1908  | 1926  | moved to Léopoldville (Kinshasa)
Stanleyville (Kisangani)  | Congo, People's Republic of the  | Congo, Democratic Republic of the  | 1964  | 1965  |
Quinguele  | Kakongo | Angola  | ?  | 1885  |
Njimi  | Kanem  | Chad  | fl. 11th century  | c. 1396  | lost to Bulala invaders (eventually moved to Ngazargamu)
Élisabethville (Lubumbashi)  | Katanga, State of  | Congo, Democratic Republic of the  | 1960  | 1963  |
São Salvador (M'banza-Kongo)  | Kongo, Kingdom of  | Angola  | 1483  | 1915  |
Lumbala N'guimbo  | Mbunda Kingdom | Angola  | c. 1500  | 1917  |
Cabaça | Ndongo, Kingdom of | Angola  | ?  | 1657  |
Bakwanga (Mbuji-Mayi)  | South Kasai  | Congo, Democratic Republic of the  | 1960  | 1962  |
Kasongo  | Utetera, Sultanate of  | Congo, Democratic Republic of the  | 1860  | 1887  |
Cuíto | Viye  | Angola  | 1750  | 1890  |
Ganda-a-Caué (Caála)  | Wambu  | Angola  | c. 1650  | 1902  |
Huambo-Cabral Moncada (Lépi)  | Wambu  | Angola  | 1902  | 1903  |
Malabo | Equatorial Guinea  | Equatorial Guinea  | 1968  | 2026  |

#### Eastern Africa

Old capital city  | Country  | Today a part of  | From  | Until  | Change, reason

|
|
|
|
|

Zanzibar City  | Zanzibar, Sultanate of  | Tanzania  | 1856  | 1964  | Sultanate ceased to exist; Zanzibar Revolution
Zanzibar City  | Zanzibar, People's Republic of  | Tanzania  | 1964  | 1964  | Zanzibar merged with Tanganyika in 1964. The city remains the capital of semi-autonomous region of Zanzibar.
Dar es Salaam | Tanganyika  | Tanzania  | 1961  | 1964  | country merged with Zanzibar to form Tanzania
Dar es Salaam | Tanzania  | Tanzania  | 1964  | 1996  | capital moved to Dodoma
Axum  | Aksum, Kingdom of | Ethiopia  | 50  | ?  | city abandoned
Debre Berhan | Ethiopian Empire  | Ethiopia  | 1456  | mid-1470s  | Emperor returned to custom of a moving capital
Gondar | Ethiopian Empire  | Ethiopia  | 1635  | late 19th century  | moved to Addis Ababa
Bujumbura | Burundi  | Burundi  | 1962  | 2018  | moved to Gitega
Entebbe  | Uganda, Protectorate of  | Uganda  | 1894  | 1962  | moved to Kampala

#### Southern Africa

Old capital city  | Country  | Today a part of  | From  | Until  | Change, reason

|
|
|
|
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Otjimbingwe  | German South-West Africa  | Namibia  | 1886  | 1892  | moved to Windhoek
Zomba | British Central Africa Protectorate  | Malawi  | 1893  | 1907  | Protectorate renamed as Nyasaland Protectorate.
Zomba | Nyasaland Protectorate  | Malawi  | 1907  | 1953  | Merged with Southern Rhodesia and Northern Rhodesia to form the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland.
Zomba | Malawi  | Malawi  | 1964  | 1975  | Capital moved to Lilongwe.
Fort Jameson (Chipata)  | North-Eastern Rhodesia  | Zambia  | 1899  | 1911  | Merged with North-Western Rhodesia to form Northern Rhodesia.
Kalomo  | North-Western Rhodesia  | Zambia  | 1899  | 1907  | Moved to Livingstone.
Livingstone | North-Western Rhodesia  | Zambia  | 1907  | 1911  | Merged with North-Western Rhodesia to form Northern Rhodesia.
Livingstone | Northern Rhodesia  | Zambia  | 1911  | 1935  | Moved to Lusaka.
Island of Mozambique  | Portuguese Mozambique  | Mozambique  | 1498  | 1898  | Moved to Maputo.

#### Western Africa

Old capital city  | Country  | Today a part of  | From  | Until  | Change, reason

|
|
|
|
|

Ribeira Grande (Cidade Velha)  | Portuguese Cape Verde  | Cape Verde  | 1462  | 1770  | moved to Praia
Grand-Bassam  | Ivory Coast (French colony)  | Ivory Coast  | 1893  | 1900  | moved to Bingerville
Bingerville  | Ivory Coast (French colony)  | Ivory Coast  | 1900  | 1933  | moved to Abidjan
Abidjan | Ivory Coast (French colony)  | Ivory Coast  | 1933  | 1983  | moved to Yamoussoukro
Cape Coast | Gold Coast  | Ghana | 1664  | 1877  | moved to Accra
Bolama  | Portuguese Guinea  | Guinea-Bissau  | 1879  | 1941  | moved to Bissau
Boe  | Guinea-Bissau  | Guinea-Bissau  | 1973  | 1974  | moved back to Bissau
Ngazargamu  | Kanem-Bornu Empire  | Nigeria  | c. 1472  | 1808  | lost to Fulani invaders (eventually moved to Kukawa)
Kukawa  | Kanem-Bornu Empire  | Nigeria  | 1814  | 1893  | Kingdom ceased to exist
Lagos | Colonial Nigeria  | Nigeria  | 1914  | 1960  |
Lagos | Nigeria, Federation of  | Nigeria  | 1960  | 1991  | moved to Abuja
Igbo-Ukwu  | Nri, Kingdom of  | Nigeria  | 1043  | 1911  | Kingdom was absorbed by Colonial Nigeria
Aného  | Togoland  | Togo  | 1880s  | 1897  | moved to Lomé

## Asia

### Central Asia

Old capital city  | Country  | Today a part of  | From  | Until  | Change, reason

|
|
|
|
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Semey  | Alash Orda  | Kazakhstan  | 1917  | 1920  | Entity named Kyrgyz ASSR established, capital moved to Orenburg
Bukhara | Bukhara, Khanate of | Uzbekistan  | 1533  | 1551  | moved to Samarqand
Bukhara | Bukhara, Khanate of | Uzbekistan  | 1556  | 1756  |
Bukhara | Bukhara, Emirate of | Uzbekistan  | 1785  | 1920  |
Bukhara | Bukharan SRR | Uzbekistan  | 1920  | 1924  |
Kandahar | Durrani Empire | Afghanistan  | 1748  | 1772  | moved to Kabul
Ghazni | Ghaznavid Empire  | Afghanistan  | 977  | 1163  | moved to Lahore
Ghazni | Ghurid dynasty  | Afghanistan  | 1170s  | 1215  |
Bactra (Balkh)  | Greco-Bactrian Kingdom | Afghanistan  | 3rd century BC  | 2rd century BC  |
Herat | Herat, Emirate of  | Afghanistan  | 1793  | 1863  | Annexation of the country to the Emirate of Afghanistan
Kandahar | Kandahar, Principality of  | Afghanistan  | 1818  | 1855  | Annexation of the country to the Emirate of Kabul
Alma-Ata (Almaty)  | Kazakh SSR  | Kazakhstan  | 1936  | 1991  |
Alma-Ata (Almaty)  | Kazakhstan  | Kazakhstan  | 1991  | 1993  | city renamed Almaty
Almaty | Kazakhstan  | Kazakhstan  | 1993  | 1998  | moved to Astana
Khiva  | Khiva, Khanate of  | Uzbekistan  | 1511  | 1920  |
Khiva  | Khorezm SRR  | Uzbekistan  | 1920  | 1924  |
Kokand (Fergana)  | Kokand, Khanate of  | Uzbekistan  | 1709  | 1876  | Annexation of the country to the Russian Empire
Asadabad | Kunar, Islamic Emirate of  | Afghanistan  | 1991  | 1991  | Fall of the state.
Bagram  | Kushan Empire | Afghanistan  | 1st century AD  | 1st century AD  |
Maymana | Maimana Khanate  | Afghanistan  | 1747  | 1892  | Annexation of the country to the Emirate of Kabul, preceded by the sacking of the city
Zaranj | Mihrabanid dynasty  | Afghanistan  | 1236  | 1537  |
Omsk  | Russia (White Movement)  | Russia  | 1918  | 1920  | White Movement defeated by Reds
Samarkand | Timurid Empire | Uzbekistan  | 1370  | 1405  | Capital moved to Herat.
Zaranj | Saffarid dynasty  | Afghanistan  | 861  | 1002  |
Herat | Timurid Empire | Afghanistan  | 1405  | 1507  | Invaded by Muhammad Shaybani.
Gurganj (Konye-Urgench)  | Khwarazmian Empire  | Turkmenistan  | 1077  | 1212  | moved to Samarqand
Iasy (Turkistan)  | Uzbek Khanate  | Kazakhstan  | 1469  | 1471  |
Samarkand | Uzbek SSR  | Uzbekistan  | 1925  | 1930  | moved to Tashkent
Alexandria in the Caucasus (Bagram)  | Yavana Kingdom  | Afghanistan  | 180 BC  | AD 10  |

### Eastern Asia

Old capital city  | Country  | Today a part of  | From  | Until  | Change, reason

|
|
|
|
|

Anyang  | Shang dynasty  | China  | c. 1600 BC  | c. 1046 BC  | moved to Chang'an - end of Shang dynasty
Chang'an  | Zhou dynasty  | China  | c. 1046 BC  | 722 BC  | moved to Luoyang
Luoyang  | Zhou dynasty  | China  | 771 BC  | 221 BC  | moved to Xianyang - fall of Zhou dynasty
Xianyang  | Qin dynasty  | China  | 221 BC  | 206 BC  | moved back to Chang'an - fall of Qin dynasty
Chang'an  | Han dynasty  | China  | 206 BC  | 25  | moved back to Luoyang
Luoyang  | Han dynasty  | China  | 25  | 220  | Fall of the Han dynasty marking the beginning of the Six Dynasties period
Chang'an  | Sui dynasty and Tang dynasty  | China  | 581  | 907  | fall of the Tang dynasty marking the beginning of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
Kaifeng  | Song dynasty  | China  | 960  | 1127  | moved to Hangzhou
Hangzhou  | Song dynasty  | China  | 1127  | 1279  | Kublai Khan integrated China into the Mongol Empire
Nanjing  | Ming dynasty  | China  | 1368  | 1421  | moved to Beijing
Nanjing  | China, Republic of  | China  | 1928  | 1937  | moved to Chongqing because of Japanese occupation
Ruijin  | China, Soviet Republic of  | China  | 1931  | 1934  | moved to Shaanxi due to the Long March
Chongqing | China, Republic of  | China  | 1937  | 1945  | moved back to Nanjing
Nanjing  | China, Republic of  | China  | 1945  | 1949 (de facto) | moved to Taipei after the loss of the mainland which caused the nationalist government fled to Taiwan and made Taipei the temporary capital of the Republic of China. Beijing was proclaimed the capital of the People's Republic of China.
Hakodate  | Republic of Ezo  | Japan | 1868  | 1869  | Annexed by Japan
Middag  | Middag, Kingdom of  | Taiwan  | ?  | 1732?  | Middag annexed by Qing dynasty
Tainan  | Formosa, Republic of  | Taiwan  | 1895  | 1895  | Annexed by Japan
Tainan  | Tungning, Kingdom of | Taiwan  | 1662  | 1683  | Kingdom of Tungning conquered by Qing dynasty. Tainan remained the seat of government until 1885.
Asuka  | Japan | Japan | ?  | 694  | moved to Fujiwara-kyō (Kashihara)
Fujiwara-kyō (Kashihara)  | Japan | Japan | 694  | 710  | moved to Heijō-kyō (Nara)
Heijō-kyō (Nara)  | Japan | Japan | 710  | 784  | moved to Nagaoka-kyō (Nagaoka)
Nagaoka-kyō (Nagaoka)  | Japan | Japan | 784  | 794  | moved to Heian-kyō (Kyoto)
Heian-kyō (Kyoto)  | Japan | Japan | 794  | 1868  | moved to Tokyo (see also: Capital of Japan)
Shuri  | Ryūkyū Kingdom  | Japan | 1429  | 1879  | Annexed by Japan
Wanggeom (Pyongyang)  | Gojoseon  | North Korea  | 194 BC  | 108 BC  | fall of Gojoseon
Holbon (Mt. Wunü)  | Goguryeo  | China  | 37 BC  | 3  | moved to Gungnae
Gungnae (Ji'an)  | Goguryeo  | China  | 3  | 427  | moved to Pyongyang
Pyongyang | Goguryeo  | North Korea  | 427  | 668  | fall of Goguryeo
Seorabeol (Gyeongju)  | Silla  | South Korea | 57 BC  | 935  | fall of Silla
Wirye (Southern Seoul)  | Baekje  | South Korea | 18 BC  | 476  | moved to Ungjin
Ungjin (Gongju)  | Baekje  | South Korea | 476  | 538  | moved to Sabi
Sabi (Buyeo)  | Baekje  | South Korea | 538  | 660  | fall of Baekje
Sanggyeong (Ning'an)  | Balhae  | China  | 756  | 926  | fall of Balhae
Gaegyeong (Kaesong)  | Goryeo | North Korea  | 919  | 1392  | moved to Hanyang (Seoul) - fall of Goryeo dynasty
Seoul | North Korea  | South Korea | 1948  | 1972  | de jure capital changed to Pyongyang in a new Constitution of North Korea[1]

### Northern Asia

Old capital city  | Country  | Today a part of  | From  | Until  | Change, reason

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Qashliq  | Sibir, Khanate of | Russia  | 15th century  | 1598  | Country absorbed by Tsardom of Russia.

### Southeast Asia

Old capital city  | Country  | Today a part of  | From  | Until  | Change, reason

|
|
|
|
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Yaśodharapura (Angkor) | Khmer Empire  | Cambodia  | 802  | 1431  | Sacked by Ayutthaya
Srey Sorchhor  | Cambodia  | Cambodia  | 1431  | 1434  | Move to Chaktomuk (in 1434)
Chaktomuk | Cambodia  | Cambodia  | 1434  | 1525  | Move to Longvek (in 1525)
Longvek  | Cambodia  | Cambodia  | 1525  | 1593  | Move to Oudong (in 1618)
Oudong  | Cambodia  | Cambodia  | 1620  | 1863  | Move to Phnom Penh (in 1863)
Phnom Penh | Colonial Cambodia  | Cambodia  | 1863  | 1887  | annexed by France; moved to Saigon
Batavia (Jakarta)  | Dutch East Indies  | Indonesia  | 1800  | 1945  | Independence of Indonesia, renamed to Jakarta
Jakarta | Indonesia  | Indonesia  | 1945  | 1946  | NICA occupation, moved to Yogyakarta
Yogyakarta | Indonesia  | Indonesia  | 1946  | 1948  | Dutch military occupation, moved to Bukittinggi
Bukittinggi  | Indonesia  | Indonesia  | 1948  | 1949  | moved to Yogyakarta
Yogyakarta | Indonesia  | Indonesia  | 1949  | 1950  | United States of Indonesia dissolved, moved to Jakarta
Jakarta | Indonesia  | Indonesia  | 1950  | TBA  | moved to Nusantara
Luang Prabang  | Lan Prabang  | Laos  | 1707  | ?  | Luang Prabang was one of three successors states to Lan Xang.
Luang Prabang  | Laos, Kingdom of  | Laos  | 1949  | 1975  | abdication of King Savang Vatthana; the second capital
Vientiane | Lan Xang  | Laos  | 1354  | ?  | moved to Luang Prabang
Vientiane | Vientiane Lao  | Laos  | c. 1707 (?)  | 1828  | incorporated to Siam, then absorbed into French Indochina (in 1893)
Vientiane | Kingdom of Laos  | Laos  | 1949  | 1975  | abdication of King Savang Vatthana
Champasak  | Champasak Kingdom  | Laos  | 1713  | 1946  | Became part of Kingdom of Laos.
Pagan (Bagan)  | Pagan Kingdom | Myanmar  | 849  | 1297  | moved to Myinsaing, Mekkhaya and Pinle
Martaban (Mottama)  | Hanthawaddy kingdom | Myanmar  | 1287  | 1363  | moved to Donwun
Donwun  | Hanthawaddy kingdom | Myanmar  | 1363  | 1369  | moved to Pegu
Pegu (Bago)  | Hanthawaddy kingdom | Myanmar  | 1369  | 1538  | Captured by Toungoo forces
Pegu (Bago)  | Hanthawaddy kingdom | Myanmar  | 1550  | 1552  | Recaptured by Toungoo
Myinsaing, Mekkhaya and Pinle  | Myinsaing Kingdom | Myanmar  | 1297  | 1313  | moved to Pinya
Pinya  | Pinya Kingdom | Myanmar  | 1313  | 1365  | moved to Ava
Sagaing  | Sagaing Kingdom | Myanmar  | 1315  | 1365
Ava (Inwa)  | Ava Kingdom  | Myanmar  | 1365  | 1555  | moved to Pegu
Launggyet  | Arakan, Kingdom of  | Myanmar  | 1429  | 1430  | moved to Mrauk-U
Mrauk-U  | Arakan, Kingdom of  | Myanmar  | 1430  | 1785  | Captured by Konbaung forces
Toungoo (Taungoo)  | Toungoo dynasty | Myanmar  | 1510  | 1539  | moved to Pegu
Pegu  | Toungoo dynasty | Myanmar  | 1539  | 1599  | moved to Ava
Ava  | Toungoo dynasty | Myanmar  | 1599  | 1613  | moved to Pegu
Pegu  | Toungoo dynasty | Myanmar  | 1613  | 1635  | moved to Ava
Ava  | Toungoo dynasty | Myanmar  | 1635  | 1752  | moved to Shwebo
Shwebo  | Konbaung dynasty  | Myanmar  | 1752  | 1760  | moved to Sagaing
Sagaing  | Konbaung dynasty  | Myanmar  | 1760  | 1765  | moved to Ava
Ava  | Konbaung dynasty  | Myanmar  | 1765  | 1783  | moved to Amarapura
Amarapura  | Konbaung dynasty  | Myanmar  | 1783  | 1821  | moved to Ava
Ava  | Konbaung dynasty  | Myanmar  | 1821  | 1842  | moved to Amarapura
Amarapura  | Konbaung dynasty  | Myanmar  | 1842  | 1859  | moved to Mandalay
Mandalay  | Konbaung dynasty  | Myanmar  | 1859  | 1885  | moved to Rangoon (Yangon)
Rangoon (Yangon)  | Burma (Myanmar)  | Myanmar  | 1885  | 1989  | country renamed to Myanmar; city renamed to Yangon
Yangon | Myanmar  | Myanmar  | 1989  | 2005  | moved to Naypyidaw
Marawi  | Maguindanao Sultanate  | Philippines  | c. 1205  | 1888  | Annexed into the Spanish East Indies
Bacolod  | Negros, Cantonal Republic of  | Philippines  | 1898  | 1899  | Unrecognised state absorbed by the Philippines under American control.
Malolos | Philippine Republic, First  | Philippines  | 1898  | 1899  | Headquarters of the Revolutionary movement (Note: Several other towns became capitals at a succeeding rate, namely San Isidro, Cabanatuan, Bamban, Tarlac, Bayambang and Palanan, to avoid capture from the Americans). Moved back to Manila after capture of Aguinaldo on 1901.
Manila | Philippine Republic, Second  | Philippines  | 1943  | 1945  | Liberation of the Philippines from the Japanese
Manila | Philippines, Commonwealth of the  | Philippines  | 1934  | 1941  | Japanese occupation. Moved back to Manila in 1945 after the liberation of the Philippines
Baguio  | Philippines  | Philippines  | 1946  | 1976  | Summer Capital, moved back to Manila via Presidential Decree No. 940.
Quezon City | Philippines  | Philippines  | 1948  | 1976  | Moved back to Manila via Presidential Decree No. 940. Quezon City, with Manila, became parts of Metro Manila. Several government offices remained in Quezon City, including the Batasang Pambansa, and ultimately the House of Representatives. Manila is the current capital.
Cebu | Spanish East Indies  | Philippines  | 1562  | c. 1578  | First Spanish settlement in the country. Moved to Manila (Formerly Maynilad) after capture.
Manila | Spanish East Indies  | Philippines  | c. 1578  | 1762  | Captured by the British during the Seven Years' War, returned to Spain after the Treaty of Paris.
Bacolor | Spanish East Indies  | Philippines  | 1762  | 1764  | Capital of the exiled government Governor-general Simon de Anda during the Seven Years' War. Moved back to Manila
Manila | Spanish East Indies  | Philippines  | 1764  | 1901  | Ceded to the United States via Treaty of Paris
Jolo  | Sulu Sultanate  | Philippines  | c. 1450  | 1899  | Annexed by the United States
Chiang Mai  | Lan Na  | Thailand  | 1259  | 1775  | Annexed by Burma
Chiang Mai  | Rattanatingsa | Thailand  | 1802  | 1899  | Annexed by Siam
Sukhothai  | Sukhothai Kingdom | Thailand  | 1238  | 1347  |
Phitsanulok  | Sukhothai Kingdom | Thailand  | 1347  | 1583  | moved to Ayutthaya after sacked by Ayutthaya
Ayutthaya  | Ayutthaya Kingdom | Thailand  | 1351  | 1666  |
Phitsanulok  | Ayutthaya Kingdom | Thailand  | 1463  | 1488  |
Lopburi  | Ayutthaya Kingdom | Thailand  | 1666  | 1688  |
Ayutthaya  | Ayutthaya Kingdom | Thailand  | 1688  | 1767  | moved to Thonburi after the Burmese destroyed the city
Thonburi  | Thonburi Kingdom | Thailand  | 1767  | 1782  | moved to Bangkok after King Taksin was declared mad
Phong Châu, Phú Thọ  | Văn Lang (Hồng Bàng dynasty)  | Vietnam  | 2879 BC  | 258 BC  | annexed by Thục dynasty
Phong Châu, Phú Thọ  | Vạn Xuân (Hậu Lý Nam Đế)  | Vietnam  | 571  | 602  | Third Chinese domination
Cổ Loa (Hanoi)  | Âu Lạc (Thục dynasty)  | Vietnam  | 257 BC  | 207 BC  | First Chinese domination
Cổ Loa (Hanoi)  | (Ngô dynasty)  | Vietnam  | 938  | 967  | the upheavals of Twelve warlords
Đại La (Hanoi)  | An Nam (Phùng Hưng)  | Vietnam  | 8th century  | ?  | Annexed by Tang dynasty
Đại La (Hanoi)  | An Nam (Khúc clan)  | Vietnam  | 905  | 930  | Dương Dinh Nghe was killed by his legion commander Kiều Công Tiễn and thus ending Khúc rule.
Đại La (Hanoi)  | An Nam (Dương Đình Nghệ and Kiều Công Tiễn)  | Vietnam  | 931  | 937  | Ngô Quyền defeated Southern Han dynasty
Đông Đô (Hanoi)  | Đại Việt (Later Lê dynasty and Mạc dynasty)  | Vietnam  | 1428  | 1788
Mê Linh (Hanoi)  | Trưng Sisters  | Vietnam  | 40  | 43  | Second Chinese domination
Long Biên (Hanoi)  | Vạn Xuân (Anterior Lý dynasty and Triệu Việt Vương)  | Vietnam  | 544  | 571  | moved to Phong Châu
Hoa Lư (Hoa Lư)  | Đại Cồ Việt (Đinh dynasty)  | Vietnam  | 968  | 980  |
Hoa Lư (Hoa Lư)  | Đại Cồ Việt (Early Lê dynasty)  | Vietnam  | 980  | 1009  | moved to Đại La, then renamed into Thăng Long
Tây Đô, Thanh Hóa  | Đại Ngu (Hồ dynasty)  | Vietnam  | 1400  | 1407  | Fourth Chinese domination; it was the first capital of Hồ dynasty
Tây Đô, Thanh Hóa  | Đại Việt-Nam Triều (Restored Lê dynasty)  | Vietnam  | 1533  | 1592  | moved to Thăng Long after defeating Mạc dynasty
Phú Xuân (Huế)  | Đại Việt-Đàng Trong (Nguyễn lords)  | Vietnam  | 1558  | 1777  | Tây Sơn dynasty unified Đại Việt
Phú Xuân (Huế)  | Đại Việt (Tây Sơn dynasty)  | Vietnam  | 1788  | 1802  | Defeated by Nguyễn Ánh (Nguyễn dynasty)
Phú Xuân (Huế)  | Đại Nam (Nguyễn dynasty)  | Vietnam  | 1802  | 1945  | moved to Hanoi after the abdication of Emperor Bảo Đại
Phú Xuân (Huế)  | Empire of Vietnam  | Vietnam  | 1945  | 1945  | August Revolution
Huế | An Nam (Nguyễn dynasty)  | Vietnam  | 1874  | 1955  | annexed by France, Geneva Conference (1954) led to the Partition of Vietnam
Saigon (Ho Chi Minh City)  | French Indochina  | Vietnam  | 1887  | 1901  | moved to Hanoi
Saigon (Ho Chi Minh City)  | Vietnam, State of  | Vietnam  | 1949  | 1955  | Geneva Conference (1954) led to the Partition of Vietnam; Saigon was renamed Ho Chi Minh City in 1976.
Saigon (Ho Chi Minh City)  | Vietnam, South  | Vietnam  | 1954  | 1975  | Hanoi, country ceased to exist after unification of Vietnam
Thăng Long (Hanoi)  | Đại Việt (Lý & Trần dynasties)  | Vietnam  | 1010  | 1400  | Trần dynasty renovated Thăng Long and renamed to Long Phượng
Thăng Long (Hanoi)  | Đại Việt (Later Lê dynasty)  | Vietnam  | 1428  | 1527  | Southern and Northern Dynasties of Vietnam
Thăng Long (Hanoi)  | Đại Việt-Bắc Triều (Mạc dynasty)  | Vietnam  | 1533  | 1592  | defeated by Trịnh lords; renamed again to Đông Đô
Thăng Long (Hanoi)  | Đại Việt-Đàng Ngoài (Later Lê dynasty - Trịnh lords)  | Vietnam  | 1593  | 1788  | Thăng Long was destroyed by Qing dynasty and Tây Sơn dynasty unified Đại Việt, then moved to Phú Xuân; renamed to Bắc Thành; renamed to Hanoi in 1831.
Hanoi | French Indochina  | Vietnam  | 1902  | 1953  | Geneva Conference (1954) led to the Partition of Vietnam; in 1831, Emperor Minh Mạng renamed Thăng Long to Hanoi (Hà Nội)
Hanoi | Vietnam, North  | Vietnam  | 1954  | 1976  | Unification with South Vietnam to become the capital of unified Vietnam

### Southern Asia

Old capital city  | Country  | Today a part of  | From  | Until  | Change, reason

|
|
|
|
|

Madurai  | Pandya Empire  | India | c. 6th century  | 1335  | Capital moved to Tenkasi
Thanjavur  | Chola Empire  | India | c. 9th century  | 1279  | Chola Empire is disestablished
Dacca (legislative) | Pakistan  | Bangladesh  | 1962  | 1971  | Country's constituent assembly should meet in East Pakistan due to the region's high population.[2]
Mujibnagar  | Bangladesh, Provisional Government of  | Bangladesh  | 1971  | 1972  | A provisional government was established and the leaders of Bangladesh swore their oaths in this town known as Baiydanathtala or Bhoborpara. This was later renamed to Mujibnagar in honour of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman[3]
Hazrat Pandua  | Bengal Sultanate  | India | 1352  | 1450  | First and longest capital of the Bengal Sultanate.
Sonargaon  | Bengal Sultanate  | Bangladesh  | 1390  | 1411  | Capital moved to Gaur
Gaur/Lakhnauti  | Bengal Sultanate  | Bangladesh  | 1450  | 1565  | Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah changed the capital from Pandua to nearby Gaur, probably due to change in river course.
Tanda  | Bengal Sultanate  | India | 1565  | 1576  | Bengal Sultanate was defeated by the Mughal Empire in 1576, but Tanda remained as Bengal's provincial capital until the 1590s.
Daulatabad  | Tughlaq dynasty  | India | 1327  | 1329  | Forcibly moved the entire population of Delhi to Daulatabad for a more centrally located capital. The decision was revoked and was moved back to Delhi within two years, due to lack of water.
Agra | Mughal Empire  | India | 1504  | 1653  | moved to Aurangabad, was moved to Delhi during the reign of Shah Jahan and to Fatehpur Sikri during 1571–1585, during part of Akbar's reign.
Fatehpur Sikri  | Mughal Empire  | India | 1571  | 1585  | moved to Agra
Pune  | Maratha Empire | India | 1679  | 1818  | British captured the city and controlled from Calcutta
Calcutta  | British Raj | India | 1772  | 1911  | moved to Delhi
Delhi  | British Raj | India | 1911  | 1931  | moved to New Delhi, inaugurated 1931
New Delhi  | British Raj | India | 1931  | 1947  | became capital of independent Dominion of India in 1947, and later of Republic of India in 1950
Simla  | British Raj | India | fl. 1850  | 1947  | Summer capital
Mysore  | Mysore, Kingdom of | India | 1524  | 1947  | Moved to New Delhi, Kingdom of Mysore dissolved- the capital of the state was moved temporarily to Bangalore 1831 to 1881 by Mark Cubbon.
Padmanabhapuram  | Travancore, Kingdom of  | India | 1601  | 1795  | Moved to Thiruvanathapuram by Maharajah Karthika Thirunal Rama Varma I.
Trivandrum  | Travancore, Kingdom of  | India | 1795  | 1947  | Moved to New Delhi as Travancore joined Dominion of India.
Hyderabad | Hyderabad State | India | 1769  | 1948  | Moved to New Delhi in September 1948, after the launch of a military operation by the Dominion of India known as Operation Polo. Hyderabad continues to remain the capital of the Indian states Telangana and, provisionally, Andhra Pradesh.
Gorkha  | Gorkha Kingdom | Nepal  | 1559  | 1769  | moved to Kathmandu after unification of Nepal
Kantipur  | Kantipur, Kingdom of  | Nepal  | 1560  | 1826  | Became/Renamed as Kathmandu after Unification of Nepal.
Karachi | Pakistan  | Pakistan  | 1947  | 1959  | moved to Rawalpindi
Rawalpindi | Pakistan  | Pakistan  | 1959  | 1967  | moved to Islamabad
Lahore  | Sikh Empire | Pakistan  | 1799  | 1849  | Annexation of the Punjab by the East India Company.
Anuradhapura  | Lanka  | Sri Lanka  | c. 382 BC  | 1018  | Capital moved to possibly Polonnaruwa
Polonnaruwa  | Kingdom of Polonnaruwa  | Sri Lanka  | c. 1055  | 1284  | Capital moved to Dambadeniya
Kotte  | Kotte, Kingdom of | Sri Lanka  | c. 1415  | c. 1565  | Capital moved to Kandy
Kandy  | Kandy, Kingdom of  | Sri Lanka  | 1592  | 1815  | Capital moved to Colombo
Colombo | British Ceylon  | Sri Lanka  | 1815  | 1948  | colony acquired dominion status
Colombo | Ceylon, Dominion of  | Sri Lanka  | 1948  | 1972  | Dominion became republic
Colombo | Sri Lanka  | Sri Lanka  | 1972  | 1982  | Capital moved to Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte

### Western Asia

Old capital city  | Country  | Today a part of  | From  | Until  | Change, reason

|
|
|
|
|

Assur | Assyria | Iraq  | fl. 2600 BC  | 9th century BC  | moved to Calah
Calah (Nimrud)  | Assyria | Iraq  | 13th century BC  | 710 BC  | Moved to Nineveh
Nineveh | Assyria | Iraq  | 1800 BC  | 600 BC  | Destroyed by Babylonians
Babylon | Babylonia | Iraq  | 24th century BC  | 141 BC  | Conquered by Assyrians, Persians, Parthians, Alexander the Great, later abandoned completely
Kufa  | Rashidun Caliphate | Iraq  | 656  | 661  | Capital moved to Damascus by Umayyad Caliphate
Kufa  | Abbasid Caliphate | Iraq  | 750  | 762  | Capital moved to Baghdad
Anbar | Abbasid Caliphate | Iraq  | 750s  | 762  | Alongside with Kufa, it briefly became the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate before the founding of Baghdad.
Samarra | Abbasid Caliphate | Iraq  | 836  | 892  | Capital moved back to Baghdad
Mtskheta  | Iberia, Kingdom of | Georgia | 3rd century BC  | 5th century  | Capital moved to Tbilisi by Dachi of Iberia
Susa, Anshan (Persia) | Proto-Elamite, Elam | Iran | 3200 BC  | 850 BC  | Conquered by Mannaeans
Zirta (Izirtu)  | Mannaeans  | Iran | 850 BC  | 728 BC  | Conquered by Median Empire
Ecbatana  | Median Empire  | Iran | 728 BC  | 550 BC  | captured by Cyrus the Great
Pasargadae  | Persian Empire | Iran | 559 BC  | 538 BC  | Capital moved to Susa by Cambyses II
Susa  | Persian Empire | Iran | 538 BC  | 515 BC  | Capital moved to Persepolis by Darius
Persepolis  | Persian Empire | Iran | 515 BC  | 331 BC  | captured by Alexander the Great and incorporated into Macedonian Empire
Seleucia  | Seleucid Empire | Iran | 305 BC  | 240 BC  | moved to Antioch
Antioch  | Seleucid Empire | Iran | 240 BC  | 64 BC  | conquered by Roman Republic
Ctesiphon, Hecatompylos, Mithridatkird-Nisa, Asaak  | Parthian Empire | Iran | 240 BC  | 224  | conquered by Sassanid Empire
Firouzabad, Ctesiphon, Damghan  | Sassanid Empire  | Iran | 224  | 637  | fell in Islamic conquest of Persia
Nishapur  | Tahirid dynasty  | Iran | 821  | 873  | conquered by Saffarid dynasty
Zaranj, Amol  | Saffarid dynasty, Alavids  | Iran | 861  | 900  | conquered by Samanid
Bukhara, Balkh, Samarkand, Herat | Samanid dynasty  | Iran | 875  | 999  | conquered by Ghaznavids
Ghazni | Ghaznavids, Ghurids  | Iran | 963  | 1212  | conquered by Seljuq dynasty
Nishapur, Rey, Konye-Urgench  | Seljuq dynasty, Khwarezmid dynasty  | Iran | 1037  | 1231  | conquered by Ilkhanate
Maragheh  | Ilkhanate  | Iran | 1256  | 1265  | Capital moved to Tabriz.
Tabriz | Ilkhanate  | Iran | 1265  | 1306  | Capital moved to Soltaniyeh.
Soltaniyeh  | Ilkhanate  | Iran | 1306  | 1335  | After Abu Sa'id's death in 1335, the Ilkhanate began to disintegrate rapidly and split up into several rival successor states.
Tabriz | Safavid dynasty  | Iran | 1501  | 1548  | moved to Qazvin
Qazvin | Safavid dynasty  | Iran | 1548  | 1598  | moved to Isfahan
Isfahan | Safavid dynasty  | Iran | 1598  | 1736  | moved to Mashhad
Mashhad | Afsharid dynasty | Iran | 1736  | 1750  | moved to Shiraz
Shiraz  | Zand dynasty  | Iran | 1750  | 1782  | moved to Sari
Sari | Qajar dynasty  | Iran | 1782  | 1795  | moved to Tehran
Gibeah  | Israel, Kingdom of | Israel | c. 1030 BC  | c. 1010 BC  | moved to Mahanaim
Mahanaim | Israel, Kingdom of | Jordan  | c. 1010 BC  | c. 1007 BC  | moved to Hebron
Hebron | Israel, Kingdom of | West Bank  | c. 1007 BC  | c. 1000 BC  | moved to Jerusalem; after the kingdom had been reunited by King David, he is said to have conquered the city from a Canaanite tribe
Jerusalem | Israel, Kingdom of | Israel | c. 1000 BC  | c. 930 BC  | country split in two
Jerusalem | Judah, Kingdom of (southern part)  | Israel | c. 930 BC  | 586 BC  | Kingdom ceased to exist (Jerusalem destroyed; Babylonian exile 586 BC - 538 BC)
Shechem  | Israel, Kingdom of (northern part)  | West Bank  | c. 930 BC  | c. 930 BC  | moved to Penuel
Penuel | Israel, Kingdom of (northern part)  | Jordan  | c. 930 BC  | c. 909 BC  | moved to Tirzah
Tirzah  | Israel, Kingdom of (northern part)  | West Bank  | c. 909 BC  | c. 880 BC  | moved to Samaria
Samaria  | Israel, Kingdom of (northern part)  | West Bank  | c. 880 BC  | c. 720 BC  | Kingdom ceased to exist (much of its population was taken into captivity and deported by Assyrian empire)
Tel Aviv | Israel, State of | Israel | 6 May 1948  | 30 December 1948  | interim de facto capital, moved to Jerusalem after captured from Jordanian forces in 1948 Arab–Israeli War
Jerusalem | Jerusalem, Kingdom of | Israel | 1099  | 1187  | moved to Acre (Jerusalem captured by Saladin)
Acre  | Jerusalem, Kingdom of | Israel | 1187  | 1291  | Kingdom ceased to exist
Salalah | Oman, Imamate of  | Oman | 1932  | 1970  | moved to Musqat
Diriyah  | Diriyah, Emirate of | Saudi Arabia  | 1744  | 1818  | moved to Riyadh after the Turks destroyed the city.
Aden | South Yemen | Yemen  | 1967  | 1990  | San'a, country ceased to exist after unification of Yemen
Damascus | Umayyad Caliphate | Syria | 661  | 744  | Moved to Harran.
Harran  | Umayyad Caliphate | Turkey | 744  | 750  | Moved to Córdoba.
Goris  | Mountainous Armenia, Republic of  | Armenia | 1920  | 1921  | [4]
Ganja  | Azerbaijan Democratic Republic | Azerbaijan | May 1918  | September 1918  | Moved to Baku.

## Europe

### Central Europe

Old capital city  | Country  | Today a part of  | From  | Until  | Change, reason

|
|
|
|
|

Prague | Czechoslovakia | Czech Republic | 1918  | 1993  | became capital in Czech Republic
Székesfehérvár and Esztergom  | Hungary, Kingdom of | Hungary  | 972 (or 973)  | 1256  | moved from Esztergom to Buda after most of the city was destroyed by the Mongols in 1242
Buda  | Hungary, Kingdom of | Hungary  | 1361  | 1536  | moved to Pressburg (Pozsony) after part of the nation captured by Ottoman Empire
Pozsony
(Bratislava)  | Hungary, Kingdom of | Slovakia  | 1536  | 1784  | moved here because Turks captured Buda; in 1784 it was moved back to Buda
Buda  | Hungary, Kingdom of | Hungary  | 1784  | 1849  | Became part of Austrian Empire, capital in Vienna.
Buda  | Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen (under Austria-Hungary)  | Hungary  | 1867  | 1873  | united with Óbuda and Pest to become Budapest
Płock  | Masovia (under Miecław)  | Poland  | c. 1038  | 1047  | Masovia reincorporated into Poland
Płock  | Masovia, Duchy of  | Poland  | 1138  | 1313  | moved to Czersk
Czersk  | Masovia, Duchy of  | Poland  | 1313  | 1413  | moved to Warsaw
Warsaw | Masovia, Duchy of  | Poland  | 1413  | 1526  | Masovia reincorporated into Poland
Gniezno  | Poland, Kingdom of  | Poland  | 10th century  | 1038  | moved to Kraków
Poznań  | Poland, Kingdom of  | Poland  | 10th century  | 1038  | moved to Kraków
Kraków  | Poland, Kingdom of  | Poland  | 1038  | 1079  | moved to Płock
Płock  | Poland, Kingdom of  | Poland  | 1079  | 1138  | moved to Kraków
Kraków  | Poland, Kingdom of  | Poland  | 1138  | 1290  | moved to Poznań
Poznań  | Poland, Kingdom of  | Poland  | 1290  | 1296  | moved to Kraków
Kraków  | Poland, Kingdom of  | Poland  | 1296  | 1795  | informally moved in 1596 to Warsaw
Toruń  | Warsaw, Duchy of  | Poland  | 1809  | 1809  | de facto capital[5]
Lublin  | Polish Committee of National Liberation  | Poland  | 1944  | 1945  | de facto capital
Łódź  | Polish People's Republic  | Poland  | 1945  | 1947  | de facto capital

### Eastern Europe

Old capital city  | Country  | Today a part of  | From  | Until  | Change, reason

|
|
|
|
|

Phanagoria  | Old Great Bulgaria | Russia  | 632  | 665  |
Novgorod  | Kievan Rus' | Russia  | 862  | 882  | moved to Kiev
Kiev (Kyiv)  | Kievan Rus' | Ukraine  | 882  | 1169  | state broke up, moved to Vladimir, Halych and Novgorod
Vladimir  | Grand Duchy of Vladimir  | Russia  | 1169  | 1327  | moved to Moscow
Bolghar  | Volga Bulgaria  | Russia  | 8th century  | 1240s  | Volga Bulgaria lost sovereignty
Kazan  | Kazan Khanate  | Russia  | 1438  | 1552  | Kazan Khanate lost sovereignty
Moscow | Moscow, Grand Duchy of  | Russia  | 1327  | 1547  |
Moscow | Russia, Tsardom of | Russia  | 1547  | 1712  | moved to Saint Petersburg
Yaroslavl  | Russia, Tsardom of | Russia  | 1611  | 1612  | de facto
Saint Petersburg | Russia, Tsardom of | Russia  | 1712  | 1721  | The Russian Tsardom became the Russian Empire.
Saint Petersburg | Russian Empire | Russia  | 1721  | 1727  | Empire was officially proclaimed by Tsar Peter I, following the Treaty of Nystad (1721).
Moscow | Russian Empire | Russia  | 1727  | 1731  | moved to Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg | Russian Empire  | Russia  | 1731  | 1914  | City renamed Petrograd.
Petrograd (Saint Petersburg)  | Russian Empire  | Russia  | 1914  | 1918  | moved to Moscow
Moscow | Soviet Union | Russia  | 1922  | 1991  | State union dissolved, Became capital of Russia
Volodymyr  | Galicia–Volhynia, Kingdom of  | Ukraine  | 1199  | 1238  | moved to Halych
Halych  | Galicia–Volhynia, Kingdom of  | Ukraine  | 1238  | 1241  | moved to Kholm (Chełm)
Kholm (Chełm)  | Galicia–Volhynia, Kingdom of  | Poland  | 1241  | 1272  | moved to Lev (Lviv)
Lev (Lviv)  | Galicia–Volhynia, Kingdom of  | Ukraine  | 1272  | 1349  | Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia lost its sovereignty
Chyhyryn | Cossack Hetmanate  | Ukraine  | 1648  | 1669  | moved to Baturyn
Baturyn  | Cossack Hetmanate  | Ukraine  | 1669  | 1708  | moved to Hlukhiv after demolition of the city by Russian forces
Hlukhiv  | Cossack Hetmanate  | Ukraine  | 1708  | 1722  | Cossack Hetmanate lost its sovereignty
Hlukhiv  | Cossack Hetmanate  | Ukraine  | 1727  | 1734  | Cossack Hetmanate lost its sovereignty
Baturyn  | Cossack Hetmanate  | Ukraine  | 1750  | 1764  | Cossack Hetmanate lost its sovereignty
Kiev (Kyiv)  | Ukrainian People's Republic  | Ukraine  | 1917  | 1920  | Ukrainian People's Republic lost its sovereignty
Taganrog  | Ukrainian Soviet Republic  | Russia  | 1918  | 1918  | German forces captured the city.[6] Republic dissolved.
Lviv  | West Ukrainian People's Republic  | Ukraine  | 1918  | 1918  | Polish forces captured the city
Ternopil  | West Ukrainian People's Republic  | Ukraine  | 1918  | 1919  |
Stanislaviv (Ivano-Frankivsk)  | West Ukrainian People's Republic  | Ukraine  | 1919  | 1919  |
Kharkiv  | Ukrainian SSR | Ukraine  | 1919  | 1934  | moved to Kiev (Kyiv)
Uzhhorod  | Carpatho-Ukraine | Ukraine  | 1938  | 1938  | Parts of the territory including Uzhhorod were transferred to the Kingdom of Hungary as a result of First Vienna Award. Capital moved to Khust.
Khust  | Carpatho-Ukraine | Ukraine  | 1938  | 1939  | Carpatho-Ukraine lost its sovereignty.

### Northern Europe

Old capital city  | Country  | Today a part of  | From  | Until  | Change, reason

|
|
|
|
|

Roskilde | Denmark | Denmark | c. 1020  | 1443  | moved to Copenhagen
Ribe  | North Sea Empire | Denmark | 1016  | 1035  | Empire collapsed with the death of Cnut the Great.
Copenhagen | Kalmar Union | Denmark | 1443  | 1524  |
Copenhagen | Denmark–Norway | Denmark | 1524  | 1814  |
Turku  | Finland, Grand Duchy of | Finland  | 1809  | 1812  | moved to Helsinki
Vaasa  | Finland, Republic of  | Finland  | 1918  | 1918  | Temporary capital during the Civil War
Ferns  | Laighin (Leinster) (under Dermot MacMurrough)  | Ireland  | 6th century  | 12th century  | Ireland invaded by Normans
Cashel  | Munster, Kingdom of  | Ireland  | 1st century BC  | 1118  | Division of Munster into Desmond and Thomond
Kilkenny  | Ireland, Confederate | Ireland  | 1642  | 1651  | Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
Kernavė  | Lithuania, Grand Duchy of | Lithuania  | 1279  | 1321  | moved to Trakai
Trakai  | Lithuania, Grand Duchy of | Lithuania  | c. 1321  | c. 1323  | moved to Vilnius
Kaunas | Lithuania, Republic of (details)  | Lithuania  | 1922  | 1940  | moved back to Vilnius
Nidaros (Trondheim)  | Kingdom of Norway (872–1397) | Norway | 997  | 1217  | moved to Bergen
Bjørgvin (Bergen)  | Kingdom of Norway (872–1397) | Norway | 1217  | 1299  | moved to Oslo
Christiania (Oslo)  | Norway | Norway | 1905  | 1925  | (also written Kristiania from ca. 1877), renamed Oslo
Gamla Uppsala  | Sweden, Kingdom of  | Sweden | 9th century  | 1273  | moved to Uppsala
Uppsala  | Sweden, Kingdom of  | Sweden | 1273  | 1436  | moved to Stockholm
Din Guardi (Bamburgh Castle)  | Bryneich  | United Kingdom  | 420  | 547  | conquering of the Kingdom
Chelmsford | England, Kingdom of | United Kingdom  | 1 July 1381  | 6 July 1381  | Briefly moved from London due to Peasants' Revolt
Bebbanburgh (Bamburgh)  | Bernicia | United Kingdom  | 547  | 634  | merged with Deira to become Northumbria
Ebrauc (York)  | Deira  | United Kingdom  | 5th century  | 866  | merged with Bernicia to become Northumbria
Lisnaskea  | Fermanagh  | Northern Ireland, United Kingdom  | 10th century  | 1607  | Disestablished alongside the kingdom following the Flight of the Earls
York  | Northumbria | United Kingdom  | 834  | 866  | fall of the Kingdom
Dorchester on Thames  | Wessex | United Kingdom  | 634  | 686  | moved to Winchester
Rendlesham  | East Anglia, Kingdom of | United Kingdom  | 6th century  | 1017  | absorbed into England
Winchester | Wessex | United Kingdom  | 686  | 927  | formation of England
Winchester | England, Kingdom of | United Kingdom  | 927  | 1066  | moved to London
Castletown  | Man, Isle of  | United Kingdom  | 1090  | 1874  | moved to Douglas
Tamworth  | Mercia  | United Kingdom  | 7th century  | 927  | fall of Kingdom, superseded by Winchester
Dumbarton  | Strathclyde, Kingdom of | Scotland, United Kingdom  | c 5th Century  | 870  | Moved to Govan, now part of Glasgow, following 4 months of Viking military assault in 870.
Govan  | Strathclyde, Kingdom of | Scotland, United Kingdom  | 870  | c 1034  | Conquered by Duncan II, and became part of Scotland.
Kirkjuvagr  | Norðreyjar, Territory of the Norwegian Realm | Scotland, United Kingdom  | c 872  | 1472  | Absorbed into Scotland.
Scone, near Perth  | Scotland, Kingdom of | United Kingdom  | 846  | 1452  | moved to Edinburgh
Edinburgh | Scotland, Kingdom of | United Kingdom  | 1452  | 1707  | Scotland was united with England under one monarch in 1603. Edinburgh remains the capital of Scotland within the United Kingdom.
Machynlleth  | Wales, Principality of  | United Kingdom  | 1404  | 1416  | seat of Owain Glyndŵr's self-proclaimed parliament. Capital declared to be Cardiff in 1955
York  | Scandinavian York  | United Kingdom  | 875  | 954  | fall of kingdom
Camulodunum (Colchester)  | Roman Britain  | United Kingdom  | 43  | 61  | moved to Londinium (London) after being destroyed by Boudica.

### Southern Europe

#### South-central Europe

Old capital city  | Country  | Today a part of  | From  | Until  | Change, reason

|
|
|
|
|

Corte  | Corsica, Republic of | France  | 1755  | 1769  | Corsican Republic annexed by France
Corte  | Anglo-Corsican Kingdom | France  | 1794  | 1795  | moved to Bastia
Bastia  | Anglo-Corsican Kingdom | France  | 1795  | 1796  | Corsican Kingdom annexed by France
Chambéry  | Savoy, Duchy of  | France  | 1416  | 1562  | moved to Turin
Tharros  | Arborea, Giudicato of  | Italy  | 9th century  | 1070  | moved to Oristano
Oristano  | Arborea, Giudicato of  | Italy  | 1070  | 1410  | moved to Sassari
Sassari  | Arborea, Giudicato of  | Italy  | 1410  | 1420  | remaining territories sold to the Kingdom of Sardinia
Santa Igia  | Cagliari, Giudicato of  | Italy  | 9th century  | 1258  | country dissolved, territories annexed by Arborea, Gallura, Pisa and Gherardesca
Milan  | Cisalpine Republic  | Italy  | 1797  | 1802  | became the Italian Republic
Florence | Etruria, Kingdom of | Italy  | 1801  | 1807  | Kingdom of Etruria annexed by France
Ferrara  | Ferrara, Duchy of  | Italy  | 1471  | 1597  | annexed by the papacy
Florence | Florence, Duchy of  | Italy  | 1532  | 1569  | became Grand Duchy of Tuscany
Florence | Florence, Republic of  | Italy  | 1115  | 1532  | became Duchy of Florence
Olbia  | Gallura, Giudicato of  | Italy  | 9th century  | 1296  | country dissolved, territories annexed by Pisa and Arborea
Genoa  | Genoa, Republic of | Italy  | 11th century  | 1805  | annexed by France
Milan  | Italian Republic  | Italy  | 1802  | 1805  | Became the Kingdom of Italy
Salò  | Italian Social Republic  | Italy  | 1943  | 1945  | Republic ceased to exist
Milan  | Italy, Kingdom of (Napoleonic)  | Italy  | 1805  | 1814  | Kingdom ceased to exist
Turin | Italy, Kingdom of (Sardinian)  | Italy  | 1861  | 1865  | moved to Florence
Florence | Italy, Kingdom of (Sardinian)  | Italy  | 1865  | 1871  | moved to Rome
Rome  | Italy, Kingdom of (Sardinian)  | Italy  | 1871  | 1946  | Kingdom became Republic
Milan  | Lombardo-Venetian Kingdom  | Italy  | 1815  | 1859  | Milan ceded to Kingdom of Sardinia
Venice  | Lombardo-Venetian Kingdom  | Italy  | 1859  | 1866  | Kingdom annexed by Kingdom of Italy
Lucca  | Lucca, Duchy of  | Italy  | 1815  | 1847  | Duchy annexed by Grand Duchy of Tuscany
Lucca  | Lucca, Republic of  | Italy  | 1288  | 1805  | Republic annexed by France
Mantua  | Mantua, Duchy of  | Italy  | 1433  | 1708  | attached to the Duchy of Milan
Milan  | Milan, Duchy of  | Italy  | 1395  | 1797  | became part of the Cisalpine Republic
Modena  | Modena, Duchy of  | Italy  | 1452  | 1860  | became part of united Italy
Naples  | Naples, Kingdom of | Italy  | 1282  | 1816  | Kingdom of Naples merged into the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Piacenza  | Parma, Duchy of  | Italy  | 1545  | 1547  | moved to Parma, following the assassination of the Duke Pierluigi Farnese
Parma  | Parma (and Piacenza), Duchy of  | Italy  | 1547  | 1860  | Became part of united Italy
Cagliari  | Sardinia, Kingdom of | Italy  | 1324  | 1720  | moved to Turin
Turin | Sardinia, Kingdom of | Italy  | 1720  | 1861  | Became part of unified Italy
Sassari  | Sassari, Republic of  | Italy  | 1294  | 1323  | Became part of Kingdom of Sardinia
Turin | Savoy, Duchy of  | Italy  | 1562  | 1720  | Became part of Kingdom of Sardinia
Palermo  | Sicily, Kingdom of | Italy  | 1130  | 1816  | Kingdom merged into the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Catania  | Trinacria, Kingdom of | Italy  | 1282  | 1401  | Capital moved to Palermo. After 1302 the Kingdom of Sicily was sometimes called the Kingdom of Trinacria.
Porto Torres  | Torres, Giudicato of  | Italy  | 9th century  | 11th century  | moved to Ardara
Ardara  | Torres, Giudicato of  | Italy  | 11th century  | 1272  | moved to Sassari
Sassari  | Torres, Giudicato of  | Italy  | 1272  | 1280  | country dissolved, territories annexed by Malaspina, Doria, Pisa and Arborea
Trieste  | Trieste, Free Territory of  | Italy  | 1947  | 1954  | Territory dissolved, integrated into Italy and Yugoslavia
Florence | Tuscany, Grand Duchy of  | Italy  | 1569  | 1860  | became part of unified Italy
Siena  | Siena, Republic of  | Italy  | 1125  | 1555  | Conquered by Florence
Naples  | Two Sicilies, Kingdom of the  | Italy  | 1816  | 1861  | became part of unified Italy
Urbino  | Urbino, Duchy of  | Italy  | 1443  | 1523  | moved to Pesaro
Pesaro  | Urbino, Duchy of  | Italy  | 1523  | 1625  | annexed by the papacy
Venice  | Venice, Republic of | Italy  | fl. 9th century  | 1797  | annexed by Austria
Rabat  | Gozitan Nation  | Malta  | 1798  | 1801  | became part of the British Protectorate of Malta
Mdina | Part of Kingdom of Sicily | Malta  | 700 BC  | 1530  | moved to Birgu upon arrival of the Order of Saint John
Birgu | History of Malta under the Order of Saint John  | Malta  | 1530  | 1571  | moved to Valletta

#### South-eastern Europe

Old capital city  | Country  | Today a part of  | From  | Until  | Change, reason

|
|
|
|
|

Gjirokastër  | Arbanon, Principality of  | Albania  | 1190  | 1255  |
Durrës | Albania, Kingdom of | Albania  | 1272  | 1368  |
Durrës | Albania, Principality of  | Albania  | 1368  | 1392  |
Krujë  | Gjirokastër, Principality of  | Albania  | 1286  | 1418  |
Berat  | Berat, Lordship of  | Albania  | 1335  | 1444  | Berat became part of the League of Lezhë.
Lezhë  | Dukagjini, Principality of  | Albania  | 1387  | 1444  | Dukagjini became part of the League of Lezhë.
Krujë  | Kastrioti, Principality of  | Albania  | 1389  | 1444  | Kastrioti became part of the League of Lezhë
Lezhë  | Lezhë, League of | Albania  | 1444  | 1450  |
Vlorë  | Albania, Independent  | Albania  | 1912  | 1914  | moved to Durrës
Durrës | Albania, Principality of  | Albania  | 1914  | 1920  | moved to Tirana
Pliska | Bulgarian Empire, First | Bulgaria  | 681  | 893  | moved to Preslav
Preslav  | Bulgarian Empire, First | Bulgaria  | 893  | 971  | capital of First Bulgarian Empire (moved to Ohrid)
Ohrid | Bulgarian Empire, First | North Macedonia  | 971  | 1018  | Empire ceased to exist after the Byzantine conquest
Tarnovo | Bulgarian Empire, Second | Bulgaria  | 1185  | 1393  | Tarnovo was conquered by the Ottoman Empire
Vidin | Bulgarian Empire, Second | Bulgaria  | 1356  | 1418?  | Splinter state of the Second Bulgarian Empire, Vidin was conquered by the Ottoman Empire
Tarnovo | Bulgaria, Principality of  | Bulgaria  | 1878  | 1879  | moved to Sofia
Plovdiv | Eastern Rumelia  | Bulgaria  | 1878  | 1885  | annexed as part of the Unification of Bulgaria
Ragusa (Dubrovnik)  | Ragusa, Republic of | Croatia  | 7th century  | 1808  | annexed by France
Varaždin  | Croatia, Kingdom of | Croatia  | 1756  | 1776  | Moved back to Zagreb, when a fire destroyed most of the city.
Fiume (Rijeka)  | Fiume, Free State of  | Croatia  | 1920  | 1924  | annexed by Kingdom of Italy
Chania  | Cretan State | Greece  | 1898  | 1913  | Cretan State united with Greece
Corfu  | Septinsular Republic  | Greece  | 1800  | 1815  | Succeeded by the United States of the Ionian Islands, an amical protectorate of the United Kingdom, which had Corfu as its capital, too, until 1864, when the island country became part of the Kingdom of Greece.
Nafplio | Hellenic Republic, First  | Greece  | 1821  | 1836  | moved to Athens
Aegina | Hellenic Republic, First  | Greece  | 1827  | 1829  | moved back to Nafplio
Siret  | Moldavia, Principality of | Romania  | 1354  | 1388  | moved to Suceava
Suceava  | Moldavia, Principality of | Romania  | 1388  | 1564  | moved to Iași
Iași | Moldavia, Principality of | Romania  | 1564  | 1859  | unified with Wallachia to form United Principalities of Romania
Iași | Romanian United Principalities  | Romania  | 1859  | 1862  | one of the two capitals of the United Principalities, then moved to Bucharest
Bucharest | Romanian United Principalities  | Romania  | 1859  | 1916  | moved to Iași after partial occupation of the Kingdom of Romania during World War I
Iași | Romania, Kingdom of | Romania  | 1916  | 1918  | moved back to Bucharest
Curtea de Argeș  | Wallachia, Principality of  | Romania  | fl.13th century  | fl.15th century
Câmpulung  | Wallachia, Principality of  | Romania  | fl.13th century  | fl.15th century  | moved to Târgoviște
Târgoviște  | Wallachia, Principality of  | Romania  | 1418  | 1659  | moved to Bucharest
Bucharest | Wallachia, Principality of  | Romania  | 1659  | 1859  | unified with Moldavia to form United Principalities of Romania
Constantinople (Istanbul)  | Byzantine Empire | Turkey | 330 AD  | 661 AD  | Emperor Constans II relocated his capital to Syracuse in Sicily.
Syracuse  | Byzantine Empire | Italy  | 661 AD  | 668 AD  | Constans II was assassinated and the seat of Byzantine government was returned to Constantinople.
Constantinople (Istanbul)  | Byzantine Empire | Turkey | 668 AD  | 1204  | The Fourth Crusade set out to replace the Greek Orthodox Byzantine Empire with a Latin version and there were several Byzantine successor states, the most memorable of which being the Empire of Nicaea.
Nicaea (İznik)  | Byzantine Empire | Turkey | 1204  | 1261  | When the Empire of Nicaea recaptured Constantinople, they relocated the capital there as well
Constantinople (Istanbul)  | Byzantine Empire | Turkey | 1261  | 1453  | Byzantine Empire fell and conquered by the Ottoman Empire.
Bursa | Ottoman Empire | Turkey | 1335  | 1365  | moved to Edirne
Edirne | Ottoman Empire | Turkey | 1365  | 1453  | moved to Istanbul (Constantinople)
Istanbul  | Ottoman Empire | Turkey | 1453  | 1923  | The Ottoman Empire became the Republic of Turkey. The capital moved to Ankara.
Cetinje | Montenegro, Prince-Bishopric of  | Montenegro  | 1696  | 1852  |
Cetinje | Montenegro, Principality of  | Montenegro  | 1852  | 1910  |
Cetinje | Montenegro, Kingdom of | Montenegro  | 1910  | 1918  | Became part of Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Capital of SR Montenegro moved to Titograd (Podgorica) in 1946.
Stari Ras | Serbia, Grand Principality of  | Serbia  | 950 AD  | 1234  | capital of the Grand Principality of Serbia, and the historical region of Raška
Prapratna  | Duklja  | Montenegro  | ...  | 1042  | moved to Skadar
Skadar (Shkodër)  | Duklja, Zeta | Albania  | 1042  | 1385  | moved to Ulcinj (Olcinium)
Debrc | Serbia, Kingdom of | Serbia  | 1276  | 1289  | moved to Belgrade
Prizren | Serbia, Kingdom of | Serbia  | 1300  | 1345  | moved to Skopje
Skoplje | Serbian Empire  | North Macedonia  | 1345  | 1371  | capital of Serbian Empire, now capital of North Macedonia
Kruševac | Serbia, Moravian  | Serbia  | 1371  | 1405  | capital of Serbia, moved to Belgrade
Ulcinj (Olcinium)  | Zeta  | Montenegro  | 1385  | 1403  | moved to Bar (Antivari)
Bar (Antivari)  | Zeta  | Montenegro  | 1403  | 1408
Belgrade | Serbian Despotate  | Serbia  | 1405  | 1427  |
Skadar (Shkodër)  | Zeta  | Montenegro  | 1408  | 1474  | moved to Žabljak (Žabljak Crnojevića)
Smederevo | Serbian Despotate  | Serbia  | 1430  | 1453  |
Žabljak Crnojevića  | Zeta  | Montenegro  | 1474  | 1475  | moved to Obod
Obod  | Zeta  | Montenegro  | 1475  | 1482  | moved to Cetinje
Subotica | Jovan Nenad's Empire  | Serbia  | 1526  | 1527  |
Kragujevac | Serbia, Principality of  | Serbia  | 1818  | 1841  | moved to Belgrade
Belgrade | Yugoslavia, Kingdom of  | Serbia  | 1918  | 1945  |
Belgrade | Yugoslavia, Socialist Federal Republic of  | Serbia  | 1945  | 1992  |
Belgrade | Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of/ Serbia and Montenegro, State Union of | Serbia  | 1992  | 2006  | State union dissolved, became capital of Serbia

#### South-western Europe

Old capital city  | Country  | Today a part of  | From  | Until  | Change, reason

|
|
|
|
|

Barcelona | Barcelona, County of  | Spain  | 801  | 1162  |
Burgos  | Castile, Crown of | Spain  | 11th century  | 15th century  | moved to Valladolid
Toledo | Castile, Crown of | Spain  | 15th century  | 1469  | moved to Valladolid
Valladolid  | Castile, Crown of | Spain  | 1469  | 1561  | moved to Madrid. Was briefly the Spanish capital again from 1601 to 1606.
Barcelona | Catalonia, Principality of | Spain  | 1173  | 1714  |
Córdoba  | Córdoba, Emirate of  | Spain  | 756  | 929  | Succeeded by Caliphate of Córdoba.
Córdoba  | Córdoba, Caliphate of  | Spain  | 929  | 1031  | country dissolved, became part of Taifa of Córdoba
Santiago  | Couto Mixto  | Spain  | 12th century  | 1864  | Couto Mixto annexed by Spain and Portugal
Granada  | Granada, Emirate of | Spain  | 1250  | 1492  | Emirate ceased to exist after the Reconquista and incorporated into Castile
Guimarães  | Portugal, Kingdom of | Portugal  | 1128  | 1179  | moved to Coimbra
Coimbra | Portugal, Kingdom of | Portugal  | 1179  | 1255  | moved to Lisbon
Valencia | Spanish Republic, Second | Spain  | 1936  | 1937  | Provisional Government of the Second Spanish Republic in the Spanish Civil War
Barcelona | Spanish Republic, Second | Spain  | 1937  | 1939  | Provisional Government of the Second Spanish Republic in the Spanish Civil War
Alcalá de Henares  | Spanish Republic, Second | Spain  | 1939  | 1939  | Provisional Government of the Second Spanish Republic in the Spanish Civil War
Barcelona | Visigothic Kingdom | Spain  | 507  | 546  | moved to Toledo
Barcelona | Crown of Aragon and Catalan Republic  | Spain  | 801  | 1715  | annexed by Spain and France
Toledo | Visigothic Kingdom | Spain  | 546  | 711  | Kingdom fell and captured by Umayyad Caliphate

### Western Europe

Old capital city  | Country  | Today a part of  | From  | Until  | Change, reason

|
|
|
|
|

Vienna | Austrian Empire | Austria  | 1806  | 1867  | became capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire
Vienna | Austro-Hungarian Empire  | Austria  | 1867  | 1918  | became capital of the Republic of Austria after Empire collapsed
Tournai  | Francia | Belgium  | 431  | 486  | Under kings Childeric I and Clovis I, Tournai was the capital of the Frankish empire. In the year 486, Clovis moved the centre of power to Paris, as a result, the Low Countries region ceased to be the political centre of the Frankish empire.
Kelmis  | Neutral Moresnet  | Belgium  | 1816  | 1919  | Moresnet annexed by Belgium
Vichy  | France, State of | France  | 1940  | 1944  | capital of Vichy France régime, defeated by Allies
Aachen  | Carolingian Empire  | Germany  | 800  | 814  | became capital of Charlemagne as Imperator Augustus and Emperor of the Carolingian Empire
Karlsruhe | Baden, Grand Duchy of  | Germany  | 1771  | 1918  | Baden became part of the German Empire in 1871, and lost sovereignty fully in 1918. Karlsruhe remained the capital of the German state of Baden until 1945.
Munich | Bavaria, Kingdom of | Germany  | 14th century  | 1918  | Bavaria became part of the German Empire in 1871, and lost sovereignty fully in 1918. Munich remains the capital of the German state of Bavaria.
Braunschweig
(Brunswick)  | Brunswick, Duchy of  | Germany  | 1815  | 1918  | Brunswick became part of the German Empire in 1871, and lost sovereignty fully in 1918. Braunschweig remained the capital of the German Free State of Brunswick until 1946 when it became part of the German state of Lower Saxony.
Frankfurt  | Rhine, Confederation of the  | Germany  | 1806  | 1815  | Confederation dissolved
Frankfurt  | German Confederation  | Germany  | 1815  | 1866  | German Confederation dissolved
Berlin | German Empire | Germany  | 1871  | 1918  |
Berlin | Germany (Weimar Republic)  | Germany  | 1919  | 1933  |
Berlin | Germany (Nazi Germany)  | Germany  | 1933  | 1945  | Separation of Germany into occupation zones for the Allied powers. Capital moved to Flensburg temporarily under control of then-president Karl Dönitz.
Flensburg  | Germany (Nazi Germany)  | Germany  | 1945  | 1945  | Lost all of its jurisdictions after the Surrender of Germany, still operated until 23 May when cabinet members were arrested.
Bonn | Germany, West  | Germany  | 1949  | 1990  | Moved to Berlin after re-unification of Germany. Bonn retained as the German seat of government until 1999.
East Berlin  | Germany, East | Germany  | 1949  | 1990  | East Berlin and West Berlin merged to form reunified Berlin, country ceased to exist after reunification of Germany
Hanover | Hanover, Kingdom of  | Germany  | 1814  | 1866  | Hanover annexed by Prussia, became capital of the Prussian Province of Hanover, currently the capital of the German state of Lower Saxony
Darmstadt  | Hesse-Darmstadt, Landgraviate of, Hesse, Grand Duchy of  | Germany  | 1567  | 1918  | Hesse-Darmstadt became part of the German Empire in 1871, and lost sovereignty fully in 1918. Darmstadt remained the capital of the German People's State of Hesse until 1945.
Kassel  | Hesse-Darmstadt, Landgraviate of, Hesse-Kassel, Landgraviate of, Hesse, Electorate of  | Germany  | 1277  | 1866  | Hesse-Kassel annexed by Prussia in 1866; Kassel became capital of the Prussian province of Hesse-Nassau
Wiesbaden | Nassau, Duchy of  | Germany  | 1816  | 1866  | Nassau annexed by Prussia, currently the capital of the German state of Hesse
Oldenburg  | Oldenburg, Duchy of  | Germany  | 1180  | 1918  | Oldenburg became part of the German Empire in 1871, and lost sovereignty fully in 1918. Oldenburg remained the capital of the German Free State of Oldenburg until 1946 when it became part of the German state of Lower Saxony.
Heidelberg  | Palatinate, Electorate of the  | Germany  | 14th century  | 1720  | moved to Mannheim
Mannheim | Palatinate, Electorate of the  | Germany  | 1720  | 1777  | Palatinate inherited by the Electors of Bavaria.
Dresden | Saxony, Kingdom of | Germany  | 1485  | 1918  | Saxony became part of the German Empire in 1871, and lost sovereignty fully in 1918. Dresden remained the capital of the German state of Saxony until Saxony itself lost its statehood in 1952 when it was part of East Germany. Dresden became again the capital of Saxony in 1990 following reunification.
Bückeburg  | Schaumburg-Lippe, Principality of  | Germany  | 1643  | 1918  | Schaumburg-Lippe became part of the German Empire in 1871, and lost sovereignty fully in 1918. Bückeburg remained the capital of the German Free State of Schaumburg-Lippe until 1946 when it became part of the German state of Lower Saxony.
Kassel  | Westphalia, Kingdom of  | Germany  | 1807  | 1813  | dissolved in 1813
Stuttgart | Württemberg, Kingdom of  | Germany  | c. 1300  | 1918  | Württemberg became part of the German Empire in 1871, and lost sovereignty fully in 1918. Stuttgart remained the capital of the German state of Württemberg until 1945 when it became the capital of newly established state of Württemberg-Baden, and then became capital of the German state of Baden-Württemberg.
Zürich | Old Swiss Confederacy | Switzerland | 1415  | 1530  | Vorort of the Swiss diet, after 1530 partially replaced by Lucerne.[7]
Aarau | Helvetic Republic | Switzerland | 1798  | 1798  | moved to Lucerne
Lucerne | Helvetic Republic | Switzerland | 1798  | 1803  | Helvetic Republic abolished

## North America

Old capital city  | Country, empire  | From  | Until  | Change, reason

|
|
|
|

James Town | Barbados  | 1625  | 1628  | moved to Bridgetown, purpose-built
St. George  | Bermuda  | 1612  | 1815  | moved to Hamilton
Belize City  | British Honduras  | 1638  | 1970  | moved to Belmopan because of the devastating effects of Hurricane Hattie in 1961 and Belize City earthquake in 1968
Chan Santa Cruz  | Chan Santa Cruz  | c. 1852  | 1901  | became part of Mexico
Cartago  | Costa Rica  | 1562  | 1823  | moved to San José
Santiago de Cuba  | Cuba  | 1522  | 1589  | moved (after 1607 in Havana)
Santiago de los Caballeros  | Dominican Republic  | 1863  | 1865  | Dominican Restoration War
Antigua  | Guatemala  | 1525  | 1776  | New capital of Guatemala City founded after Antigua destroyed three times by major earthquakes.
Spanish Town | Jamaica  | 1534  | 1872  | moved to Kingston
Cap-Français  | Saint-Domingue  | 1711  | 1804  | moved to Port-au-Prince
Quetzaltenango  | Los Altos  | 1838  | 1840  | country ceased to exist
Granada and León | Nicaragua  | 1821  | 1857  | moved to Managua
St. John's  | Newfoundland | 1855  | 1949  | entered confederation within Canada and became the country's 10th province
Washington, D.C.  | Philippine Commonwealth  | May 1942  | October 1944  | returned to the Philippines subsequent to the end of the Japanese occupation of the Philippines in World War II
Old Road Town  | Saint Kitts  | 1623  | 1727  | capital moved to Basseterre
San Jose de Oruña (Saint Joseph)  | British Trinidad  | 1592  | 1783  | moved to Port of Spain
Caparra  | Puerto Rico  | 1508  | 1521  | moved to San Juan
Port of Spain and Chaguaramas  | West Indies Federation | 1958  | 1962  | country ceased to exist
Mérida  | Republic of Yucatán  | 1840  | 1847  | Yucatán annexed by Mexico
Comayagua, Comayagua  | Republic of Honduras  | 1540  | 1937  | Tiburcio Carias Andino changed the capital because of its proximity to the San Juancito mines
St. John's | British Leeward Islands  | 1671 and 1833  | 1816 and 1958  |

## Oceania

Old capital city  | Country  | Today a part of  | From  | Until  | Change, reason

|
|
|
|
|

Melbourne | Australia  | Australia  | 1901–1908 | 1927  | Melbourne was the de facto seat of Government from 1901 until 1927, when in 1908, it was decided that the planned city of Canberra be the capital city and seat of Government.[8][lower-alpha 1]
Levuka  | Colony of Fiji  | Fiji | 1874  | 1877  | moved to Suva
Jabor, Jaluit Atoll  | Marshall Islands District  | Marshall Islands  | 1885  | 1978  | moved to Majuro Atoll
Kolonia | Federated States of Micronesia  | Federated States of Micronesia  | 1986  | 1989  | moved to Palikir
Okiato (Russell)  | Colony of New Zealand  | New Zealand | 1840  | 1841  | moved to Auckland. Several Māori chiefs offered land at Tāmaki-makau-rau (Auckland) so a capital could be established there.[9]
Auckland | Colony of New Zealand  | New Zealand | 1841  | 1865  | moved to Wellington. In 1863 it was proposed that the capital be moved somewhere on the shores of Cook Strait. An independent tribunal decided on the location. They visited a number of sites and chose Wellington.[10]
Koror  | Palau  | Palau  | 1994  | 2006  | moved to Ngerulmud
Tulagi | British Solomon Islands  | Solomon Islands  | 1896  | 1942  | moved to Honiara

Notes

1. ↑ Melbourne is sometimes said to have been the inaugural capital of Australia, from 1901 until 1927, when Parliament House, Canberra was opened. This is not so. Section 125 of the Constitution of Australia states that the seat of government is to be within the state of New South Wales but not less than 100 miles (160 kilometres) from Sydney, and that until that place (Canberra) was built, the Parliament of Australia would meet at Melbourne. That made Melbourne the de facto (but not de jure) seat of government 1901–1927, but it did not amount to Melbourne being declared the capital, and it was never so described in contemporary documents.

## South America

Old capital city  | Country  | Today a part of  | From  | Until  | Change, reason

|
|
|
|
|

Cuzco  | Inca Empire  | Peru  | fl. 13th century  | 1534  | Inca Empire conquered and taken over by the Spanish, who designated Jauja as their administration site
Coro  | Venezuela, Captaincy General of  | Venezuela  | 1527  | 1578  | moved to Caracas to prevent an invasion due to its large coastline.
Cidade do Acre (Porto Acre)  | Acre, Republic of  | Brazil  | 1899  | 1900  | returned to Bolivia, then incorporated into Brazil
Jauja  | New Castile Governorate  | Peru  | 1534  | 1535  | moved to Lima along the coastline in 1535
Perquenco  | Araucanía and Patagonia, Kingdom of  | Chile  | 1860  | 1862  | incorporated to Chile and Argentina
Paraná  | Argentine Confederation | Argentina  | 1853  | 1861  | moved to Buenos Aires, after the secessionist State of Buenos Aires rejoined Argentina
Salvador | Colonial Brazil  | Brazil  | 1549  | 1763  | moved to Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro  | Portugal, Kingdom of | Brazil  | 1808  | 1815  | became capital of Portugal when the Portuguese king John VI moved to the colony of Brazil during the war with Napoleonic France in 1808.
Tunja  | United Provinces of New Granada  | Colombia  | 1811  | 1814  | Moved to Bogotá after the United Provinces of New Granada manage to conquer Bogotá from the Free and Independent State of Cundinamarca during the Colombian War of Independence.
Rio de Janeiro  | Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves; Kingdom of  | Brazil  | 1815  | 1825  | It came into being when the colony of Brazil was elevated to the rank of a Kingdom, and the Kingdoms of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarve were united as a single State by the title of The United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarve by a Law issued on 16 December 1815.
Rio de Janeiro  | Brazil  | Brazil  | 1763  | 1960  | moved to Brasília
Concepción  | Chile, Captaincy General of  | Chile  | 1565  | 1575  | moved to Santiago
Concepción del Uruguay  | Entre Ríos, Republic of  | Argentina  | 1820  | 1821  | country dissolved (and incorporated to Argentina) after the death of Francisco Ramírez
Laguna  | Juliana Republic  | Brazil  | 1836  | 1836  | reincorporated into the Brazilian Empire after the Ragamuffin War
Purification Camp (es) (near Paysandú)  | Liga Federal  | Uruguay  | 1815  | 1820  | country dissolved
San Miguel de Tucumán  | Tucumán, Republic of  | Argentina  | 1820  | 1821  | country dissolved and incorporated to Argentina
Tacna  | Peru–Bolivian Confederation  | Peru  | 1837  | 1839  | country ceased to exist
Piratini  | Riograndense Republic  | Brazil  | 1836  | 1845  | reincorporated into the Brazilian Empire after the Ragamuffin War
Pasto  | Grenadine Confederation  | Colombia  | 1862  | 1862  | country ceased to exist
Tunja  | United Provinces of New Granada  | Colombia  | 1811  | 1814  | moved to Bogotá

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

## See also

* List of former sovereign states
* List of sovereign states by date of formation
* Historical capitals of China
* Former capitals of Chinese provinces
* List of historical capitals of Egypt
* Institutional seats of the European Union
* List of capitals of France
* Capital of Germany
* List of capitals of India
* List of capitals of Myanmar
* List of historical capitals of Norway
* List of capitals in the United States
* List of state and territorial capitols in the United States

## References

1. ↑ Nick Eberstadt (1999). The End of North Korea. Washington: American Enterprise Institute. pp. 26, 32. ISBN 978-0-8447-4087-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=ppHmY0xLXHkC&pg=PA26.
2. ↑ Pakistan Affairs. Information Division, Embassy of Pakistan.. 1968. p. 19. https://books.google.com/books?id=hFIdAQAAMAAJ.
3. ↑ "Genesis of Bangladesh's Constitution". 17 April 2016. http://www.thedailystar.net/op-ed/genesis-bangladeshs-constitution-1209718.
4. ↑ "Լեռնահայաստանի 85-ամյակը նշեցին միայն Սյունիքի մարզկերտում" (in hy). Armtown.com. 27 April 2006. http://www.armtown.com/news/am/yer/20060427/23325/.
5. ↑ "Toruń stolicą Polski? Przez trzy tygodnie" (in pl). https://nowahistoria.interia.pl/drogi-do-wolnosci/news-torun-stolica-polski-przez-trzy-tygodnie,nId,2946535.
6. ↑ "Границы разделения-3" (in uk). https://day.kyiv.ua/ru/article/istoriya-i-ya/granicy-razdeleniya-3.
7. ↑ Vorort in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
8. ↑ "Canberra, the Seat of Government". National Capital Authority. 25 August 2016. https://www.nca.gov.au/canberra-seat-government#:~:text=Since 1913 Canberra has actively,known as Old Parliament House..
9. ↑ "Capital city". http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/capital-city.
10. ↑ "Capital city". http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/capital-city.

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*[c.]: circa