Minsk

Minsk (Belarusian: Мінск, be; Russian: Минск) is the capital and largest city of Belarus, located on the Svislach and the now subterranean Nyamiha rivers. As the capital, Minsk has a special administrative status in Belarus and is the administrative centre of Minsk region and Minsk district. As of 2024,[update] it has a population of about two million,[1] making Minsk the 11th-most populous city in Europe. Minsk is one of the administrative capitals of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU).

First mentioned in 1067, Minsk became the capital of the Principality of Minsk, an appanage of the Principality of Polotsk, before being annexed by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1242. It received town privileges in 1499.[2] From 1569, it was the capital of Minsk Voivodeship, an administrative division of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. It was part of the territories annexed by the Russian Empire in 1793, as a consequence of the Second Partition of Poland. From 1919 to 1991, after the Russian Revolution, Minsk was the capital of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, which became a republic of the Soviet Union in 1922. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Minsk became the capital of the newly independent Republic of Belarus.

## Contents

* 1 Etymology and historical names
* 2 History
* 2.1 Early history
* 2.2 Late medieval and early modern era
* 2.3 Russian rule
* 2.4 20th century
* 2.5 Recent developments
* 3 Geography
* 3.1 Climate
* 3.2 Ecological situation
* 4 Demographics
* 4.1 Languages
* 4.2 Religion
* 4.3 Crime
* 5 Economy
* 5.1 Industry
* 5.2 Unemployment
* 6 Government and administrative divisions
* 7 Culture
* 7.1 Churches
* 7.2 Cemeteries
* 7.3 Theatres
* 7.4 Museums
* 7.5 Recreation areas
* 8 Sports
* 8.1 Football
* 8.2 Ice hockey
* 8.3 Handball
* 8.4 Basketball
* 8.5 International sporting events
* 9 Transportation
* 9.1 Local transport
* 9.2 Rapid transit
* 9.3 Railway and intercity bus
* 9.4 Cycling
* 9.5 Airports
* 10 Education
* 10.1 Major higher educational institutions
* 11 Honors
* 12 Notable people
* 12.1 Musicians
* 12.2 Sport
* 13 Twin towns – sister cities
* 14 See also
* 15 Notes
* 16 References
* 17 Bibliography
* 18 Further reading
* 19 External links

## Etymology and historical names

The city was historically known as Mensk or Menesk, and according to one version, the name is derived from the Russian menyat ('to barter' or 'to exchange'), as it referred to a marketplace.[3][4] According to another version, it is derived from the Menka River, a tributary of the Ptsich.[5] The form Minsk (spelled either Минскъ or Мѣнскъ) was taken over both in Russian (modern spelling: Минск) and Polish (Mińsk), and under the influence of Russian, this form also became official in Belarusian. The direct continuation of the name in Belarusian is Miensk (Менск, be),[6] which some Belarusian-speakers continue to use as their preferred name for the city.[7]

When Belarus was under Lithuanian rule, the names Mińsk Litewski ('Minsk of Lithuania') and Mińsk Białoruski ('Minsk of Belarus') were used to differentiate this place name from Mińsk Mazowiecki 'Minsk in Mazovia'. In modern Polish, Mińsk without an attribute usually refers to the city in Belarus, which is about 50 times bigger than Mińsk Mazowiecki; (compare Brest-Litovsk and Brześć Kujawski for a similar case).[8]

## History

For a chronological guide to this subject, see Timeline of Minsk.

### Early history

The Svislach River valley was the settlement boundary between two early East Slavic tribes – the Krivichs and Dregoviches. By 980, the area was incorporated into the early medieval Principality of Polotsk, one of the earliest East Slavic principalities of Kievan Rus'. Minsk was first mentioned in the name form Měneskъ (Мѣнескъ) in the Primary Chronicle for the year 1067 in association with the Battle on the River Nemiga.[9] 1067 is now widely accepted as the founding year of Minsk. City authorities consider the date of 3 March 1067 to be the exact founding date of the city,[10] though the town (by then fortified by wooden walls) had certainly existed for some time. The origin of the name is unknown but there are several theories.[11]

In the early 12th century, the Principality of Polotsk disintegrated into smaller fiefs. The Principality of Minsk was established by one of the Polotsk dynasty princes. In 1129, the Principality of Minsk was annexed by Kiev, the dominant principality of Kievan Rus'; however in 1146 the Polotsk dynasty regained control of the principality. By 1150, Minsk rivalled Polotsk as the major city in the former Principality of Polotsk. The princes of Minsk and Polotsk were engaged in years of struggle trying to unite all lands previously under the rule of Polotsk.[12]

### Late medieval and early modern era

Minsk in 1772

Minsk escaped the Mongol invasion of Rus in 1237–1239. In 1242, Minsk became a part of the expanding Grand Duchy of Lithuania. It joined peacefully and local elites enjoyed high rank in the society of the Grand Duchy. In 1413, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Kingdom of Poland entered into a union. Minsk became the centre of Minsk Voivodship (province). In 1441, as Grand Duke of Lithuania, Casimir IV included Minsk in a list of cities enjoying certain privileges, and in 1499, during the reign of his son, Alexander Jagiellon, Minsk received town privileges under Magdeburg law. In 1569, after the Union of Lublin, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland merged into a single state, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.[13]

By the middle of the 16th century, Minsk was an important economic and cultural centre in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. It was also an important centre for the Eastern Orthodox Church. Following the Union of Brest, both the Eastern Catholic Churches and the Roman Catholic Church increased in influence.[14]

In 1655, Minsk was conquered by troops of Tsar Alexis of Russia.[15] Russians governed the city until 1660 when it was regained by John II Casimir, Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland. By the end of the Polish-Russian War, Minsk had only about 2,000 residents and just 300 houses. The second wave of devastation occurred during the Great Northern War, when Minsk was occupied in 1708 and 1709 by the army of Charles XII of Sweden and then by the army of Peter the Great.[16] The last decades of the Lithuanian rule involved decline or very slow development, since Minsk had become a small provincial town of little economic or military significance.

### Russian rule

Trinity Suburb

Minsk was annexed by Russia in 1793 as a consequence of the Second Partition of Poland.[17][18] In 1796, it became the centre of the Minsk Governorate. All of the initial street names were replaced by Russian names, though the spelling of the city's name remained unchanged. It was briefly occupied by the Grande Armée during French invasion of Russia in 1812.[19]

Throughout the 19th century, the city continued to grow and significantly improve. In the 1830s, major streets and squares of Minsk were cobbled and paved. A first public library was opened in 1836, and a fire brigade was put into operation in 1837. In 1838, the first local newspaper, Minskiye gubernskiye vedomosti ("Minsk province news") went into circulation. The first theatre was established in 1844. By 1860, Minsk was an important trading city with a population of 27,000. There was a construction boom that led to the building of two- and three-story brick and stone houses in Upper Town.[20][21]

Minsk's development was boosted by improvements in transportation. In 1846, the Moscow-Warsaw road was laid through Minsk. In 1871, a railway link between Moscow and Warsaw ran via Minsk, and in 1873, a new railway from Romny in Ukraine to the Baltic Sea port of Libava (Liepāja) was also constructed. Thus Minsk became an important rail junction and a manufacturing hub. A municipal water supply was introduced in 1872, the telephone in 1890, the horse tram in 1892, and the first power generator in 1894. By 1900, Minsk had 58 factories employing 3,000 workers. The city also boasted theatres, cinemas, newspapers, schools and colleges, as well as numerous monasteries, churches, synagogues, and a mosque. According to the 1897 Russian census, the city had 91,494 inhabitants, with some 47,561 Jews constituting more than half of the city population.[20][22]

### 20th century

The Jesuit Collegium and town hall (to the right) in 1912

In the early years of the 20th century, Minsk was a major centre for the worker's movement in Belarus. The 1st Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, the forerunner to the Bolsheviks and eventually the CPSU, was held there in 1898. It was also one of the major centres of the Belarusian national revival, alongside Vilnius. However, the First World War significantly affected the development of Minsk. By 1915, Minsk was a battlefront city. Some factories were closed down, and residents began evacuating to the east. Minsk became the headquarters of the Western Front of the Russian army and also housed military hospitals and military supply bases.[23]

Belarusian national flag over the building of the People's Secretariat of the Belarusian People's Republic, 1918

The Russian Revolution had an immediate effect in Minsk. A Workers' Soviet was established in Minsk in October 1917, drawing much of its support from disaffected soldiers and workers. After the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, German forces occupied Minsk on 21 February 1918.[24] On 25 March 1918, Minsk was proclaimed the capital of the Belarusian People's Republic. The republic was short-lived; in December 1918, Minsk was taken over by the Red Army. In January 1919 Minsk was proclaimed the capital of the Byelorussian SSR, though later in 1919 (see Operation Minsk) and again in 1920, the city was controlled by the Second Polish Republic during the course of the Polish-Bolshevik War between 8 August 1919 and 11 July 1920 and again between 14 October 1920 and 19 March 1921. Under the terms of the Treaty of Riga, Minsk was handed back to the Russian SFSR and became the capital of the Byelorussian SSR, one of the founding republics of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. A programme of reconstruction and development began in 1922. By 1924, there were 29 factories in operation; schools, museums, theatres and libraries were also established. Throughout the 1920s and the 1930s, Minsk saw rapid development with dozens of new factories being built and new schools, colleges, higher education establishments, hospitals, theatres and cinemas being opened. During this period, Minsk was also a centre for the development of Belarusian language and culture.[25]

Meeting in the Kurapaty woods, 1989, where between 1937 and 1941 from 30,000 to 250,000 Belarusian intelligentsia members were murdered by the NKVD during the Great Purge

Before the Second World War, Minsk had a population of 300,000 people. At the start of the war, on 11 September 1939, the Belarusian Front of the Red Army was formed shortly before the Soviet invasion on Poland, and its headquarters was located in Minsk.[26] The Germans captured Minsk in the Battle of Białystok–Minsk, as part of Operation Barbarossa; after it had been devastated by the Luftwaffe. However, some factories, museums, and tens of thousands of civilians had been evacuated to the east. The Germans designated Minsk the administrative centre of Generalbezirk Weißruthenien. Communists and sympathisers were killed or imprisoned, both locally and after being transported to Germany. Homes were requisitioned to house invading German forces. Thousands starved as food was seized by the German Army and paid work was scarce. Minsk was the site of one of the largest Nazi-run ghettos in the Second World War, temporarily housing over 100,000 Jews (see Minsk Ghetto). The Germans operated the Dulag 126 and Dulag 127 transit camps for prisoners of war in Minsk in 1941, and then the Stalag 352 prisoner-of-war camp for Soviet and Italian POWs from 1941 to 1944.[27] Some anti-Soviet residents of Minsk, who hoped that Belarus could regain independence, did support the Germans, especially at the beginning of the occupation, but by 1942, Minsk had become a major centre of the Soviet partisan resistance movement against the invasion, in what is known in some post-Soviet states as the Great Patriotic War. For this role, Minsk was awarded the title Hero City in 1974.[28]

Minsk was recaptured by Soviet troops on 3 July 1944 in the Minsk offensive as part of Operation Bagration. The city was the centre of German resistance to the Soviet advance and saw heavy fighting during the first half of 1944. Factories, municipal buildings, power stations, bridges, most roads, and 80% of the houses were reduced to rubble. In 1944, Minsk's population was reduced to a mere 50,000.[29]

Railway Station Square, an example of Minsk Stalinist architecture

The historical centre was replaced in the 1940s and 1950s by Stalinist architecture, which favoured grand buildings, broad avenues and wide squares. Subsequently, the city grew rapidly as a result of massive industrialisation. Since the 1960s Minsk's population has also grown apace, reaching 1 million in 1972 and 1.5 million in 1986. Construction of Minsk Metro began on 16 June 1977, and the system was opened to the public on 30 June 1984, becoming the ninth metro system in the Soviet Union. The rapid population growth was primarily driven by mass migration of young, unskilled workers from rural areas of Belarus, as well as by migration of skilled workers from other parts of the Soviet Union. [30] To house the expanding population, Minsk spread beyond its historical boundaries. Its surrounding villages were absorbed and rebuilt as mikroraions, districts of high-density apartment housing.[31]

### Recent developments

Throughout the 1990s, after the fall of communism, the city continued to change. As the capital of a newly independent country, Minsk quickly acquired the attributes of a major city. Embassies were opened, and a number of Soviet administrative buildings became government centres. During the early and mid-1990s, Minsk was hit by an economic crisis and many development projects were halted, resulting in high unemployment and underemployment. Since the late 1990s, there have been improvements in transport and infrastructure, and a housing boom has been underway since 2002. On the outskirts of Minsk, new mikroraions of residential development have been built. Metro lines have been extended, and the road system (including the Minsk BeltWay) has been improved. In recent years Minsk has been continuously decentralizing,[32] with a third line of the Minsk Metro opening in 2020. More development is planned for several areas outside the city centre, while the future of the older neighborhoods is still unclear.[32]

## Geography

Minsk is located on the southeastern slope of the Minsk Hills, a region of rolling hills running from the southwest (upper reaches of the river Neman) to the northeast[33]– that is, to Lukomskaye Lake in northwestern Belarus. The average altitude above sea level is 220 metres (720 ft). The physical geography of Minsk was shaped over the two most recent ice ages. The Svislach River, which flows across the city from the northwest to the southeast, is in the urstromtal, an ancient river valley formed by water flowing from melting ice sheets at the end of the last Ice Age. There are six smaller rivers within the city limits, all part of the Black Sea basin.

Minsk is in the area of mixed forests typical of most of Belarus. Pinewood and mixed forests border the edge of the city, especially in the north and east. Some of the forests were preserved as parks (for instance, the Chelyuskinites Park) as the city grew.

The city was initially built on the hills, which allowed for defensive fortifications, and the western parts of the city are the most hilly.

Only 5 km (3.1 mi) from the northwestern edge of city lies the large Zaslawskaye reservoir, often called the Minsk sea. It is the second largest reservoir in Belarus, constructed in 1956.[34]

### Climate

Minsk has a warm summer humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb, Trewartha Dcbo), although its weather is oftentimes unpredictable, given its location between the strong influence of the moist air over the Atlantic Ocean and the dry air over the Eurasian landmass. Its weather is unstable and tends to change relatively often. The average January temperature is −4.2 °C (24.4 °F), while the average July temperature is 19.1 °C (66.4 °F). The lowest temperature was recorded on 17 January 1940, at −39.1 °C (−38 °F) and the warmest on 8 August 2015 at 35.8 °C (96 °F). Fog is frequent, especially in the autumn and spring. Minsk receives 686 millimetres (27.0 in) of precipitation annually, of which one-third falls during the cold period of the year (as snow or rain) and two-thirds during the warm period. Throughout the year, winds are generally westerly or northwesterly, bringing cool and moist air from the Atlantic.

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### Ecological situation

The ecological situation is monitored by Republican Centre of Radioactive and Environmental Control.[38]

During 2003–2008 the overall weight of contaminants increased from 186,000 to 247,400 tons.[38] The change from gas as industrial fuel to mazut for financial reasons has worsened the ecological situation.[38] However, the majority of overall air pollution is produced by cars.[38] Belarusian traffic police DAI every year hold operation "Clean Air" to prevent the use of cars with extremely polluting engines.[39] Sometimes the maximum normative concentration of formaldehyde and ammonia in air is exceeded in Zavodski District.[38] Other major contaminants are Chromium-VI and nitrogen dioxide.[38] Zavodski, Partyzanski and Leninski districts, which are located in the southeastern part of Minsk, are the most polluted areas in the city.[40]

## Demographics

City of Minsk population pyramid in 2022 Historical population

Year| Pop.| ±%
1500| 3,000| —
1550| 4,000| +33.3%
1600| 7,000| +75.0%
1650| 10,000| +42.9%
1700| 3,000| −70.0%
1750| 8,000| +166.7%
1800| 11,000| +37.5%
1850| 25,000| +127.3%
1897| 90,912| +263.6%
1926| 123,613| +36.0%
1939| 238,948| +93.3%
1959| 515,975| +115.9%
1970| 907,104| +75.8%
1979| 1,261,869| +39.1%
1989| 1,589,436| +26.0%
1999| 1,680,567| +5.7%
2009| 1,836,808| +9.3%
2019| 2,018,281| +9.9%
2025| 1,996,730| −1.1%
Source: [41][42][43][44]

During its first centuries, Minsk was a city with a predominantly Early East Slavic population (the forefathers of modern-day Belarusians).

After the 1569 Lublin Union, Minsk became part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. With the religious Union of Brest, Minsk underwent religious and linguistic Polonization.[45] This pressure intensified after the Russo-Polish War of 1654–1667, which led to the transfer of property to the Polish nobility due to the deaths of the previous owners.[46] The period of Polish rule also led to a massive migration of Jews to Belarusian lands, with their share in cities growing from less than 10% to half.[45]

After the second partition of Poland in 1793, Minsk and its larger region became part of the Russian Empire. Despite the Imperial authorities' attempts to eradicate Polish influence by promoting Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality,[47] Poles continued to dominate the city council and control most of the income-producing real estate in the early 20th century.[48]

At the time of the 1897 census under the Russian Empire, Jews[lower-alpha 1] were the largest religious group in Minsk, accounting for 52% of the population, with 47,562 out of 90,912 residents.[50] Russian was the mother tongue of 25.5% of the population, Polish – 11.4%, and Belarusian – 9.0%.[51] Their respective literacy rates were 65.2%, 55.4%, and 34.4%. Among Jews, 46.2% were literate.[52] 80% of residents were born in Minsk Governorate.[53]

A small traditional community of Lipka Tatars had been living in Minsk for centuries.[54][55]

The high mortality of the First World War and the Second World War affected the demographics of the city, particularly the destruction of Jews under the Nazi occupation of the Second World War. Working through local populations, Germans instituted deportation of Jewish citizens to concentration camps, murdering most of them there. The Jewish community of Minsk suffered catastrophic losses in the Holocaust. From more than half the population of the city, the percentage of Jews dropped to less than 10% more than ten years after the war. After its limited population peaked in the 1970s, continuing anti-Semitism under the Soviet Union and increasing nationalism in Belarus caused most Jews to emigrate to Israel and western countries in the 1980s; by 1999, less than 1% of the population of Minsk was Jewish.[56]

In the first three decades of the post-war years, the most numerous new residents in Minsk were rural migrants from other parts of Belarus; the proportion of ethnic Belarusians increased markedly. Numerous skilled Russians and other migrants from other parts of the Soviet Union migrated for jobs in the growing manufacturing sector.[57] In 1959 Belarusians made up 63.3% of the city's residents. Other ethnic groups included Russians (22.8%), Jews (7.8%), Ukrainians (3.6%), Poles (1.1%) and Tatars (0.4%). Continued migration from rural Belarus in the 1960s and 1970s changed the ethnic composition further. By 1979 Belarusians made up 68.4% of the city's residents. Other ethnic groups included Russians (22.2%), Jews (3.4%), Ukrainians (3.4%), Poles (1.2%) and Tatars (0.2%).[57]

According to the 1989 census, 83% of Minsk residents were born in Belarus, including 42% born in Minsk, 22% in the Minsk region, and 19% in other parts of Belarus (6% of whom were from Grodno and Brest regions). Those born in other republics accounted for 17% of Minsk residents, with 10% from the Soviet Russia and 3% from the Soviet Ukraine.[58]

### Languages

Trilingual Belarusian, English, and Chinese signage, Minsk railway station (2018)

A short period of Belarusian national revival in the early 1990s saw a rise in the numbers of Belarusian speakers. However, in 1994 the newly elected president Alexander Lukashenko slowly reversed this trend. Most residents of Minsk now use Russian exclusively in their everyday lives at home and at work, although Belarusian is understood as well. Substantial numbers of recent migrants from the rural areas use Trasianka (a Russo-Belarusian mixed language) in their everyday lives.[59]

### Religion

New synagogue in Minsk

As of 2006, there are approximately 30 religious communities of various denominations in Minsk.[60][61] The only functioning monastery in the city is St Elisabeth Convent; its large complex of churches is open to visitors.

### Crime

Minsk has the highest crime rate in Belarus – 193.5 crimes per 10,000 citizens.[62][63] 20–25% of all serious crimes in Belarus, 55% of bribes and 67% of mobile phone thefts are committed in Minsk.[62][64] However, attorney general Grigory Vasilevich stated that the homicide rate in Minsk in 2008 was "relatively fine".[65]

The crime rate grew significantly in 2009 and 2010:[62] for example, the number of corruption crimes grew by 36% in 2009 alone.[66] Crime detection level varies from 13% in burglary[67] to 92% in homicide[68] with an average 40.1%.[69] Many citizens are concerned for their safety at night and the strongest concern was expressed by residents of Chizhovka and Shabany microdistricts (both in Zavodski District).[68]

The SIZO-1 detention center, IK-1 general prison, and the KGB special jail called "Amerikanka" are all located in Minsk. Alexander Lukashenko's rivals in the 2010 presidential election were imprisoned in the KGB jail[70] along with other prominent politicians and civil activists. Ales Michalevic, who was kept in this jail, accused the KGB of using torture.[71][72]

On 15 November 2020, more than 1,000 protesters were arrested during an anti-government protest. Protesters took to the streets in the capital, Minsk, following the death of an opposition activist, Raman Bandarenka. The activist died after allegedly being beaten up by the security forces. The protesters put flowers at the site where he was detained before succumbing to his injuries.[73]

2020–21 Belarusian protests — Minsk, 30 August 2020

## Economy

Minsk is the economic capital of Belarus. It has developed industrial and services sectors which serve the needs not only of the city, but of the entire nation. Minsk's contributions form nearly 46% of Belarusian budget.[74] According to 2010 results, Minsk paid 15 trillion BYR to state budget while the whole income from all other regions was 20 trillion BYR.[75] In the period January 2013 to October 2013, 70.6% of taxes in the budget of Minsk were paid by non-state enterprises, 26.3% by state enterprises, and 1.8% by individual entrepreneurs. Among the top 10 taxpayers were five oil and gas companies (including two Gazprom's and one Lukoil's subsidiaries), two mobile network operators (MTS and A1), two companies producing alcoholic beverages (Minsk-Kristall and Minsk grape wines factory) and one producer of tobacco goods.[76]

In 2012, Gross Regional Product of Minsk was formed mainly by industry (26.4%), wholesale (19.9%), transportation and communications (12.3%), retail (8.6%) and construction (5.8%).

The GRP of Minsk measured in Belarusian rubles was 55 billion (€20 billion) or around 1/3 of the GDP of Belarus.[77]

Minsk city has highest salaries in Belarus. As of December 2023 average gross salary in Minsk was 3,240 BYN per month (~ US$1,000).[78]

There are more than 400 travel agencies in Minsk, about a quarter of them provide agent activity, and most of them are tour operators.[79][80]

### Industry

Minsk is the major industrial centre of Belarus. According to 2012 statistics, Minsk-based companies produced 21.5% of electricity, 76% of trucks, 15.9% of footwear, 89.3% of television sets, 99.3% of washing machines, 30% of chocolate, 27.7% of distilled alcoholic beverages and 19.7% of tobacco goods in Belarus.[81]

Today the city has over 250 factories and plants. Its industrial development started in the 1860s and was facilitated by the railways built in the 1870s. However, much of the industrial infrastructure was destroyed during World War I, especially during World War II. After the last war, the development of the city was linked to the development of industry, especially of R&D-intensive sectors (heavy emphasis of R&D intensive industries in urban development in the USSR is known in Western geography as 'Minsk phenomenon'). Minsk was turned into a major production site for trucks, tractors, gears, optical equipment, refrigerators, television sets and radios, bicycles, motorcycles, watches, and metal-processing equipment. Outside machine-building and electronics, Minsk also had textiles, construction materials, food processing, and printing industries. During the Soviet period, the development of the industries was linked to suppliers and markets within the USSR. The break-up of the union in 1991 led to a serious economic meltdown in 1991–1994.[82]

However, since the adoption of the neo-Keynesean policies under Alexander Lukashenko's government in 1995, much of the gross industrial production was regained.[82] Unlike many other cities in the CIS and Eastern Europe, Minsk was not heavily de-industrialised in the 1990s. About 40% of the workforce is still employed in the manufacturing sector.[82]

Major industrial employers include:

* Minsk Tractor Works – specialised in manufacturing tractors. Established in 1946 in eastern Minsk, is among major manufacturers of wheeled tractors in the CIS. Employs about 30,000 staff.[83]
* Minsk Refrigerator Plant (also known as Atlant) – specialised in manufacturing household goods, such as refrigerators, freezers, and recently also of washing machines. Established in 1959 in the north-west of the city.[84]

### Unemployment

In 2011 official statistics quoted unemployment in Minsk at 0.3%.[85] During the 2009 census 5.6% of Minsk residents of employable age called themselves unemployed.[85] The government effectively discourages official unemployment registration because of tiny unemployment benefits and obligatory public works. In 2015–2017 there was an attempt (cancelled in January 2018) to collect the Decree on the prevention of social parasitism (ru) taken from those who were unemployed unregistered for more than 6 months.[86]

## Government and administrative divisions

Main article: Administrative divisions of Minsk

Minsk Old Town Hall (rebuilt in 2003) House of Representatives, Belarusian parliament Victory Square

600px

Minsk is subdivided into nine raions (districts):

1. Tsentralny (Belarusian: Цэнтральны, Russian: Центральный), or "Central District"

2. Savetski (Belarusian: Савецкі, Russian: Советский, Sovetsky), or "Soviet District"

3. Pershamayski (Belarusian: Першамайскі, Russian: Первомайский, Pervomaysky), named after 1 May

4. Partyzanski (Belarusian: Партызанскі, Russian: Партизанский, Partizansky), named after the Soviet partisans

5. Zavodski (Belarusian: Заводскі, Russian: Заводской, Zavodskoy), or "Factory district" (initially it included major plants, Minsk Tractor Works (MTZ) and Minsk Automobile Plant (MAZ), later the Partyzanski District with MTZ was split off it)

6. Leninski (Belarusian: Ленінскі, Russian: Ленинский, Leninsky), named after Lenin

7. Kastrychnitski (Belarusian: Кастрычніцкі, Russian: Октябрьский, Oktyabrsky), named after the October Revolution

8. Maskouski (Belarusian: Маскоўскі, Russian: Московский, Moskovsky), named after Moscow

9. Frunzenski (Belarusian: Фрунзенскі, Russian: Фрунзенский, Frunzensky), named after Mikhail Frunze

In addition, a number of residential neighbourhoods are recognised in Minsk, called microdistricts, with no separate administration.

## Culture

Minsk is the major cultural centre of Belarus. Its first theatres and libraries were established in the middle of the 19th century. It presently has 11 theatres and 16 museums, along with 20 cinemas and 139 libraries.

Independence Square with the Red Church

### Churches

* The Orthodox Cathedral of the Holy Spirit is actually the former church of the Bernardine convent. It was built in the simplified Baroque style in 1642–87 and went through renovations in 1741–46 and 1869.
* The Cathedral of Saint Mary was built by the Jesuits as their principal church in 1700–10, restored in 1951 and 1997; it overlooks the recently restored 18th-century city hall, located on the other side of Plošča Svabody (be).
* Another two historic churches are the Church of Saint Joseph, formerly affiliated with the Bernardine monastery, built in 1644–52 and repaired in 1983, and the fortified church of Sts. Peter and Paul, originally built in the 1620s and recently restored, complete with its flanking twin towers.
* Church of St. Thomas Aquinas with a Catholic monastery complex was founded in the early 17th century, destroyed in 1950. It was built in the Baroque style.
* The Neo-Romanesque Roman Catholic Red Church (Church of Sts. Simeon and Helene) was built in 1906–10 immediately after religious freedoms were proclaimed in Imperial Russia and the tsar allowed dissidents to build their churches.
* The largest church built in the Russian imperial period of the town's history is dedicated to St. Mary Magdalene.
* Church of St. Adalbert and Benedictine monastery was a Roman Catholic monastic complex in Minsk originally belonging to the Benedictine order. Currently, the General Prosecutor's Office of Belarus is located on this site.
* Many Orthodox churches were built after the dissolution of the USSR in a variety of styles, although most remain true to the Neo-Russian idiom. A good example is St. Elisabeth's Convent, founded in 1999.

* Church of Sts. Peter and Paul (Russian Orthodox)

* Church of St. Mary Magdalene (Russian Orthodox)

* Church of Exaltation of the Holy Cross (Roman Catholic)

* Church of Holy Trinity (Saint Rochus; Roman Catholic)

* Church of All Saints and in Memory of the Victims of War (Russian Orthodox; consecrated 2010)[87]

* Church of St. Yevfrosinya of Polotsk (Russian Orthodox)

* Church of St. Elisabeth Convent (Russian Orthodox)

* Church of St. Joseph (formerly Uniate, used as an archive)

* Cathedral of Saint Virgin Mary (Roman Catholic)

* Cathedral of the Holy Spirit (Russian Orthodox)

### Cemeteries

* Kalvaryja (Calvary Cemetery) is the oldest surviving cemetery in the city. Many famous Belarusians are buried here. The cemetery was closed to new burials in the 1960s.
* Military Cemetery
* Eastern Cemetery
* Čyžoŭskija Cemetery
* Northern Cemetery

### Theatres

Janka Kupala National Theatre

Major theatres are:

* National Opera and Ballet Theatre
* Belarusian State Musical Theatre (performances in Russian)
* Maxim Gorky National Drama Theatre (performances in Russian)
* Janka Kupala National Theatre (performances in Belarusian)

### Museums

Major museums include:

* National Art Museum
* Belarusian Great Patriotic War Museum
* Belarusian National History Museum
* Belarusian Nature and Environment Museum
* Maksim Bahdanovich Literary Museum
* Old Belarusian History Museum
* Museum of Jewish History and Culture in Belarus
* Yanka Kupala Literary MuseumЎ Gallery

Art galleries include:

* Ў gallery

### Recreation areas

* Chelyuskinites Park
* Children's Railroad
* Gorky Park, former Governor's Garden
* Yanka Kupala Park

## Sports

Dinamo National Olympic StadiumMinsk Arena

### Football

* FC Dinamo Minsk
* FC Minsk
* FC Energetik-BGU Minsk
* FC Krumkachy Minsk

### Ice hockey

* HC Dinamo Minsk
* HC Yunost Minsk

### Handball

* SKA Minsk

### Basketball

* BC Tsmoki-Minsk

### International sporting events

In 2013, Minsk hosted the European Junior Rowing Championships at the Republican Center of Olympic Training for Rowing And Canoeing to the north-west of the city.[88]

Minsk hosted the 2014 IIHF World Championship at the Minsk Arena.

In January 2016, the 2016 European Speed Skating Championships were held in the Minsk Arena – the only indoor speed skating rink in Belarus.

Minsk hosted the 2019 European Games in June.[89]

The 2019 European Figure Skating Championships were held in the Minsk Arena from 21 to 27 January.

## Transportation

### Local transport

Minsk has a high-developed public transport system.[90] Passengers are served by 8 tramway lines, over 70 trolleybus lines, 3 subway lines and over 100 bus lines. Trams were the first public transport used in Minsk (since 1892 – the horse-tram, and since 1929 – the electric tram). Public buses have been used in Minsk since 1924, and trolleybuses since 1952.[91][92]

Electrobus AKSM E321 in Minsk

Most of public transport is operated by Minsktrans, a city-owned and -funded transport not-for-profit company. As of November 2021, Minsktrans used 1,322 buses (plus 93 electric buses), 744 trolleybuses and 135 tramway cars in Minsk.[93]

Public transport fares are controlled by the city's executive committee (city council). Single trip ticket for bus, trolleybus or tramway costs 0.75 BYN (≈ USD 0.3),[94] 0.80 BYN for metro and 0.90 BYN for express buses.[94] Monthly ticket for one kind of transport costs 33 BYN and 61 BYN for all five.[94] Commercial marshrutka's prices varies from 1.5 to 2 BYN.

### Rapid transit

Vakzalnaja station of the Minsk Metro

Minsk is the only city in Belarus with an underground metro system. Construction of the metro began in 1977, soon after the city reached over a million people, and the first line with 8 stations was opened in 1984. Since then it has expanded into three lines: Maskoŭskaja, Awtazavodskaya, and Zelenaluzhskaya which are 19.1, 18.1 and 3.5 km (11.9, 11.2 and 2.2 mi) long with 15, 14 and 4 stations, respectively. On 7 November 2012, three new stations on the Moskovskaya Line were opened and another on 3 June 2014. . Construction of the third line began in 2011 and the first stage opened in 2020. Some layout plans speculate on a possible fourth line running from Vyasnyanka to Serabranka micro-rayons.{{citation needed|date=December 2011} The system uses Metrovagonmash and Stadler METRO trains. On a typical day Minsk metro is used by 800,000 passengers. In 2007 ridership of Minsk metro was 262.1 million passengers,[95] in 2017 ridership of Minsk metro was 284,1 million passengers,[96] making it the 5th busiest metro network in the former USSR (behind Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kyiv, and Kharkiv). During peak hours trains run each 2–2.5 minutes. The metro network employs 3,435 staff.[97]

Most of the urban transport is being renovated to modern standards. For instance, all metro stations built since 2001 have passenger lifts from platform to street level, thus enabling the use of the newer stations by disabled passengers. [98]

### Railway and intercity bus

Minsk Central Bus Station Stadler FLIRT train (EPg), Minsk train station

Minsk is the largest transport hub in Belarus. Minsk is located at the junction of the Warsaw-Moscow railway (built in 1871) running from the southwest to the northeast of the city and the Liepāja–Romny railway (built in 1873) running from the northwest to the south. The first railway connects Russia with Poland and Germany; the second connects Ukraine with Lithuania and Latvia. They cross at the Minsk-Pasažyrski railway station, the main railway station of Minsk. The station was built in 1873 as Vilenski Vazkal. The initial wooden building was demolished in 1890 and rebuilt in stone. During World War II the Minsk railway station was completely destroyed. It was rebuilt in 1945 and 1946 and served until 1991.

The new building of the Minsk-Pasažyrski railway station was built during 1991–2002. Its construction was delayed due to financial difficulties. There were plans to move all suburban rail traffic from Minsk-Pasažyrski to the smaller stations, Minsk-Uschodni (East), Minsk-Paŭdniovy (South) and Minsk-Paŭnočny (North), by 2020. However, those plans were scrapped in favour of developing a more integrated system of suburban rail (branded as City Lines, operated by Belarusian Railways). The system currently consists of 3 routes (to Zaslawye, Čyrvony Ściah, and Rudziensk) all terminating at the central train station and is being served by 6 Stadler FLIRT train sets.[99]

### Cycling

According to a 2019 survey of 1,934 people,[100] Minsk had around 811,000 adult bicycles and 232,000 child and adolescent bicycles. In Minsk there is one bike for every 1.9 people. The total number of bicycles in Minsk exceeds the total number of cars (770,000 personal automobiles). 39% of Minsk residents have a personal bike. 43% of Minsk residents ride a bicycle once a month or more. As of 2017, the level of bicycle use is about 1% of all transport movements (for comparison: 12% in Berlin, 50% in Copenhagen).[101]

Bike lane in Minsk

Since 2015, an annual bicycle parade / bicycle carnival is held in Minsk, during which vehicles are blocked for several hours along Pobediteley (Peramohi) Avenue. The number of participants in 2019 was more than 20,000 and the number of registrations was about 12,000.[102][103][104][105] In 2017, the European Union funded the project "Urban cycling in Belarus" at a cost of €560,000, within the framework of which the public association Minsk Cycling Society together with the Council of Ministers created the regulatory document National Concept for the Development of Cycling in Belarus.[106][107] In 2020, Minsk entered the top 3 most cycling cities in the CIS – after Moscow and Saint Petersburg.[108]

### Airports

Minsk National Airport is located 42 km (26 mi) to the east of the city. It opened in 1982 and the current railway station opened in 1987. It is an international airport with flights to Europe and the Middle East.[109]

The former Minsk-1 Airport closed in 2015.[110]

Minsk Borovaya Airfield (UMMB) is located in a suburb north-east of the city, next to Zaliony Luh Forest Park, housing Aero Club Minsk and Minsk Aviation Museum.[111]

## Education

Minsk has about 451 kindergartens, 241 schools, 22 further education colleges,[112] and 29 higher education institutions,[113] including 12 major national universities.

### Major higher educational institutions

* Academy of Public Administration, established in 1991 and it acquired the status of a presidential institution in 1995. The Academy has 3 institutes: Institute of Administrative Personnel which has 3 departments, Institute of Civil Service which has 3 departments and Research Institute of the Theory and Practice of Public administration.
* Belarusian State University, founded in 1921. In 2006 had 15 major departments (Applied Mathematics and Informatics; Biology; Chemistry; Geography; Economics; International relations; Journalism; History; Humanitarian Sciences; Law; Mechanics and Mathematics; Philology; Philosophy and Social sciences; Physics; Radiophysics and Electronics). It also included 5 R&D institutes, 24 Research Centres, 114 R&D laboratories. The University employs over 2,400 lecturers and 1,000 research fellows; 1,900 of these hold PhD or Dr. Sc. degrees. There are 16,000 undergraduate students at the university, as well as over 700 PhD students. In 2018 Olga Chupris was the first female Vice-Rector appointed to the institution (Academic Work and Educational Innovations).
* Research Institute for Nuclear Problems of Belarusian State University
* Belarusian State University of Agricultural Technology, specialised in agricultural technology and agricultural machinery.
* Belarusian National Technical University
* Belarusian State Medical University. Since 1921 – Medicine Department of the Belarusian State University. In 1930 becomes separate as Belarusian Medical Institute. In 2000 upgraded to university level. Has six departments.
* Belarusian State Economic University, founded in 1933 as Belarusian Institute for National Economy. Upgraded to university level in 1992.
* Maxim Tank Belarusian State Pedagogical University, specialised in teacher training for secondary schools.
* Belarusian State University of Informatics and Radioelectronics, established in 1964 as Minsk Institute for Radioelectronics.
* Belarusian State University of Physical Training
* Belarusian State Technological University, specialised in chemical and pharmaceutical technology, in printing and forestry. Founded in 1930 as Forestry Institute in Homel. In 1941 evacuated to Sverdlovsk, now Yekaterinburg. Returned to Gomel in 1944, but in 1946 relocated to Minsk as Belarusian Institute of Technology. Upgraded to university level in 1993. Has nine departments.
* Minsk State Linguistic University, founded in 1948 as Minsk Institute for Foreign Languages. In 2006 had 8 departments. Major focus on English, French, German and Spanish.
* Belarusian State University of Culture and Arts, founded in 1975 as Minsk Institute of Culture. Reorganized in 1993.
* International Sakharov Environmental Institute, established in 1992 with the support from the United Nations. Focus on study and research of radio-ecological consequences of the Chernobyl nuclear power station disaster in 1986, which heavily affected Belarus.
* Minsk Innovation University, the largest private higher educational institution in Belarus. Established in 1991. Specializes in Economics, Management, Marketing, Finance, Psychology and Information technology.

* Minsk State Linguistic University

* Faculty of International Relations, Belarusian State University

* Rector's office of the Belarusian State University

* Belarusian National Technical University

## Honors

A minor planet, 3012 Minsk, was discovered by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Chernykh in 1979 and is named after the city.[114]

## Notable people

* Andrei Pavlovich Ablameyko (born 1970), Belarusian Greek Catholic priest
* Anton Adamovič (1909–1998), literary critic, novelist, publicist and historian
* Viktar Babaryka (born 1963), Belarusian public and opposition political figure, political prisoner[115]
* Maksim Bahdanovič (1891–1917), poet, considered one of the founders of modern Belarusian literature[116]
* Masha Bruskina (1924–1941), World War II partisan
* Siarhei Bulba (born 1967), Belarusian politician, army officer and former leader of the paramilitary organisation White Legion
* Albert CanCook (born 1988), chef and media personality
* Veronika Cherkasova (1959–2004), journalist[117]
* Olga Chupris (born 1969), first female Vice Rector of the Belarusian State University
* Avraham Even-Shoshan (1906–1984), Israeli linguist and lexicographer
* Olga Fadeeva (born 1978), actress
* Sophie Fedorovitch (1893–1953), ballet, opera and theatre designer, birthplace
* Ella German (born 1937), girlfriend of Lee Harvey Oswald
* Moisei Ginzburg (1892–1946), constructivist architect
* Gennady Grushevoy (1950–2014), academic, politician, human rights and environmental activist, winner of the 1999 Rafto Prize[118]
* Alés Harun (1887–1920), poet, writer and journalist[119]
* Anatol Hrytskievich (1929–2015), Belarusian historian[120]
* Hienadź Karpienka (1949–1999), scientist and politician[121]
* Uładzimir Katkoŭski (1976–2007), one of the founders of the Belarusian Wikipedia[122]
* Jauhien Kulik (1937–2002), artist and graphic designer who designed the 1991–95 coat of arms of Belarus, which was a version of the medieval symbol Pahonia[123]
* Pavel Latushka (born 1973), Belarusian politician and opposition leader[124][125]
* Maryna Linchuk (born 1987), fashion model
* Ivan Lubennikov (1951–2021), Russian painter, birthplace
* Janka Lučyna (Jan Niesłuchowski) (1851–1897), poet[126]
* Leanid Marakou (1958–2016), journalist, writer[127]
* Valery Marakoǔ (1909–1937), Belarusian poet and translator, victim of Stalin's purges[128]
* Yan Matusevich (1946–1998) Catholic priest, and dean of the Belarusian Greek Catholic Church[129]
* Louis B. Mayer (1884–1957), American film producer, one of the founders of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
* Bronislava Nijinska (1890–1972), ballerina and choreographer of the Ballets Russes, birthplace
* Lee Harvey Oswald (1939–1963), assassin of US President John F Kennedy, resided in Minsk from January 1960 to June 1962
* Hillel Pewsner (1922–2008), Chabad posek (legal scholar)[130]
* Grigoriy Plaskov (1898–1972), Soviet artillery lieutenant, birthplace
* Alexander Rybak (born 1986), winner of the Eurovision Song Contest 2009 for Norway, birthplace
* Uładzimier Samojła (1878–1941), Belarusian critic, philosopher, journalist and a victim of Stalin's purges
* Vitali Silitski (1972–2011), political scientist, analyst, the first director of the Belarusian Institute for Strategic Studies[131]
* Aliaksiej Skoblia (nom de guerre Aliaksiej "Tur") (1990–2022), Belarusian fighter-volunteer of the Kastuś Kalinoŭski Battalion posthumously awarded the title “Hero of Ukraine”[132]
* Vanda Skuratovich (1925–2010), Roman Catholic activist
* Stanislav Shushkevich (1934–2022), Belarusian politician and scientist, the first head of state of independent Belarus[133][134]
* Stefaniya Stanyuta (1905–2000), theater and movie actress[135]
* Alexander Taraikovsky (1986–2020), entrepreneur killed during the protests against the 2020 Belarusian presidential election[136]
* Barys Tasman (1954–2022), journalist, sports writer
* George Tsisetski (born 1985), film director, screenwriter, dramatist and visual artist
* Rachel Wischnitzer (1885–1989), architect and art historian
* Jazep Jucho (1921–2004), lawyer, historian and writer and a leading Belarusian authority on the laws of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania[137]
* Simcha Zorin (1902–1974) World War II partisan
* Asher ben Löb Günzburg (1754–1823), rabbi

### Musicians

* Angelica Agurbash (born 1970), Belarusian singer, Eurovision participant[138]
* Marina Gordon (1917–2013) soprano, birthplace[139]
* Irma Jaunzem (1897–1975), mezzo-soprano singer and folk song specialist
* Boris Khaykin (1904–1978), conductor
* Yung Lean (born 1996), Swedish rapper & musician, birthplace
* Źmicier Sidarovič (1965–2014), musician[140]
* Lavon Volski (born 1965), musician[141]

### Sport

Yulia Raskina Roman Sorkin

* Andrei Arlovski (born 1979), grew up and lived in Minsk before moving to the US to fight in the Ultimate Fighting Championship
* Victoria Azarenka (born 1989), former World No. 1 tennis player and 2012 and 2013 Australian Open winner, born in Minsk moving to Arizona at 16
* Yuri Bessmertny (born 1987), kickboxer
* Svetlana Boginskaya (born 1973), gold medal-winning gymnast at the 1988 and 1992 Olympics, birthplace
* Isaac Boleslavsky (1919–1977), chess grandmaster
* Darya Domracheva (born 1986), gold (4 times) and bronze medal-winning biathlete at the 2010 and 2014 Winter Olympics
* Boris Gelfand (born 1968), Israeli chess Grandmaster
* Max Geller (born 1971), Israeli Olympic wrestler
* Alexei Ignashov (born 1978), kickboxer, multiple Muay Thai and K-1 world champion
* Oleg Karavayev (1936–1978), wrestler and Olympic champion
* Viktar Kuprejčyk (1949–2017), chess grandmaster[142]
* Isaak Mazel (1911–1945), chess master
* Max Mirnyi (born 1977), tennis player
* Aleksey Orlovich (born 2002), Belarusian professional footballer
* Artsiom Parakhouski (born 1987), basketball player
* Yulia Raskina (born 1982), individual rhythmic gymnast, won the All-Around Silver at the 2000 Sydney Olympics
* Roman Rubinshteyn (born 1996), Belarusian-Israeli basketball player in the Israeli Basketball Premier League
* Aryna Sabalenka (born 1998), 2023 Australian Open winner and current world No. 1 tennis player, born in Minsk moving to Miami at 23
* Yegor Sharangovich (born 1998), ice hockey player
* Yuri Shulman (born 1975), Belarusian-American chess grandmaster
* Mark Slavin (1954–1972), Israeli Olympic Greco-Roman wrestler and victim of the Munich massacre at the 1972 Summer Olympics
* Anna Smashnova (born 1976), Belarusian-born Israeli tennis player
* Roman Sorkin (born 1996), Belarusian-born Israeli basketball player in the Israeli Basketball Premier League
* Diana Vaisman (born 1998), Belarusian-born Israeli sprinter

## Twin towns – sister cities

Minsk is twinned with:[143]

* Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (2007)
* Ankara, Turkey (2007)
* Bangalore, India (1986)
* Beijing, China (2016)
* Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan (1997)
* Bonn, Germany (1993)
* Changchun, China (1992)
* Chişinău, Moldova (2000)
* Detroit, United States (1979)[144]
* Dushanbe, Tajikistan (1998)
* Eindhoven, Netherlands (1994)
* Gaziantep, Turkey (2018)
* Hanoi, Vietnam (2004)
* Havana, Cuba (2005)
* Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (2008)
* Islamabad, Pakistan (2015)
* Kaluga, Russia (2015)
* Murmansk, Russia (2014)
* Nizhny Novgorod, Russia (2017)
* Novosibirsk, Russia (2012)
* Rostov-on-Don, Russia (2018)
* Template:Country data JAP Sendai, Japan (1973)
* Shanghai, China (2019)
* Shenzhen, China (2014)
* Tbilisi, Georgia (2015)
* Tehran, Iran (2006)
* Ufa, Russia (2017)
* Ulyanovsk, Russia (2015)

## See also

* List of squares in Minsk

## Notes

1. ↑ Classified based on religion.[49]

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `pop`
2. ↑ "История Минска". http://minsk950.belta.by/history.
3. ↑ Everett-Heath, John (2005) (in en). The Concise Dictionary of World Place-names. Oxford University Press. p. 341. ISBN 978-0-19-860537-9. https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/fghrQgAACAAJ?hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi0tI-K1c6RAxUkK1kFHUuQElEQ7_IDegQIDRAC. "'Exchange', in other words, 'market place' from the Russian menyat' 'to exchange' or 'to barter'."
4. ↑ Everett-Heath, J. (1 August 2000) (in en). Place Names of the World - Europe: Historical Context, Meanings and Changes. Springer. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-230-28673-3. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Place_Names_of_the_World_Europe/uK2HDAAAQBAJ.
5. ↑ Tihomirov, Mikhail N. (1959) (in en). The Towns of Ancient Rus. Foreign Language Publishing House. p. 389. https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Towns_of_Ancient_Rus/76Z3C-ZNSwgC?hl=en&gbpv=0.
6. ↑ "Error: no `|title=` specified when using {{Cite web}}". https://govorim.by/minskaya-oblast/minsk/stati-o-minske/7824-proishozhdenie-nazvaniya-minska.html.Error:+no+`|title=`+specified when+using+{{[[Template:Cite+web|Cite+web]]}}&rft.atitle=&rft_id=https://govorim.by/minskaya-oblast/minsk/stati-o-minske/7824-proishozhdenie-nazvaniya-minska.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikibooks.org:Place:Minsk">
7. ↑ "Error: no `|title=` specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in ru-RU). https://belsat.eu/ru/news/79-let-nazad-verhovnyj-sovet-bssr-pereimenoval-mensk-v-minsk/.Error:+no+`|title=`+specified when+using+{{[[Template:Cite+web|Cite+web]]}}&rft.atitle=&rft_id=https://belsat.eu/ru/news/79-let-nazad-verhovnyj-sovet-bssr-pereimenoval-mensk-v-minsk/&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikibooks.org:Place:Minsk">
8. ↑ "Wirtualny Mińsk Mazowiecki". https://minskmaz.com/.
9. ↑ "Въ лЂто 6563 [1055 – [6579 1071]. Іпатіївський літопис"]. Litopys.org.ua. http://litopys.org.ua/ipatlet/ipat08.htm#r1067.
10. ↑ "The Celebration of the 940th anniversary of Minsk will start with ringing of bells – Minsk City Executive Committee". Minsk.gov.by. http://www.minsk.gov.by/news/4.09.2007/5/8411/eng.
11. ↑ "Error: no `|title=` specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in ru). http://www.ctv.by/новости/минск-происхождение-названия-столицы.Error:+no+`|title=`+specified when+using+{{[[Template:Cite+web|Cite+web]]}}&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http://www.ctv.by/%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8/%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5-%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikibooks.org:Place:Minsk">
12. ↑ "Error: no `|title=` specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in ru). http://history-belarus.by/pages/terms/polotsk_principality.php.Error:+no+`|title=`+specified when+using+{{[[Template:Cite+web|Cite+web]]}}&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http://history-belarus.by/pages/terms/polotsk_principality.php&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikibooks.org:Place:Minsk">
13. ↑ Hill, Melissa. "Belarus". Gale. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/retrieve.do?tabID=T003&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&searchResultsType=SingleTab&searchType=AdvancedSearchForm&currentPosition=1&docId=GALE|CX3652100245&docType=Country+overview&sort=RELEVANCE&contentSegment=&prodId=GVRL&contentSet=GALE|CX3652100245&searchId=R1&userGroupName=lom_accessmich&inPS=true#.
14. ↑ "History EN". BelTA / Minsk950. https://minsk950.belta.by/hisen. Retrieved 5 January 2026.
15. ↑ Robert I. Frost. After the Deluge: Poland-Lithuania and the Second Northern War, 1655–1660. Cambridge University Press. 2004. p. 48.
16. ↑ "History of Minsk". The Minsk Herald. https://minskherald.com/minsk/history-of-minsk/. Retrieved 5 January 2026.
17. ↑ "(RU) История" (in en-US). http://minsktourism.by/en/istoriya.
18. ↑ "Минск — Столица Белоруссии". 17 March 2010. https://geographyofrussia.com/minsk-stolica-belorussii/.
19. ↑ "Error: no `|title=` specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in ru). 26 December 2012. https://news.tut.by/society/322931.html.Error:+no+`|title=`+specified when+using+{{[[Template:Cite+web|Cite+web]]}}&rft.atitle=&rft.date=26+December+2012&rft_id=https://news.tut.by/society/322931.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikibooks.org:Place:Minsk">
20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 darriuss (25 September 2015). "Было — стало: Минск вековой давности и сейчас – Недвижимость Onliner" (in ru). https://realt.onliner.by/2015/09/25/revolution.
21. ↑ "История". https://minsk-starazhytny.by/history.
22. ↑ darriuss (9 August 2017). "Было — стало: Минск, который мы, к счастью, потеряли – Недвижимость Onliner" (in ru). https://realt.onliner.by/2017/08/09/vyoska.
23. ↑ "History of the War: Overview". Department on Archives and Records Management of the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Belarus. https://archives.gov.by/en/welcome-to-the-archives-of-belarus-website/subject-guides-to-archival-records/historical-events/archival-documents-and-materials-2/history-of-the-war-overview. Retrieved 5 January 2026.
24. ↑ "History". Belarusian Tour operator. 29 October 2013. http://www.belintourist.com/eng/learn_about_belarus/region/minsk/.
25. ↑ "End of XVIII - 1941" (in ru). Official Site of Minsk Government. https://minsk.gov.by/ru/freepage/minsk/history/history_2.shtml. Retrieved 2021-12-09.
26. ↑ Grzelak, Czesław (1992). "Agresja Zwiazku Sowieckiego na Polskę we wrześniu 1939 r." (in pl). Zbrodnia Katyńska. Droga do prawdy. Warszawa: Niezależny Komitet Historyczny Badania Zbrodni Katyńskiej, Departament Prokuratury Ministerstwa Sprawiedliwości, Towarzystwo Naukowe Kryminalistyczne, Wojskowy Instytut Historyczny. p. 31.
27. ↑ Megargee, Geoffrey P.; Overmans, Rüdiger; Vogt, Wolfgang (2022). The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume IV. Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. pp. 79–80, 354–355. ISBN 978-0-253-06089-1.
28. ↑ "Hero City | Sightseeing | Minsk". Inyourpocket.com. https://www.inyourpocket.com/minsk/Hero-City_136881v. Retrieved 2022-02-26.
29. ↑ "Explore Minsk: the Belarusian capital". Rough Guides. 2021-06-18. https://www.roughguides.com/articles/minsk-belarus/. Retrieved 2022-02-26.
30. ↑ Marples, David R. (1 November 2016). "The "Minsk Phenomenon:" demographic development in the Republic of Belarus". Nationalities Papers 44 (6): 919–931. doi:10.1080/00905992.2016.1218451. ISSN 0090-5992.
31. ↑ "1945-1991" (in ru). Official Site of Minsk Government. https://minsk.gov.by/ru/freepage/minsk/history/history_4.shtml. Retrieved 2021-12-09.
32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 "Минск-2030: где будут новые жилые центры города". https://realty.tut.by/news/offtop-realty/568263.html?crnd=69395.
33. ↑ Pleszak, Frank (2013-02-15). Two Years in a Gulag: The True Wartime Story of a Polish Peasant Exiled to ... - Frank Pleszak. Amberley Publishing Limited. ISBN 9781445626048. https://books.google.com/books?id=2hOoAwAAQBAJ&dq=minsk+hills&pg=PT73. Retrieved 2022-02-26.
34. ↑ "Минское море (Заславское водохранилище)" (in ru). https://planetabelarus.by/sights/minskoe-more-zaslavskoe-vodokhranilishche/.
35. ↑ "Weather and Climate- The Climate of Minsk" (in ru). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/26850.htm.
36. ↑ "Солнечное сияние. Обобщения II часть: Таблица 2.1. Характеристики продолжительности и суточный ход (доли часа) солнечного сияния. Продолжение." (in ru). Department of Hydrometeorology. http://www.pogoda.by/climat-directory/?page=288.
37. ↑ "Minsk Climate Normals 1991–2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/Belarus/XLS/MINSK_26850.csv.
38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.3 38.4 38.5 (in ru). naviny.by. 18 September 2009. http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2009/09/18/ic_articles_116_164550/.
39. ↑ (in ru). naviny.by. 9 June 2007. http://naviny.by/rubrics/auto/2007/06/09/ic_news_120_272008/.
40. ↑ "Самый загрязненный воздух в Минске — на улице Тимирязева" (in ru). naviny.by. 3 June 2009. http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2009/06/03/ic_news_116_312342/.
41. ↑ Buringh, Eltjo (23 December 2021). "The Population of European Cities from 700 to 2000". Research Data Journal for the Humanities and Social Sciences 6 (1). doi:10.1163/24523666-06010003. https://ssh.datastations.nl/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.17026/dans-xzy-u62q.
42. ↑ "Cities & towns of Belarus". Population statistics of Eastern Europe & former USSR. http://pop-stat.mashke.org/belarus-cities.htm.
43. ↑ "Number and territorial distribution of the population". National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus. https://census.belstat.gov.by/saiku/?guest=true&lang=en&default_view_state=edit#query/open//public/F101N_ru.saiku.
44. ↑ "Инфографика "Население Республики Беларусь, на 1 января 2025 г."" (in ru). National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus. https://www.belstat.gov.by/upload-belstat/upload-belstat-pdf/oficial_statistika/2025/naselenie_2025.pdf.
45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 Epstein, Barbara (28 July 2008). The Minsk Ghetto 1941-1943 Jewish Resistance and Soviet Internationalism. University of California Press. pp. 67-68. ISBN 9780520931336. https://www.google.com.ua/books/edition/The_Minsk_Ghetto_1941_1943/ivcA93p1afIC?hl=uk&gbpv=1&dq=In+the+mid-seventeenth+century+Jews+had+constituted+as+much+as+8+percent+of+the+population&pg=PA68&printsec=frontcover.
46. ↑ Kaganovich, Albert (8 March 2013). The Long Life and Swift Death of Jewish Rechitsa A Community in Belarus, 1625–2000. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 40. ISBN 9780299289836. https://www.google.com.ua/books/edition/The_Long_Life_and_Swift_Death_of_Jewish/52ad3bo8NFYC?hl=uk&gbpv=1&dq=polonization+minsk&pg=PA40&printsec=frontcover.
47. ↑ Rieber, Alfred J. (20 December 2014). The Struggle for the Eurasian Borderlands From the Rise of Early Modern Empires to the End of the First World War. Cambridge University Press. p. 112. ISBN 9781107043091. https://www.google.com.ua/books/edition/The_Struggle_for_the_Eurasian_Borderland/s6roAgAAQBAJ?hl=uk&gbpv=1&dq=uvarov+triad+poles&pg=PA112&printsec=frontcover.
48. ↑ Hamm, Michael F. (11 January 1996). Kiev A Portrait, 1800-1917. Princeton University Press. p. 224. ISBN 9780691025858. https://www.google.com.ua/books/edition/Kiev/SpRa5ZPaZzwC?hl=uk&gbpv=0.
49. ↑ Troynitsky 1904, p. 91.
50. ↑ Joshua D. Zimmerman, Poles, Jews and the Politics of Nationality, Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2004, ISBN 0-299-19464-7, Google Print, p.16
51. ↑ Troynitsky 1904, p. 80.
52. ↑ Troynitsky 1904, p. 88-91.
53. ↑ Troynitsky 1904, p. 38.
54. ↑ Wilson, Andrew (2021). Belarus: The last European dictatorship. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 30. ISBN 978-0-300-26087-8. OCLC 1240724890.
55. ↑ "Tatars In Belarus Hope For Help From Tatarstan" (in en). Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 31 August 2010. https://www.rferl.org/a/Tatars_In_Belarus_Hope_For_Help_From_Tatarstan/2126354.html.
56. ↑ "Institute for Jewish Policy Research: Belarus". https://www.jpr.org.uk/country?id=14.
57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 Zimmerman (2004), Poles, Jews, and Politics
58. ↑ "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года. Распределение населения республик СССР и их регионов по месту рождения" (in ru). https://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_pob_89.php?reg=122.
59. ↑ Liskovets, Irina (2009). "Trasjanka: A code of rural migrants in Minsk". International Journal of Bilingualism 13 (3): 396–412. doi:10.1177/1367006909348678. ISSN 1367-0069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006909348678.
60. ↑ "Churches and Cathedrals | Minsk Life". https://www.local-life.com/minsk/articles/churches.
61. ↑ "gov.by". http://www.mfa.gov.by/docs/en/bf_2006/12.Churches and religious communities.pdf.
62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 62.2 (in ru). TUT.BY. 29 June 2010. http://news.tut.by/society/175052.html.
63. ↑ "Уровень преступности в Минской области – один из самых высоких в стране" (in ru). TUT.BY. 25 January 2011. http://news.tut.by/society/212780.html.
64. ↑ (in ru). TUT.BY. 18 April 2011. http://news.tut.by/society/223781.html.
65. ↑ (in ru). interfax.by. 2 October 2008. http://www.interfax.by/news/belarus/46593.
66. ↑ "В Минске увеличивается число выявленных коррупционных преступлений – Генпрокуратура" (in ru). interfax.by. 10 March 2010. http://www.interfax.by/news/belarus/68970.
67. ↑ (in ru). interfax.by. 2 January 2009. http://www.interfax.by/article/36323.
68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 Рейтинг всех служб и подразделений ГУВД Мингорисполкома вырос, National Law Portal of Belarus (10 February 2006).
69. ↑ "В Минске снижается число хищений сотовых телефонов – Генпрокуратура" (in ru). interfax.by. 27 October 2009. http://www.interfax.by/news/belarus/62597.
70. ↑ Lukashenka's presidential rivals held in KGB jail , Belarus News (21 December 2010)
71. ↑ Mikhalevich to complain to UN Committee Against Torture about his detention conditions in KGB jail , Belarus News (28 February 2011)
72. ↑ Belarus 'tortured protesters in jail' , BBC News (1 March 2011)
73. ↑ "Belarus: 'Over 1,000 arrested' at latest anti-government protest". BBC News. 15 November 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54953599.
74. ↑ "Error: no `|title=` specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in ru). http://afn.by/news/i/131974.Error:+no+`|title=`+specified when+using+{{[[Template:Cite+web|Cite+web]]}}&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http://afn.by/news/i/131974&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikibooks.org:Place:Minsk">
75. ↑ "Минск - основной плательщик НДС". 26 January 2011. https://bdg.by/news/finance/13645.html.
76. ↑ "73,7 % поступлений в консолидированный бюджет города Минска за 10 месяцев 2013 года обеспечено негосударственным сектором экономики. – Новости инспекции – Министерство по налогам и сборам Республики Беларусь". 18 November 2013. http://www.nalog.gov.by/ru/news_ministerstva_minsk_ru/view/737-postuplenij-v-konsolidirovannyj-bjudzhet-goroda-minska-za-10-mesjatsev-2013-goda-obespecheno-9443/.
77. ↑ "GRP of regions and Minsk city in 2021". https://www.belstat.gov.by/upload-belstat/upload-belstat-excel/Oficial_statistika/2021/GDP_GRP-2112-en.xlsx.
78. ↑ "News". https://myfin.by/wiki/term/srednyaya-zarplata-v-belarusi.
79. ↑ Ministry of Sports and Tourism of the Republic of Belarus. (2011). "Number of organizations engaged in tourist activities in 2010 in Belarus". National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus. http://landofancestors.com/travel/statistics/250-number-of-organizations-engaged-in-tourist-activities-in-2010-in-belarus.html.
80. ↑ Ministry of Sports and Tourism of the Republic of Belarus. (2011). "Number of organisations engaged in tourist activities in Belarus by region". National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus. http://landofancestors.com/travel/statistics/252-number-of-organisations-engaged-in-tourist-activities-in-belarus-by-region.html.
81. ↑ Shares of region and Minsk City in the national output of selected industrial products in 2012
82. ↑ 82.0 82.1 82.2 Guriev, Sergei (2020). "The Political Economy of the Belarusian Crisis". Intereconomics 2020 (5): 274–275. doi:10.1007/s10272-020-0913-1. https://www.intereconomics.eu/contents/year/2020/number/5/article/the-political-economy-of-the-belarusian-crisis.html. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
83. ↑ "Belarus opposition calls for national strike in what could be key test for protest movement". https://abcnews.go.com/International/belarus-opposition-calls-national-strike-key-test-protest/story?id=73842209.
84. ↑ "About ATLANT. High-tech, dynamically developing enterprise" (in en). https://en.atlant.by/about/.
85. ↑ 85.0 85.1 "Сколько реально безработных в Минске? | naviny.by". 23 February 2011. http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/02/23/ic_articles_116_172587/.
86. ↑ "Лукашенко отменил "налог на тунеядцев". Но лишит льгот неработающих" (in ru). BBC. 2018-01-25. https://www.bbc.com/russian/news-42826759. Retrieved 2021-12-09.
87. ↑ van der Vorst, Patrick (31 October 2024). "Gospel in Art: Solemnity of All Saints" (in en). ICN. https://www.indcatholicnews.com/news/50992.
88. ↑ "ERJCH 2013 Minsk, Belarus". World Rowing. http://www.worldrowing.com/uploads/ranking_tables/2013_ERJCH_-_Results1.pdf.
89. ↑ "2ND EUROPEAN GAMES 2019 MINSK, BELARUS" (in en). https://minsk2019.by/en.
90. ↑ "Public transport in Minsk". D-Minsk. 4 October 2012. http://www.apartmentinminsk.com/news-blog/public-transport.htm.
91. ↑ "History". 2020-10-31. https://minsktrans.by/en/history.html.
92. ↑ Filho, Walter Leal; Krasnov, Eugene V.; Gaeva, Dara V. (2021-10-16). Innovations and Traditions for Sustainable Development - Google Books. Springer. ISBN 9783030788254. https://books.google.com/books?id=F6xIEAAAQBAJ&dq=Minsk+trolleybuses+1952&pg=PA436. Retrieved 2022-02-26.
93. ↑ "Minsktrans received 450 new buses and trolleybuses". Reform.By. 5 November 2021. https://reform.by/274457-minsktrans-poluchil-450-avtobusov-i-trollejbusov.
94. ↑ 94.0 94.1 94.2 "Тарифы | Минсктранс". https://minsktrans.by/oplata-proezda/tarify/.
95. ↑ "CIS Metro Statistics". Mrl.ucsb.edu. 21 June 2010. http://www.mrl.ucsb.edu/~yopopov/rrt/maps/statistics.html.
96. ↑ "Метро сегодня". metropoliten.b. 2018. http://metropoliten.by/o_metropolitene/metro_today.
97. ↑ "Minsk Metro". https://eng.asmetro.ru/metro/metro/minsk/minsk_full/.
98. ↑ "Minsk Metro". https://www.belarus.by/en/travel/transport-in-belarus/minsk-metro.
99. ↑ "Расписание поездов БЖД | Купить билеты на поезд" (in ru-RU). https://pass.rw.by/ru/help/trains/message-types/city-lines.html.
100. ↑ "(SATIO) ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ТРАНСПОРТНЫХ ПРЕДПОЧТЕНИЙ И ОТНОШЕНИЯ К ВЕЛОСИПЕДУ В ГОРОДАХ БЕЛАРУСИ (24-09-2019).pdf". https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B8yso-CRBAwwVzE0MFRIRVc1LWJaUXR2QkVUeG1Zd2M3eFVB/view.
101. ↑ "Развитие_городского_велосипедного_движения_в_Беларуси 2017-2019.pdf". https://drive.google.com/file/d/1E81dRIdl0xQC4XZkBozFWqmY4J8_Uu1u/view.
102. ↑ "Belarus in pictures | Belarus in photo | Belarus in images | International VIVA, Bike carnival-parade in Minsk | Belarus in pictures | Belarus in photo | Belarus in images". https://www.belarus.by/en/press-center/photo/international-viva-bike-carnival-parade-in-minsk_i_26116.html.
103. ↑ "Bike carnival in Minsk gathers over 20K cyclists – in pictures" (in en). 19 May 2019. https://euroradio.fm/en/bike-carnival-minsk-gathers-over-20k-cyclists-pictures.
104. ↑ "Video about bicycle parade / carnival". 13 May 2017. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qDsVmf61nlc.
105. ↑ "Text and video about cycling parade". https://www.tvr.by/eng/news/obshchestvo/viva_rovar_v_5_y_raz_proshel_v_minske_/.
106. ↑ "Development of urban cycling for public benefit in Belarus" (in en-US). https://euprojects.by/projects/Green-Economy-Environment-and-Sustainable-development/development-of-urban-cycling-for-public-benefit-in-belarus/.
107. ↑ "Project "Urban cycling in Belarus"" (in en). 19 July 2017. https://bike.org.by/news/minsk/project-urban-cycling-in-belarus/.
108. ↑ "Minsk among top three CIS bike-friendly cities" (in en-EN). 3 June 2020. https://eng.belta.by/society/view/minsk-among-top-three-cis-bike-friendly-cities-130792-2020/.
109. ↑ "Minsk National Airport" (in ru). Belavia. https://en.belavia.by/gates/. Retrieved 2021-12-09.
110. ↑ "Belarusian airports see traffic growth in 2015". January 29, 2016. https://www.rusaviainsider.com/belarusian-airports-see-traffic-growth-in-2015/.
111. ↑ "Borovaya Airfield - Belarus". https://www.world-airport-codes.com/belarus/borovaya-airfield-82793.html.
112. ↑ "Error: no `|title=` specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in ru). http://minsk.edu.by/.Error:+no+`|title=`+specified when+using+{{[[Template:Cite+web|Cite+web]]}}&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http://minsk.edu.by/&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikibooks.org:Place:Minsk">
113. ↑ "Error: no `|title=` specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in ru). Ministry of education of the Republic of Belarus. http://edu.gov.by/sistema-obrazovaniya/glavnoe-upravlenie-professionalnogo-obrazovaniya/vysshee-obrazovanie/.Error:+no+`|title=`+specified when+using+{{[[Template:Cite+web|Cite+web]]}}&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Ministry+of+education+of+the+Republic+of+Belarus&rft_id=http://edu.gov.by/sistema-obrazovaniya/glavnoe-upravlenie-professionalnogo-obrazovaniya/vysshee-obrazovanie/&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikibooks.org:Place:Minsk">
114. ↑ Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – p.248. https://books.google.com/books?hl=ru&q=3012+minsk+1979+QU9. Retrieved 4 July 2010.
115. ↑ "VIKTAR BABARYKA Belarusian banker and public figure, presidential candidate, sentenced to 14 years in prison". https://prisoners.spring96.org/en/person/victar-babaryka.
116. ↑ "Maksim Bahdanovic in Byelorussian Literature BY VERA RICH". http://belarusjournal.skaryna.org.uk/sites/default/files/JBS_1965_6_Maksim Bahdanovic in Byelorussian Literature.pdf.
117. ↑ "Veronika Cherkasova Solidarnost | Killed in Minsk, Belarus | October 20, 2004". https://cpj.org/data/people/veronika-cherkasova/.
118. ↑ "Laureate 1999 Gennady Grushevoy". https://www.rafto.no/the-rafto-prize/gennady-grushevoy.
119. ↑ Poet Alies' Harun
120. ↑ "Well-known Belarusian historian Anatol Hrytskevich dies". 21 January 2015. https://euroradio.fm/en/well-known-belarusian-historian-anatol-hrytskevich-dies.
121. ↑ "How Lukashenka dealt with competitors for the presidential seat". 12 July 2021. https://news.house/42243.
122. ↑ "У "Беларускай Вікіпедыі" 200 тысяч артыкулаў (There are [now 200,000 articles in the Belarusian Wikipedia)(in Belarusian)"]. https://www.polskieradio.pl/396/7816/Artykul/2650592,У-«Беларускай-Вікіпедыі»-200-тысяч-артыкулаў.
123. ↑ Карней, Ігар (30 October 2018). "Jauhien Kulik's first exhibition at the National Art Museum. 7 episodes about the artist from "Attic" (Першая выстава Яўгена Куліка ў Нацыянальным мастацкім музэі. 7 эпізодаў пра мастака з "Паддашку" )(in Belarusian)". Радыё Свабода. https://www.svaboda.org/a/29573514.html.
124. ↑ "Pavel Latushka announces new protest in May". https://belsat.eu/en/news/05-05-2021-pavel-latushka-announces-new-protest-action-in-may.
125. ↑ "Pavel Latushka Has Been Appointed as General Director of Janka Kupała Theatre". https://kupalauski.by/en/teatr/news/pavel-latushka-has-been-appointed-as-general-director-of-janka-kupa-a-theatre/.
126. ↑ Янка Лучына: 170 гадоў з дня нараджэння (Janka Lučyna: 170 years from birth) (in Belarusian)
127. ↑ "Writer And Historian Leanid Marakou Died". https://charter97.org/en/news/2016/12/19/234921/.
128. ↑ "Valery Marakou • Leanid Marakou". 30 July 2012. https://www.marakou.org/en/v-marakou.html.
129. ↑ "Айцец Ян Матусевіч, першы пробашч парафіі Сьв.Язэпа (1948-1998) (Father Yan Matusievich, first pastor of St. Joseph Parish (1948-1998) (in Belarusian)". http://svjazep.org/index.php?newsid=23.
130. ↑ Gur, Nachman (2008-10-03). "הגאון רבי הלל פבזנר זצ"ל - בחדרי חרדים" (in he). https://www.bhol.co.il/news/69465.
131. ↑ "10 years ago Vitali Silitski passed away. His ideas live". https://belinstitute.com/en/article/10-years-ago-vitali-silitski-passed-away-his-ideas-live.
132. ↑ Свабода, Радыё (13 April 2022). ""Беларускага байца Аляксея Скоблю пасьмяротна ўганаравалі званьнем Героя Ўкраіны" [Belarusian fighter Aliaksiej Skoblia posthumously awarded the title of Hero of Ukraine. Радыё Свабода / Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (in Belarusian)."]. Радыё Свабода. https://www.svaboda.org/a/31800987.html.
133. ↑ "Arbeit an Europa". https://arbeitaneuropa.com/interviews/stanislav-shushkevich/.
134. ↑ "First leader of independent Belarus Stanislau Shushkevich has died. The life story of personality and politician (Памёр першы кіраўнік незалежнай Беларусі Станіслаў Шушкевіч. Шлях асобы і палітыка)(in Belarusian)". https://www.svaboda.org/a/31822342.html.
135. ↑ "Stefaniya Stanyuta". https://moviefit.me/persons/115030-stefaniya-stanyuta.
136. ↑ "'Shot right in the chest': partner denies Belarus protester died from own bomb". The Guardian. Associated Press. 16 August 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/aug/16/shot-right-in-the-chest-partner-denies-belarus-protester-was-killed-by-own-bomb.
137. ↑ Памяць і слава: Іосіф Аляксандравіч Юхо. Да 90-годдзя з дня нараджэння [Memory and Glory: Josif Aliaksandravič Jucho] / Рэдкал.: С.А. Балашэнка і інш. Мінск: БДУ, 2011.
138. ↑ "Belarus places extradition request for Eurovision 2005 star Angelica Agurbash, who faces a potential prison sentence for supporting the pro-democracy protests". 7 July 2021. https://wiwibloggs.com/2021/07/07/belarus-places-extradition-request-for-angelica-agurbash/265968/.
139. ↑ "Marina (Masha) Gordon". 24 March 2021. https://www.yiddishcenter.org/post/marina-masha-gordon.
140. ↑ Арлоў, Уладзімер (26 January 2015). "Зьміцер Сідаровіч, музыка з Краіны талераў (Źmicier Sidarovič, a musician from the Taler Country)(in Belarusian)". Радыё Свабода. https://www.svaboda.org/a/26803399.html.
141. ↑ "Banned In Belarus". 13 September 2016. https://pressroom.rferl.org/a/lavon-volski/27983759.html.
142. ↑ "Victor Kupreichik: The Maestro from Minsk". https://chess.co.uk/products/victor-kupreichik-the-maestro-from-minsk.
143. ↑ "Twin towns of Minsk". Minsk. https://minsk.gov.by/en/city/.
144. ↑ "Minsk, Belarus: Detroit's Sister City Living Under Russia's Shadow". Daily Detroit. 2020-04-03. http://www.dailydetroit.com/2020/04/03/minsk-belarus-detroits-sister-city-living-under-russias-shadow/.

## Bibliography

* Bohn, Thomas M. (2008). Minsk – Musterstadt des Sozialismus: Stadtplanung und Urbanisierung in der Sowjetunion nach 1945. Köln: Böhlau. ISBN 978-3-412-20071-8.
* Бон, томас м. (2013). "Минский феномен". Городское планирование и урбанизация в Советском Союзе после Второй мировой войны. Москва: РОССПЭН.
* Бон, томас м. (2016). Сагановіч, Г.. ed. "Мінскі феномен". Гарадское планаванне і ўрбанізацыя ў Савецкім Саюзе пасля 1945 г.. Мінск: Зміцер Колас.
* Troynitsky, Nikolai A. (1904) (in ru). Минская губерния Первая Всеобщая перепись населения Российской империи 1897 г.. 22. https://rusneb.ru/catalog/000200_000018_v19_rc_1629454/.

## Further reading

* Nechepurenko, Ivan (5 October 2017). "How Europes Last Dictatorship Became a Tech Hub". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/05/world/europe/belarus-minsk-technology.html.

## External links

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Capitals of Europe

Capitals of dependent territories and states whose sovereignty is disputed shown in italics.

Sovereign states|

* Amsterdam, Netherlands1
* Andorra la Vella, Andorra
* Ankara, Turkey2
* Astana, Kazakhstan2
* Athens, Greece
* Baku, Azerbaijan2
* Belgrade, Serbia
* Berlin, Germany
* Bern, Switzerland
* Bratislava, Slovakia
* Brussels, Belgium3
* Bucharest, Romania
* Budapest, Hungary
* Chișinău, Moldova
* Copenhagen, Denmark
* Dublin, Ireland
* Helsinki, Finland
* Kyiv, Ukraine
* Lisbon, Portugal
* Ljubljana, Slovenia
* London, United Kingdom
* Luxembourg, Luxembourg
* Madrid, Spain
* Minsk, Belarus
* Monaco4
* Moscow, Russia
* Nicosia, Cyprus2
* Oslo, Norway
* Paris, France
* Podgorica, Montenegro
* Prague, Czech Republic
* Reykjavík, Iceland
* Riga, Latvia
* Rome, Italy
* San Marino, San Marino
* Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Skopje, North Macedonia
* Sofia, Bulgaria
* Stockholm, Sweden
* Tallinn, Estonia
* Tbilisi, Georgia2
* Tirana, Albania
* Vaduz, Liechtenstein
* Valletta, Malta
* Vatican City4
* Vienna, Austria
* Vilnius, Lithuania
* Warsaw, Poland
* Yerevan, Armenia2
* Zagreb, Croatia

States with
limited recognition|

* North Nicosia, Northern Cyprus2
* Pristina, Kosovo
* Sokhumi, Abkhazia2
* Tiraspol, Transnistria
* Tskhinvali, South Ossetia2

Dependencies|

| United Kingdom|

| Constituent countries|

* London, England
* Edinburgh, Scotland
* Cardiff, Wales
* Belfast, Northern Ireland

|

Crown Dependencies and
Overseas Territories|

* Douglas, Isle of Man
* Episkopi Cantonment, Akrotiri and Dhekelia
* Gibraltar, Gibraltar
* St Helier, Jersey
* Saint Peter Port, Guernsey

Other|

* Longyearbyen, Svalbard (Norway)
* Tórshavn, Faroe Islands (Denmark)

Federal states|

| Austria|

* Bregenz, Vorarlberg
* Eisenstadt, Burgenland
* Graz, Styria
* Innsbruck, Tyrol
* Klagenfurt, Carinthia
* Linz, Upper Austria
* Salzburg, Salzburg
* Sankt Pölten, Lower Austria
* Vienna, Vienna

|

Belgium|

| Communities|

* Brussels, Flemish Community and French Community
* Eupen, German-speaking Community

|

Regions|

* Brussels, Brussels-Capital Region and Flanders
* Namur, Wallonia

Bosnia and Herzegovina|

* Banja Luka (de facto), Republika Srpska
* Brčko, Brčko District
* Sarajevo, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Germany|

* Berlin, Berlin
* Bremen, Bremen
* Dresden, Saxony
* Düsseldorf, North Rhine-Westphalia
* Erfurt, Thuringia
* Hamburg, Hamburg
* Hanover, Lower Saxony
* Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein
* Magdeburg, Saxony-Anhalt
* Mainz, Rhineland-Palatinate
* Munich, Bavaria
* Potsdam, Brandenburg
* Saarbrücken, Saarland
* Schwerin, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
* Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg
* Wiesbaden, Hesse

Russia|

| Republics|

* Cheboksary, Chuvashia
* Cherkessk, Karachay-Cherkessia
* Elista, Kalmykia
* Grozny, Chechnya
* Izhevsk, Udmurtia
* Kazan, Tatarstan
* Magas, Ingushetia
* Makhachkala, Dagestan
* Maykop, Adygea
* Nalchik, Kabardino-Balkaria
* Petrozavodsk, Karelia
* Saransk, Mordovia
* Simferopol, Crimea (disputed)
* Syktyvkar, Komi
* Ufa, Bashkortostan
* Vladikavkaz, North Ossetia–Alania
* Yoshkar-Ola, Mari El

|

Autonomous okrugs|

* Naryan-Mar, Nenets

Krais|

* Krasnodar, Krasnodar Krai
* Perm, Perm Krai
* Stavropol, Stavropol Krai

Oblasts|

* Arkhangelsk, Arkhangelsk Oblast
* Astrakhan, Astrakhan Oblast
* Belgorod, Belgorod Oblast
* Bryansk, Bryansk Oblast
* Ivanovo, Ivanovo Oblast
* Kaliningrad, Kaliningrad Oblast
* Kaluga, Kaluga Oblast
* Kirov, Kirov Oblast
* Kostroma, Kostroma Oblast
* Krasnogorsk and Moscow, Moscow Oblast (de facto)
* Kursk, Kursk Oblast
* Lipetsk, Lipetsk Oblast
* Murmansk, Murmansk Oblast
* Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
* Orenburg, Orenburg Oblast
* Oryol, Oryol Oblast
* Penza, Penza Oblast
* Pskov, Pskov Oblast
* Rostov-on-Don, Rostov Oblast
* Ryazan, Ryazan Oblast
* Gatchina, Leningrad Oblast
* Samara, Samara Oblast
* Saratov, Saratov Oblast
* Smolensk, Smolensk Oblast
* Tambov, Tambov Oblast
* Tula, Tula Oblast
* Tver, Tver Oblast
* Ulyanovsk, Ulyanovsk Oblast
* Veliky Novgorod, Novgorod Oblast
* Vladimir, Vladimir Oblast
* Volgograd, Volgograd Oblast
* Vologda, Vologda Oblast
* Voronezh, Voronezh Oblast
* Yaroslavl, Yaroslavl Oblast

Federal cities|

* Moscow
* Saint Petersburg
* Sevastopol (disputed)

Switzerland|

* Aarau, Aargau
* Altdorf, Uri
* Appenzell, Appenzell Innerrhoden
* Basel, Basel-Stadt
* Bellinzona, Ticino
* Chur, Grisons
* Delémont, Jura
* Frauenfeld, Thurgau
* Fribourg, Canton of Fribourg
* Geneva, Canton of Geneva
* Herisau, Appenzell Ausserrhoden
* Lausanne, Vaud
* Liestal, Basel-Landschaft
* Lucerne, Canton of Lucerne
* Neuchâtel, Canton of Neuchâtel
* Sarnen, Obwalden
* Schaffhausen, Canton of Schaffhausen
* Schwyz, Canton of Schwyz
* Sion, Valais
* Solothurn, Canton of Solothurn
* Stans, Nidwalden
* St. Gallen, Canton of St. Gallen
* Glarus, Canton of Glarus
* Zug, Canton of Zug
* Zurich, Canton of Zürich

Autonomous
entities|

| Italy|

| Autonomous regions|

* Cagliari, Sardinia
* Palermo, Sicily
* Trento, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol
* Aosta, Aosta Valley
* Trieste, Friuli Venezia Giulia

|

Portugal|

| Autonomous regions|

* Ponta Delgada, Angra do Heroísmo, & Horta, Azores
* Funchal, Madeira

|

Spain|

* Barcelona, Catalonia
* Las Palmas & Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands
* Logroño, La Rioja
* Madrid, Community of Madrid
* Mérida, Extremadura
* Murcia, Region of Murcia
* Oviedo, Asturias
* Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands
* Pamplona, Navarre
* Santander, Cantabria
* Santiago de Compostela, Galicia
* Seville, Andalusia
* Toledo, Castilla–La Mancha (de facto)
* Valencia, Valencian Community
* Valladolid, Castile and León (de facto)
* Vitoria-Gasteiz, Basque Country (de facto)
* Zaragoza, Aragon

Other|

* Ajaccio, Corsica Collectivité (France)
* Batumi, Adjara (Georgia)
* Comrat, Gagauzia (Moldova)
* Karyes, Mount Athos (Greece)
* Mariehamn, Åland Islands (Finland)
* Nakhchivan, Nakhchivan (Azerbaijan)
* Novi Sad, Vojvodina (Serbia)
* Simferopol, Crimea (Ukraine)

* 1 Also the capital of the Kingdom of the Netherlands
* 2 Continental placement may vary depending on geographic convention being followed
* 3 Also the seat of the European Union, see Institutional seats of the European Union and Brussels and the European Union
* 4 A city-state

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