Phnom Penh

Short description: Capital of Cambodia

Phnom Penh

ភ្នំពេញ

Capital city and autonomous municipality[1]

* Phnom Penh Capital
* រាជធានីភ្នំពេញ

File:Phnom Penh skyline from TK district Dec 2024.jpg

Skyline of Phnom Penh

File:02-Independence Monument Phnom Penh-nX-6.jpg

Independence Monument

File:Le Palais Royal (Phnom Penh) (6997773481).jpg

Royal Palace of Cambodia

National Museum of Cambodia

Wat Phnom

Seal of Phnom-Penh
Seal

Nickname(s):

* Pearl of Asia (pre-1960s)
* The Charming City

Phnom Penh

Location within Cambodia

Show map of Cambodia

Phnom Penh

Location within Asia

Show map of Asia

Coordinates:  [ ⚑ ] : 11°34′10″N 104°55′16″E﻿ / ﻿11.56944°N 104.92111°E﻿ / 11.56944; 104.92111
Country| Cambodia
Settled| 5th century[2]
Founded| 1372
Capital status| 1434–1497
Capital re-established| 1865
Named for| Wat Phnom and Lady Penh
Subdivisions| 14 khans[3]
Government

• Type| Municipal council
• Governor| Khuong Sreng (CPP)
• National Assembly|

12 / 125

Area

• Capital city and autonomous municipality[1]| 679 km2 (262 sq mi)
• Metro

| 3,858 km2 (1,490 sq mi)
Area rank| 24th
Elevation

| 11.89 m (39.01 ft)
Population

(2019 census)[4]

• Capital city and autonomous municipality[1]|  2,352,851
• Rank| 1st
• Density| 3,361/km2 (8,700/sq mi)
• Density rank| 1st
• Metro

| 3,483,532
Demonym(s)|

* Phnom Penher
* (French: Phnom Penhois(e))

Time zone| UTC+07:00 (ICT)
Area code(s)| +855 (023)
HDI (2023)|

* 0.702[5]
* high · 1st

Website| phnompenh.gov.kh
Phnom Penh

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Phnom Penh[lower-alpha 1] is the capital and most populous city of Cambodia. It has been the national capital since 1865 and has grown to become the nation's primate city and its political, economic, industrial, and cultural centre. The city's name derives from Wat Phnom, a Buddhist temple, and Lady Penh, the city's founder. It sits at the confluence of the Tonlé Sap and Mekong rivers, and is the start of the Bassac River. It is also the seat of Cambodia's monarchy, based at the Royal Palace.

Founded in 1372, Phnom Penh succeeded Angkor Thom as the national capital in 1434 following the fall of Angkor, and remained so until 1497.[9] It regained its capital status during the French colonial era. It underwent a period of investment and modernization during Cambodia's independence period, earning the nickname the "Pearl of Asia" for its colonial French, New Khmer and Art Deco architecture.[10] The city's population swelled in the 1960s and 1970s as refugees fled from civil war and American bombing during the Vietnam War. Phnom Penh's entire population was forcibly evacuated in 1975 by the Khmer Rouge, and faced persecution, forced labour and genocide. Phnom Penh remained largely uninhabited during the Democratic Kampuchea era until Vietnam-backed forces took the city in 1979. The city was reconstructed and infrastructure improved in the modern era with the support of international investment and aid. By 2019, it was home to more than 2 million people, approximately 14% of the Cambodian population.[4]

The Greater Phnom Penh area includes the nearby Ta Khmau city and some districts of Kandal province.[11] The city formerly functioned as a processing center, with textiles, pharmaceuticals, machine manufacturing, and rice milling. It is also home to many prominent schools, colleges and universities. Its cultural institutions and events have made it a hub for domestic and international tourism.[12]

The city has hosted numerous regional and international events, the most notable being the 2002, 2012, and 2022 ASEAN Summit, the 32nd Southeast Asian Games, and the 12th ASEAN Para Games. Phnom Penh will be the first Cambodian city and the second city in Southeast Asia to host the Asian Youth Games in 2031.[13]

## Contents

* 1 Etymology
* 2 History
* 3 Geography
* 3.1 Climate
* 4 Administration
* 5 Demographics
* 5.1 Religion
* 6 Politics
* 6.1 Members of Parliament
* 7 Economy
* 8 Education
* 8.1 Universities and colleges
* 8.2 Primary schools, secondary schools, and high schools
* 8.3 International schools
* 8.4 Supplementary and extra schools
* 9 Culture
* 9.1 Cambodian New Year
* 9.2 Water Festival
* 9.3 Ancestors' Day
* 9.4 Visak Bochea
* 10 Cityscape and architecture
* 10.1 2035 master plan
* 11 Media
* 11.1 Dailies
* 11.1.1 Khmer
* 11.1.2 English
* 11.1.3 Chinese
* 11.2 Magazines
* 11.3 Online news
* 12 Sport
* 13 Transport
* 13.1 Public transport
* 13.2 Railway
* 13.3 Highways
* 14 Water supply
* 15 Twin towns – sister cities
* 16 Notable people
* 17 See also
* 18 Notes
* 19 References
* 20 Bibliography
* 21 External links

## Etymology

Phnom Penh (lit. Penh's hill) takes its name from the present Wat Phnom (lit. hill temple), or from the ancient Funan Kingdom, which existed from the 1st to the 7th century AD in Southeast Asia and was the forerunner of the current Cambodian monarchy. Legend has it that in 1372, a wealthy widow named Penh found a Koki tree floating down the Tonlé Sap River after a storm.[14] Inside the tree were four bronze Buddha statues and a stone statue of Vishnu. Penh ordered villagers to raise the height of the hill northeast of her house and used the Koki wood to build a temple on the hill to house the four Buddha statues, and a shrine for the Vishnu image slightly lower down. The temple became known as Wat Phnom Daun Penh, which is now known as Wat Phnom, a small hill 27 metres (89 ft) in height.

Phnom Penh's former official name is Krong Chaktomuk Serei Mongkol (Khmer: ក្រុងចតុមុខសិរីមង្គល, lit. "city of Brahma's faces"), in its short form as Krong Chaktomuk (lit. city of four faces). Krong Chaktomuk is an abbreviation of the full name, given to it by King Ponhea Yat: Krong Chaktomuk Mongkol Sakal Kampuchea Thipadei Serei Theakreak Bavar Intabat Borei Roat Reach Seima Moha Nokor (Khmer: ក្រុងចតុមុខមង្គលសកលកម្ពុជាធិបតី សិរីធរបវរ ឥន្ទបត្តបុរី រដ្ឋរាជសីមាមហានគរ km). This loosely translates as "the place of four rivers that gives the happiness and success of the Khmer Kingdom, the highest leader as well as impregnable city of the God Indra of the great kingdom".[15]

## History

The initial settlement of Phnom Penh is believed to have been established since the 5th century AD, according to the discovery of ancient kiln site in Choeung Ek commune of Dangkao district, southern part of central Phnom Penh in the early 2000s. Choeung Ek archaeological site was one of the largest kiln pottery center in Cambodia and the earliest known kiln sites in Southeast Asia to produce the ceremonial vessels known as kendi from 5th to 13th century.[16] Archaeologists stated that a large community is surrounded by a circular earthwork structure that is 740 metres in diameter and 4 metres high, built in the 11th century. In addition, there are remnants of other ancient village infrastructure, irrigation system, inscription, Shiva linga as well as an ancient brick temple foundation and its ornate remains which dated back to Funan era.[2][17]

First recorded a century after it is said to have taken place, the legend of the founding of Phnom Penh tells of a local woman, Penh (commonly referred to as Daun Penh (Lady Penh in Khmer), living at Chaktomuk, the future Phnom Penh.[18] It was the late 14th century,[19] and the Khmer capital was still at Angkor near Siem Reap 350 km (217 mi) to the north. Gathering firewood along the banks of the river, Lady Penh spied a floating koki tree in the river and fished it from the water. Inside the tree she found four Buddha statues and one of Vishnu.[20][21]

Phnom Penh from east drawn in 1887.Stupa of King Ponhea Yat on the top of Wat Phnom

The discovery was taken as a divine blessing, and to some a sign that the Khmer capital was to be brought to Phnom Penh from Angkor.[22] To house the new-found sacred objects, Penh raised a small hill on the west bank of the Tonle Sap River and crowned it with a shrine, now known as Wat Phnom at the north end of central Phnom Penh. "Phnom" is Khmer for "hill" and Penh's hill took on the name of the founder, and the area around it became known after the hill.[23][24]

Phnom Penh first became the capital of Cambodia after Ponhea Yat (c. 1390 – 1463),[19] king of the Khmer Empire, moved the capital from Angkor Thom after it was captured and destroyed by Siam a few years earlier. There is a stupa[lower-alpha 2] behind Wat Phnom that houses the remains of Ponhea Yat and the royal family as well as the remaining Buddhist statues from the Angkorean era. In the 17th century, Japanese immigrants also settled on the outskirts of present-day Phnom Penh.[26] A small Portuguese community survived in Phnom Penh until the 17th century, undertaking commercial and religious activity in the country.[27]

Phnom Penh remained the royal capital for 73 years, from 1432 to 1505. It was abandoned for 360 years (from 1505 to 1865) by subsequent kings due to internal fighting between the royal pretenders. Later kings moved the capital several times and established their royal capitals at various locations in Tuol Basan (Srey Santhor), Pursat, Longvek, Lavear Em and Oudong.[28]

From 1673 to 1674, Phnom Penh was the stronghold of rebel king Kaev Hua II.[29] After the Cambodian revolt of 1812, king Ang Chan II began to reign in the area. The Vietnamese general Lê Văn Duyệt built An Man Thành, a fortress garrisoned by Vietnamese army. After the Siamese–Vietnamese War (1833–1834), Đại Nam annexed Cambodia, the An Man garrison was renamed Nam Vang and the became the administrative center of the Vietnamese Tây Thành province. When Cambodian suzerainty was restored in 1847, the royal seat remained in Oudong.

During the Vietnam War, Cambodia was used as a base by the People's Army of Vietnam and the Viet Cong, and thousands of refugees from across the country flooded the city to escape the fighting between their own government troops, the People's Army of Vietnam, the Viet Cong, the South Vietnamese and their allies, the Khmer Rouge, and American air strikes. By 1975, the population was 2–3 million, the bulk of whom were refugees from the fighting.[30] The Khmer Rouge cut off supplies to the city for more than a year before it fell on 17 April 1975.[14] Reports from journalists stated that the Khmer Rouge shelling "tortured the capital almost continuously", inflicting "random death and mutilation" on millions of trapped civilians.[31] The Khmer Rouge forcibly evacuated the entire city after taking it, in what has been described as a death march: François Ponchaud wrote that "I shall never forget one cripple who had neither hands nor feet, writhing along the ground like a severed worm, or a weeping father carrying his ten-year old daughter wrapped in a sheet tied around his neck like a sling, or the man with his foot dangling at the end of a leg to which it was attached by nothing but skin";[32] Jon Swain recalled that the Khmer Rouge were "tipping out patients from the hospitals like garbage into the streets....In five years of war, this is the greatest caravan of human misery I have seen".[33] All of its residents, including the wealthy and educated, were evacuated from the city and forced to do difficult labour on rural farms as "new people".[34] Tuol Sleng High School was taken over by Pol Pot's forces and was turned into the S-21 prison camp, where people were detained and tortured. Pol Pot sought a return to an agrarian economy and therefore killed many people perceived as educated, "lazy", spies, or political enemies. Many others starved to death as a result of failure of the agrarian society and the sale of Cambodia's rice to China in exchange for bullets and weaponry. The former high school is now the Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum, where Khmer Rouge torture devices and photos of their victims are displayed. Choeung Ek (the Killing Fields), 15 kilometers (9 mi) away, where the Khmer Rouge marched prisoners from Tuol Sleng to be murdered and buried in shallow pits, is also now a memorial to those who were killed by the regime.

From top, left to right: Royal Throne Hall, Silver Pagoda, a street in Koh Pich, Sisowath Quay, Riverside Park, National Museum, Wat Phnom, Royal Stupas, Hotel Le Royal, Supreme Court Building

The Khmer Rouge were driven out of Phnom Penh by the People's Army of Vietnam in 1979,[35] and people began to return to the city. Vietnam is historically a state with which Cambodia has had many conflicts, therefore this liberation was and is viewed with mixed emotions by the Cambodians. A period of reconstruction began, spurred by the continuing stability of government, attracting new foreign investment and aid by countries including France, Australia, and Japan. Loans were made from the Asian Development Bank and the World Bank to reinstate a clean water supply, roads and other infrastructure. The 1998 Census put Phnom Penh's population at 862,000;[36] and the 2008 census was 1.3 million.[37] By 2019, its population reached over 2.2 million, based on general population census.[4]

On 9 September 2025, Phnom Penh's new airport Techo International Airport opened its doors to the public, replacing the former airport as the main aviation hub for the capital city.

## Geography

File:Mekong River, Sokha Phnom Penh Hotel - panoramio.jpgView of Phnom Penh from above, showing the confluence of the Tonlé Sap River and Mekong, and the filled in lake of Boeung Kak.

Phnom Penh is in the south-central region of Cambodia, and is fully surrounded by the Kandal province. The municipality is on the banks of the Tonlé Sap, Mekong, and Bassac Rivers. These rivers provide freshwater and other natural resources to the city. Phnom Penh and the surrounding areas consist of a typical flood plain area for Cambodia. Although Phnom Penh is at 11.89 metres (39 ft) above the river, monsoon season flooding is a problem, and the river sometimes overflows its banks. Boeung Kak, Phnom Penh's largest freshwater lake, was controversially filled in 2010 to make way for property development.[38]

The city covers an area of 678.46 square kilometres (262 sq mi), with some 11,401 hectares (28,172 acres) in the municipality and 26,106 ha (64,509 acres) of roads. The agricultural land in the municipality amounts to 34.685 km2 (13 sq mi) with some 1.476 km2 (365 acres) under irrigation.

### Climate

Phnom Penh has a tropical wet and dry climate (Köppen climate classification Aw). The climate is hot year-round with only minor variations. Temperatures typically range from 22 to 35 °C (72 to 95 °F) and weather is subject to the tropical monsoons. The southwest monsoon blows inland bringing moisture-laden winds from the Gulf of Thailand and Indian Ocean from May to November, sees high temperatures accompanied by high humidity. The dry season lasts from December to April; when overnight temperatures can drop to 22 °C (72 °F).

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## Administration

Phnom Penh Capital Hall Sections (khans) of Phnom Penh.

Phnom Penh is an autonomous municipality of area 678.46 square kilometres (261.95 sq mi) with a government status equal to that of the provinces. The autonomous municipality is subdivided into 14 administrative divisions called khans (sections). The district s are subdivided into 105 sangkats (quarters), and further subdivided into 953 phums (villages).[41] All khans are under the governance of Phnom Penh. Dangkao, Meanchey, Porsenchey, Sen Sok and Russey Keo are considered the outskirts of the city.

Phnom Penh is governed by the governor who acts as the top executive of the city as well as overseeing the Municipal Military Police, Municipal Police, and Bureau of Urban Affairs. Below the governor is the first vice governor and five vice governors. The chief of cabinet, who holds the same status as the vice governors, heads the cabinet consisting of eight deputy chiefs of cabinet who in turn are in charge of the 27 administrative departments. Every khans also has a chief.[42]

Phnom Penh administrative sections

ISO code  | Name  | Khmer  | Quarters  | Villages  | Population
1201 | Chamkar Mon | ខណ្ឌចំការមន | 5 | 40 | 70,772
1202 | Doun Penh | ខណ្ឌដូនពេញ | 11 | 134 | 155,069
1203 | Prampir Makara | ខណ្ឌប្រាំពីរមករា | 8 | 66 | 71,092
1204 | Tuol Kouk | ខណ្ឌទួលគោក | 10 | 143 | 145,570
1205 | Dangkao | ខណ្ឌដង្កោ | 12 | 81 | 159,772
1206 | Mean Chey | ខណ្ឌមានជ័យ | 7 | 59 | 248,464
1207 | Russey Keo | ខណ្ឌឫស្សីកែវ | 7 | 30 | 274,861
1208 | Sen Sok | ខណ្ឌសែនសុខ | 6 | 47 | 182,903
1209 | Pou Senchey | ខណ្ឌពោធិ៍សែនជ័យ | 7 | 75 | 226,971
1210 | Chroy Changvar | ខណ្ឌជ្រោយចង្វារ | 5 | 22 | 159,233
1211 | Prek Pnov | ខណ្ឌព្រែកព្នៅ | 5 | 59 | 188,190
1212 | Chbar Ampov | ខណ្ឌច្បារអំពៅ | 8 | 49 | 164,379
1213  | Boeng Keng Kang  | ខណ្ឌបឹងកេងកង  | 7  | 55  | 66,658
1214  | Kamboul  | ខណ្ឌកំបូល  | 7  | 93  | 75,526

Template:Cubemap viewer

## Demographics

Historical population

Year| Pop.| ±% p.a.
1950| 334,000| —
1960| 398,000| +1.77%
1970| 457,000| +1.39%
1975| 370,000| −4.14%
1978| 32,000| −55.78%
1980| 189,000| +143.03%
1985| 351,000| +13.18%
1990| 634,000| +12.55%
1995| 925,000| +7.85%
2000| 1,284,000| +6.78%
2005| 1,677,000| +5.49%
2010| 2,101,725| +4.62%
2019| 2,129,371[4]| +0.15%

As of 2019[update], Phnom Penh had a population of 2,129,371 people, with a total population density of 3,136 inhabitants per square kilometre in a 679 square kilometres (262 sq mi) city area.[4] The population growth rate of the city is 3.92%. The city area has grown fourfold since 1979, and the metro area will continue to expand in order to support the city's growing population and economy.

A survey by the National Institute of Statistics in 2017 showed that 95.3% of the population in Phnom Penh are Khmer, 4% Chams, and 0.7% others, predominantly Chinese, Vietnamese, and other small ethnic groups who are Thai, Budong, Mnong Preh, Kuy and Chong.[43]

The official language is Khmer, but English and French are widely used in the city. The number of slum-inhabitants at the end of 2012 was 105,771, compared with 85,807 at the start of 2012.[44]Template:Outdated statistic

Note: As stated in the "History" paragraph (The 1998 Census put Phnom Penh's population at 862,000;[36] and the 2008 census was 1.3 million.[37]) the information collides with the information provided in the "Historical population" table. Needs editing.

### Religion

Religion in Phnom Penh (2019 census)[45]

Buddhism (97.8%)

Islam (1.6%)

Christianity (0.5%)

Animism and Other religions (0.1%)

The state religion is Theravada Buddhism. More than 97.8% of the people in Phnom Penh are Buddhists. Chams, South Asians, and small minority of Khmers have been practicing Islam for hundreds of years. A small percentage follow Christianity. Mosques, Churches and Buddhist Temples can be found in the City.

## Politics

The National Assembly building of Cambodia Supreme Court Building

Phnom Penh is allocated 12 seats in the National Assembly, making it the largest constituency.

### Members of Parliament

Name  | Political party

|

1  | Pa Socheatvong | Cambodian People's Party
2  | Ith Sam Heng | Cambodian People's Party
3  | Mam Bunheng | Cambodian People's Party
4  | Ing Kuntha Phavi | Cambodian People's Party
5  | Kep Chuktema | Cambodian People's Party
6  | Hou Sry | Cambodian People's Party
7  | Krouch Sam An | Cambodian People's Party
8  | Lauk Kheng | Cambodian People's Party
9  | Ousman Hasan | Cambodian People's Party
10  | Cheap Sivon | Cambodian People's Party
11  | Pich Kimsreang | Cambodian People's Party
12  | Ly Chheng | Cambodian People's Party

## Economy

The Central Post Office Building The Hong Kong Center, headquarters of oil producer TotalEnergies in Cambodia

The economy is based on commercial interests such as garments, trading, and small and medium enterprises. In the past few years[when?] the property business has been booming, with rapidly increasing real estate prices. Tourism is also a major contributor in the capital as more shopping and commercial centres open, making Phnom Penh one of the major tourist destinations in South East Asia along with Siem Reap and Sihanoukville. According to the World Travel and Tourism Council, tourism made up 19.2 percent (US$2,053 million) of Cambodia's GDP in 2009 and accounts for 13.7 percent of total employment.[46] One of the most popular areas in Phnom Penh for tourists is Sisowath Quay, alongside the Tonle Sap River. Sisowath Quay is a five kilometre strip of road that includes restaurants, bars, and hotels.[47]

The US$2.6 billion new urban development, Camko City, is meant to bolster the city landscape. The Bureau of Urban Affairs of Phnom Penh Municipality has plans to expand and construct new infrastructure to accommodate the growing population and economy. High rise buildings will be constructed at the entrance of the city and near the lakes and riverbanks. Furthermore, new roads, canals, and a railway system will be used to connect Camko City and Phnom Penh.[48]

Other projects include:

* Grand Phnom Penh International City (under construction)
* Gold Tower 42 (On hold 32 floors construction begins again in the mid of 2018)
* Kokling super second floor house
* Vattanac Capital Tower
* The Peak

The tallest skyscraper in Phnom Penh is Vattanac Capital Tower at a height of 188 metres (617 ft), dominating Phnom Penh's skyline with its neighbour skyscraper Canadia Tower (OCIC Tower).[49] The tower was completed in December 2014. Modern high rises have been constructed all around the city, not concentrated in any one particular area.

## Education

### Universities and colleges

Buddhist Institute Royal University of Phnom Penh Campus II Institute of Foreign Languages Institut de Technologie du Cambodge Name  | Khmer

|

American University of Phnom Penh | សាកលវិទ្យាល័យអាមេរិកាំងភ្នំពេញ
BELTEI International University | សាកលវិទ្យាល័យប៊ែលធីអន្តរជាតិ
Cambodia Academy of Digital Technology | បណ្ឌិត្យសភាបច្ចេកវិទ្យាឌីជីថលកម្ពុជា
University of Cambodia (UC) | សាកលវិទ្យាល័យកម្ពុជា
International University (IU) | សាកលវិទ្យាល័យអន្តរជាតិ
École Royale d'Administration (ERA) | សាលាភូមិន្ទរដ្ឋបាល
Royal University of Phnom Penh (RUPP) | សាកលវិទ្យាល័យភូមិន្ទភ្នំពេញ
Royal University of Law and Economics (RULE) | សាកលវិទ្យាល័យភូមិន្ទនីតិសាស្ត្រ និងវិទ្យាសាស្ត្រសេដ្ឋកិច្ច
Royal University of Fine Arts (RUFA) | សាកលវិទ្យាល័យភូមិន្ទវិចិត្រសិល្បៈ
Royal University of Agriculture (RUA) | សាកលវិទ្យាល័យភូមិន្ទកសិកម្ម
National University of Management (NUM) | សាកលវិទ្យាល័យជាតិគ្រប់គ្រង
Institute of Technology of Cambodia (ITC) | វិទ្យាស្ថានបច្ចេកវិទ្យាកម្ពុជា
Buddhist Institute | វិទ្យាស្ថានពុទ្ធសាសនបណ្ឌិត្យ
Royal Academy of Cambodia | រាជបណ្ឌិត្យសភាកម្ពុជា
Cambodian Agricultural Research and Development Institute | វិទ្យាស្ថានស្រាវជ្រាវ និងអភិវឌ្ឍកសិកម្មកម្ពុជា
National Institute of Business | វិទ្យាស្ថានជាតិពាណិជ្ជសាស្ត្រ
National Institute of Education | វិទ្យាស្ថានជាតិអប់រំ
National Polytechnic Institute of Cambodia | វិទ្យាស្ថានជាតិពហុបច្ចេកទេសកម្ពុជា
National Technical Training Institute | វិទ្យាស្ថានជាតិបណ្តុះបណ្តាលបច្ចេកទេស
Paññāsāstra University of Cambodia | សាកលវិទ្យាល័យបញ្ញាសាស្ត្រកម្ពុជា
Preah Sihanouk Raja Buddhist University | ពុទ្ធិកសាកលវិទ្យាល័យព្រះសីហនុរាជ
Prek Leap National College of Agriculture | សាលាជាតិកសិកម្មព្រែកលៀប
University of Health Sciences | សាកលវិទ្យាល័យវិទ្យាសាស្ត្រសុខាភិបាល
University of Puthisastra | សាកលវិទ្យាល័យពុទ្ធិសាស្ត្រ
Preah Kosomak Polytechnic Institute | វិទ្យាស្ថានពហុបច្ចេកទេសព្រះកុសុមៈ
Limkokwing University of Creative Technology | សាកលវិទ្យាល័យ លីមកុកវីង[50]
Industrial Technical Institute | វិទ្យាស្ថានបច្ចេកទេសឧស្សាហកម្ម
Paragon International University | សាកលវិទ្យាល័យអន្តរជាតិផារ៉ាហ្គន
Institute For Development of Economy (IDE) | វិទ្យាស្ថានអភិវឌ្ឍន៍សេដ្ឋកិច្ច
Western University | សាកលវិទ្យាល័យវេស្ទើន
Student Development Institute (SDI) | វិទ្យាស្ថានអភិវឌ្ឍន៍និស្សិត
Asia Euro University | សាកលវិទ្យាល័យអាស៊ី អឺរ៉៉ុប

### Primary schools, secondary schools, and high schools

Name  | Name in Khmer

|

Bak Touk High School | វិទ្យាល័យបាក់ទូក
Chaktomuk Secondary School | អនុវិទ្យាល័យចតុមុខ
Chbar Ampov High School | វិទ្យាល័យច្បារអំពៅ
Chea Sim Boeng Kang Kang High School | វិទ្យាល័យជាស៊ីមបឹងកេងកង
Chea Sim Chroy Changvar High School | វិទ្យាល័យជាស៊ីមជ្រោយចង្វារ
Chea Sim Samaky High School | វិទ្យាល័យជាស៊ីមសាមគ្គី
Chea Sim Santhormok High School | វិទ្យាល័យជាស៊ីមសន្ធរម៉ុក
Hun Sen-Bun Rany Phsar Daeum Thkov High School | វិទ្យាល័យហ៊ុនសែនប៊ុនរ៉ានីផ្សារដើមថ្កូវ
Indradevi High School | វិទ្យាល័យឥន្ទ្រទេវី
Lycée Sisowath | វិទ្យាល័យព្រះស៊ីសុវត្ថិ
Tuol Svay Prey High School | វិទ្យាល័យទួលស្វាយព្រៃ
Wat Koh High School | វិទ្យាល័យវត្តកោះ

### International schools

Name  | Name in Khmer

|

GloLink International School Phnom Penh (GIS) |
Singapore (Cambodia) International Academy (SCIA) | សាលារៀនអន្តរជាតិស៊ីងហ្គាពួរ (ខេមបូឌា) អ៊ិនធើណេសិនណាល អេឃើឌឹមី
Abundant Life International School (ALIS) | សាលាអន្តរជាតិអាប៊ែនឌែនឡៃ
American Intercon School American Intercon School (AIS) | សាលារៀនអន្តរទ្វីបអាមេរិកាំង, Salariĕn Ántărătvib Amérĭkăng
Australian International School Phnom Penh (AISPP) |
Beijing International School | សាលាអន្តរជាតិប៉េកាំង, Sala Ántărăchéatĕ Pékăng
BELTEI International School | សាលាប៊ែលធីអន្តរជាតិ, Sala Bêlthi Ántărăchéatĕ
British International School of Phnom Penh |
CIA First International School | សាលាអន្តរជាតិស៊ីអាយអេហ្វឺសត៍, Sala Ántărăchéatĕ Si'ay'é Fœst
Canadian International School of Phnom Penh (CISP) |
East-West International School | សាលាអន្តរជាតិអ៊ិសវ៉េស, Sala Ántărăchéatĕ 'Ĭs Vés
DK SchoolHouse | សាលាអន្តរជាតិ ឌីខេ ស្គូលហោស៍ DK Schoolhouse, International school [51]
Footprint International School |
Harrods International Academy |
Home of English International School | Where learning is serious fun[52]
iCAN British International School |
International School of Phnom Penh (ISPP) | សាលារៀនអន្តរជាតិភ្នំពេញ
International School of Singapore |
Invictus International School Phnom Penh |
Japanese School of Phnom Penh | 金边日本学校
Lycée français René Descartes de Phnom Penh |
New Gateway International School | សាលាញូវហ្គេតវ៉េអន្តរជាតិ
Northbridge International School |
Paragon International School | សាលារៀនអន្តរជាតិផារ៉ាហ្គន, Salariĕn Ántărăchéatĕ Pharagân
Southbridge International School |
Advanced International School | សាលារៀនអន្តរជាតិអ៊ែតវ៉ាន់, 顶尖国际学校
LOGOS International School (LIS) |

### Supplementary and extra schools

English  | Original Name

|

Japanese Supplementary School of Phnom Penh | (プノンペン補習授業校, Punonpen Hoshū Jugyō Kō)
Rodwell Learning Center | សាលាបង្រៀនគួររ៉ដវែល, Sala Bángriĕn Kuŏr Râdvêl

The Japanese Supplementary School of Phnom Penh, formerly known in English as the Phnom Penh Japanese School,[53][54] is a part-time Japanese School, operated by the Japanese Association of Cambodia (JACAM;カンボジア日本人会 Kambojia Nihonjin-kai). It is in Sangkat Toek Thla in Sen Sok.[55] It was established in 2002. It had 60 students in June 2011.[56]

## Culture

"Dried" version of Phnom Penh noodles with soup broth on the side.

Phnom Penh also has its own dialect of Khmer. Speakers of the Phnom Penh dialect often elide syllables, which has earned it a reputation for being lazy speech. Phnom Penh is also known for its influence on New Khmer Architecture. Phnom Penh is notable for Ka tieu Phnom Penh, its variation on rice noodle soup, a dish available in sit-down cafes as well as street cafes.

The city hosts a number of music events throughout the city. Indie bands have grown in number due also in part to the emergence of private music schools such as SoundsKool Music (also operating in the city of Siem Reap), and Music Arts School (registered as a non-governmental organization). The Cambodian fishing dance originated in Phnom Penh at the Royal University of Fine Arts in the 1960s.[57]

The Cambodian fishing dance originated from Phnom Penh.

The two most visited museums in the city are the National Museum, which is the country's leading historical and archaeological museum, and Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum, a former Khmer Rouge prison. The National Museum hosts celebrations of Cambodian dance and music, including a popular classic Apsara dance show of traditional folk dances as well as original creations.

### Cambodian New Year

At this time, Phnom Penh celebrates Cambodian New Year, an occasion increasingly popular with tourists. During this typically hottest part of the year, water gets thrown around adding to the party atmosphere along with dancing and music. The precise date changes year-by-year but this holiday lasts, at least, three days. This festival marks the turn of the year based on the ancient Khmer calendar and also marks the end of the prior year harvest.

### Water Festival

The largest annual festival in Phnom Penh, this lively gathering celebrates the reversing of the flow of the Tonlé Sap River. The holiday lasts three days as people flood into the city to enjoy the fireworks, boat races, live concerts, eating and partying. The boat racing dates back to ancient times marking the strengths of the Khmer marine forces during the Khmer Empire.

On 22 November 2010, at least 348 people were crushed to death in a bridge stampede at the festival.[58]

### Ancestors' Day

Ancestors' Day, also called Pchum Ben, is a very important aspect of Cambodian culture. It may be translated as "gathering together" to make offerings and is a time of reunion, commemoration, express love and appreciation for one's ancestors. By offering food and good karma to those possibly trapped in the spirit world, living relatives help assuage their misery and guide them back into the cycle of reincarnation.

### Visak Bochea

Vesākha is an annual holiday observed traditionally by Buddhists in Cambodia. Sometimes informally called "Buddha's Birthday", it actually encompasses the birth, enlightenment (nirvāṇa), and passing away (Parinirvāna) of Gautama Buddha.

## Cityscape and architecture

File:Statue of King Father Norodom Sihanouk.jpgNorodom Sihanouk Memorial File:View of Phnom Penh from SVAY CHROM.jpgPhnom Penh city at night

The oldest structure is Wat Phnom from the founding days of the city, constructed in 1373. The main tourist attractions are the Royal Palace with the Silver Pagoda, and the National Museum, constructed during the French colonial era in the late-19th century in the classical Khmer style and hosting a vast collection of Khmer antiquities. The Independence Monument (Khmer: Vimean Akareach), although from the 1950s, is also constructed in the ancient Khmer style.

The French, who were the colonial masters from the 19th century to the 1940s, also left their mark, with various colonial villas, French churches, such as the Phnom Penh Cathedral which was destroyed during the communist rule in Cambodia, boulevards, and the Art Deco market Phsar Thom Thmei. A notable landmark of the colonial era is the Hotel Le Royal.

Starting with independence from the French in the 1950s and lasting until the era of the Khmer Rouge in the 1970s, Phnom Penh underwent tremendous growth as the capital city of a newly independent country. King Sihanouk was eager to present a new style of architecture and thus invigorate the process of nation building. A new golden era of architecture took off, with various projects and young Khmer architects, often educated in France, given opportunities to design and construct. This new movement was called "New Khmer Architecture" and was often characterised by a fusion of Bauhaus, European post-modern architecture, and traditional elements from Angkor. The most prominent architect was Vann Molyvann, who was nominated chief national architect by the king himself in 1956. Molyvann created landmark buildings such as the Preah Suramarit National Theatre or the Vann Molyvann House. Other architects helped construct the newly founded Royal Khmer University, the Institute of Foreign Languages, and the National Sports Centre. With the growth of the upper and entrepreneurial middle

Statue of Lady Penh, the city's founder.

classes, new suburbs were built in the 1950s and 1960s. Although these buildings survived the Khmer Rouge era and the civil war, today they are under threat due to economic development and financial speculation.[59] Villas and gardens from that era are being destroyed and redeveloped to make place for bigger structures. The landmark National Theatre by Molyvann was razed in 2008. A movement is rising in Cambodia to preserve this modernist heritage. Old villas are sometimes being converted into boutique hotels, such as the Knai Bang Chatt.

Monuments and memorials to the genocide of the Khmer Rouge era in the 1970s are the Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum (a former high school used as a concentration camp) and, on the outskirts of the city, the Choeung Ek Genocide Center. The Cambodia-Vietnam Friendship Monument was commissioned by the Vietnamese communists as symbol of Khmer-Vietnamese friendship during the late-1970s following the liberation of Cambodia from the Khmer Rouge.

The population, foreign investment, and urban development in Phnom Penh grew dramatically during the 1990s and early-2000s. The rapid growth resulted in the city's infrastructure distinctly lacking (the drainage system is particularly notorious, and Phnom Penh frequently floods during the wet season), and a need for both residential and commercial spaces. The simultaneous demand for residential and commercial housing and the increase of international investment has led to the planning, if not construction, of several satellite cities. The largest of these cities are: Grand Phnom Penh International City, CamKo City, Diamond Island City, Boeung Kak Town, and Chruy Cangva City.

Thai Boon Roong Twin Tower World Trade Center is a planned skyscraper complex in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, consisting of twin 133-storey skyscrapers with a height of 567 m (1,860 ft). The project is managed by the Cambodian company Thai Boon Roong Group, with the Macau-based Sun Kian Ip Group as co-developer. It is planned to be built on a 5 hectare property in the Doun Penh section, formerly occupied by the Dreamland amusement park, and was approved for construction in February 2016. In December of that year, the developers entered a $2.7 billion construction contract with Chinese firms Wuchang Shipbuilding Industry Group and Sino Great Wall International Engineering, who formed a joint venture for this purpose.

If built, the twin skyscrapers would be the second tallest buildings in Southeast Asia—after Merdeka 118, which has a height of 678.9 m (2,227 ft). Upon completion, the Thai Boon Roong Twin Towers would surpass the Petronas Towers as the world's tallest twin skyscraper (as of 2026).

A groundbreaking ceremony was held on the site in 2018, however, later that year, Sino Great Wall International Engineering withdrew from the project due to concerns over financing and citing "greater uncontrollable risks." As of 2022, the project has been "failing to materialize", according to Southeast Asia Globe, and, as of 2023, the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat website lists the project's status as "proposed". The company has cited the COVID-19 pandemic as a reason for the delay.

On the outskirts of the city, farmland has been developed into garment factories and housing for lower economic classes and those displaced by the new development in the city center.

File:Panoramic view of Phnom Penh.jpg

Panoramic view of Phnom Penh from City Center

250x150px  | 250x150px  | 250x150px  | 250x150px  | 250x150px

|
|
|
|

National Museum, designed in the early-1920s by George Groslier.  | Royal Throne Hall, constructed in the 1860s under King Norodom I.  | Façade, Hotel Le Royal, built in 1929 in the reign of King Sisowath Monivong.  | Colonial villa in Phnom Penh.  | Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction.

Phnom Penh city at night revealing skylines and the royal palace, viewed from the east bank of Tonle Sap river in September 2019.

### 2035 master plan

Originally intended to be completed by 2020, the 2035 master plan[60] is a French-funded project for the development of Phnom Penh. Although the plan was approved by the Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction in 2005, it has yet to be ratified by the Cabinet of Cambodia. The original plan details five edge-city projects connected to the historical city centre by waterways and tree-lined corridors.[61]

## Media

### Dailies

#### Khmer

* Sralagn' Khmer (Love Khmer)
* Chakraval Daily (Universe)
* Kampuchea Thmei Daily (New Cambodia)
* Kampuchea Tgnai Nis (Cambodia Today)
* Kanychok Sangkhum (Social Reflection)
* Koh Santepheap (Island of Peace)
* Moneaksekar Khmer (Khmer Conscience) – Published by the Sam Rainsy Party.
* Rasmei Kampuchea (Light of Kampuchea) – Cambodia's largest daily, it circulates about 18,000 copies.
* Samleng Yuvachun (Voice of Khmer Youth)
* Udomkate Khmer (Khmer Ideal)
* Wat Phnom Daily (Mount Temple)

#### English

* Phnom Penh Post, a daily English-language newspaper published in Phnom Penh.
* The Cambodia Daily, an English-language daily newspaper (fled from Cambodia in 2017, still operating online).
* Khmer Times, an English-language daily newspaper.

#### Chinese

* 《柬華日報》(Jianhua Daily), a daily Chinese-language newspaper published in Phnom Penh.
* 《星洲日報》(Sin Chew Daily), a Chinese-language daily newspaper, the Cambodian edition of the Malaysian Chinese daily of the same name.
* 《華商日報》(Huashang Daily), a Chinese-language daily newspaper.
* 《高棉日报》(Khmer Daily), a Chinese-language daily newspaper.
* 《新柬埔寨》(New Cambodia), a Chinese-language daily newspaper.

### Magazines

* AsiaLIFE Guide Phnom Penh, a monthly English-language lifestyle magazine published in Phnom Penh. (Ceased in 2018)
* F Magazine, the first fashion-forward magazine in Cambodia. Bi-lingual, written in English and Khmer.
* SOVRIN Magazine, is the fashion glossy magazine in Cambodia which written in khmer language.

### Online news

* Thmey Thmey Phnom Penh[62]
* Sabay News Phnom Penh[63]
* Fresh News Phnom Penh[64]

## Sport

The most prominent sporting venues in the city are the Morodok Techo National Stadium with a capacity of 60,000, which opened in 2021 as the home to the Cambodia national football team and the Phnom Penh National Olympic Stadium with a capacity of 30,000[65] — although the country never hosted the Olympic Games due to disruption by the civil war and the Khmer Rouge in the 1970s, which built in 1964[65] as the co-home to the Cambodia national football team.[66] On completion, the stadium was one of the largest in Asia. Volleyball, basketball, and Tai-Kwon-Do games are often hosted at the stadium. The stadium closed in 2000,[65] but was redeveloped and reopened.

In soccer ventures, Phnom Penh is formally represented by Phnom Penh Crown FC despite being home to numerous soccer teams who plays in the Cambodian League. Including Visakha, Nagaworld, Boeungket and the aforementioned Phnom Penh Crown, amongst many others. The National Sports Centre of Cambodia hosts swimming, boxing, and volleyball competitions. Noted local football clubs include Phnom Penh Empire, Khemara Keila FC and Military Police. The city hosted the 2023 Southeast Asian Games and the 2023 ASEAN Para Games, this marked the first time that Cambodia has hosted a multi-sport event. The city will host the 2029 Asian Youth Games.

## Transport

File:Techo International Airport Terminal.jpgPhnom Penh Techo International Airport

Techo International Airport, which opened on the 9th of September 2025, is the largest and busiest airport in Cambodia.[67] It is located 20 km south of Phnom Penh.[68] It replaced Phnom Penh International Airport as the city's main aviation hub. The airport is connected to the city center by taxi, train, and shuttle bus. Cambodia's national flag carrier, Cambodia Angkor Air (later rebranched as Air Cambodia in 2025), launched in 2009, is headquartered in Phnom Penh and has its main hub there, with an additional hub at the Siem Reap–Angkor International Airport.[69] Air France used to serve Phnom Penh from Paris-Charles de Gaulle but this service has since stopped. Qatar Airways now flies to and from Phnom Penh, via Saigon. Taxis, pick-ups, and minibuses leave the city for destinations all over the country, but are fast losing ground to cheaper and more comfortable buses. Phnom Penh also has a rail service. There are numerous bus companies, including Phnom Penh Public Transport and GST Express, running services to most provincial capitals, including Sihanoukville, Kampong Chhnang, Oudong and Takéo. Phnom Penh Sorya Transport Co. offers bus service to several provincial destinations along the National Routes and to Saigon.[14] Giant Ibis is another bus company based in Phnom Penh, which travels to Sihanoukville, Kampot, Siem Reap and Saigon, and has free Wi-Fi, air conditioning and modest pricing.

The city is Cambodia's main freshwater port, a major port on the Mekong River. It is linked to the South China Sea, 290 kilometres distant, via a channel of the Mekong in Vietnam.

### Public transport

Phnom Penh BRT bus approaching Monivong-Sihanouk station

Phnom Penh is served by air conditioned public buses. Initial attempts by the Japanese government to develop a Phnom Penh bus service began in 2001. An update of the JICA urban transport master plan for Phnom Penh was completed and implemented in 2014.[70] The city is now served by 21 bus lines, operated by the Phnom Penh municipal government. Private transportation within the city include the cycle rickshaw, known in Khmer as "cyclo", the motorcycle taxi known in Khmer as "moto", the auto rickshaw known locally as "tuk-tuk", the trailer attached to a motorcycle taxi known in Khmer as "remorque", and the standard automobile taxicab known in Khmer as "taxi".[71] Private forms of transportation used by locals include bicycles, motorbikes, and cars.

### Railway

File:Railway Station - Phnom Penh.JPGPhnom Penh Railway Station (2012)

Phnom Penh railway station is a railway station in Phnom Penh. It is located next to the University of Health Sciences and the National University of Management as well as the Canadian embassy. This station was renovated and formally reopened October 22, 2010.

Scheduled passenger train services between Phnom Penh and Sihanoukville resumed in May 2016 after having been suspended for 14 years.[72][73] After that, many passenger train service continue to resume. As of May 2021, there is scheduled train service between Phnom Penh to Krong Pursat, Krong Battambang, Krong Sisophon, and Poipet at the Border to Thailand.

### Highways

As the capital of Cambodia, a number of national highways connect the city with various parts of the country:

National Highway | Code | Length | Origin | Terminal

|
|
|
|

National Highway 1 | 10001 | 167.10 km  | 103.83 mi | Phnom Penh | Vietnamese Border
National Highway 2 | 10002 | 120.60 km  | 74.94 mi | Phnom Penh | Vietnamese Border
National Highway 3 | 10003 | 202.00 km  | 125.52 mi | Phnom Penh | Veal Renh
National Highway 4 | 10004 | 226.00 km  | 140.43 mi | Phnom Penh | Sihanoukville
National Highway 5 | 10005 | 407.45 km  | 253.18 mi | Phnom Penh | Thai Border
National Highway 6 | 10006 | 416.00 km  | 258.49 mi | Phnom Penh | Banteay Meanchey
National Highway 7 | 10007 | 509.17 km  | 316.38 mi | Skun (Cheung Prey District) | Lao Border

In 2023, a new expressway linking Phnom Penh with Sihanoukville came into operation.[74]: 29 The expressway was built by China, which has a major role in infrastructure development in Cambodia through the Belt and Road Initiative.[74]: 29

## Water supply

Water supply in Phnom Penh has improved dramatically in terms of access, service quality, efficiency, cost recovery and governance between 1993 and 2006. The number of customers has increased ninefold, service quality has improved from intermittent to continuous supply, water losses have been cut dramatically and the city's water utility went from being bankrupt to making a modest profit.[75] These achievements were recognized through international awards such as the 2006 Ramon Magsaysay Award and the 2010 Stockholm Industry Water Award.[76] The city's water utility is the Phnom Penh Water Supply Authority (PPWSA). Its main water sources are the Mekong River, the Tonle Sap river and the Tonle Bassac river.

## Twin towns – sister cities

Phnom Penh is twinned with:

* Bangkok, Thailand[77]
* Beijing, China[78]
* Busan, South Korea[79]
* Chongqing, China[80]
* Cleveland, United States[81]
* Hanoi, Vietnam[82]
* Hefei, China[83]
* Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam[84]
* Incheon, South Korea[85]
* Template:Country data JAP Kitakyushu, Japan[86]
* Kunming, China[87]
* Long Beach, United States[88]
* Lowell, United States[89]
* Shanghai, China[90]
* Shenzhen, China[91]
* Shantou, China[92]

## Notable people

* Tep Boprek, musician
* George Groslier, French polymath, historian, archaeologist
* Patricia Hy-Boulais, professional tennis player
* Theavy Mok (born 1963), first plastic surgeon in Cambodia
* Ieu Pannakar, film maker
* Makhali-Phâl, author
* Veth Rathana, actress
* Norodom Sihamoni, King of Cambodia
* Mu Sochua, politician
* Preap Sovath, Cambodian singer
* Phal Sophorn, champion pradal serey boxer
* Chhet Sovanpanha, musician
* Loung Ung, author

## See also

* Special Economic Zones of Cambodia

## Notes

1. ↑ /pəˌnɒm ˈpɛn, ˌpnɒm -/;[6][7][8] Khmer: ភ្នំពេញ, Phnum Pénh km, lit. Penh's Hill/Mountain
2. ↑ The prominent stupa immediately west of the sanctuary contains the ashes of King Ponhea Yat and his royal family. This stupa is a significant historical site, reflecting the city's rich cultural heritage.[25]

## References

1. ↑ "ISO 3166 — Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions: Cambodia KH". https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:KH.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Bennett Murray (14 February 2015). "Ancient kiln site poised to 'disappear forever'". https://www.phnompenhpost.com/ancient-kiln-site-poised-disappear-forever.
3. ↑ Soth, Koemseoun (January 31, 2019). "Government establishes new districts, town for better management". The Phnom Penh Post. https://phnompenhpost.com/national/government-establishes-new-districts-town-better-management. "Two new districts, Boeung Keng Kang and Kamboul, have been added to Phnom Penh, the sub-decree states."
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 "General Population Census of the Kingdom of Cambodia 2019 – Final Results". National Institute of Statistics. Ministry of Planning. 26 January 2021. http://nis.gov.kh/nis/Census2019/Final General Population Census 2019-English.pdf.
5. ↑ "Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab" (in en). https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/.
6. ↑ Wells, John (3 April 2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Pearson Longman. ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0.
7. ↑ "Phnom Penh | Definition of Phnom Penh in US English by Oxford Dictionaries". Phnom Penh | Definition of Phnom Penh in US English by Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press.
8. ↑ (in en). HarperCollins Publishers.
9. ↑ "History of Phnom Penh". Phnom Penh Capital Hall. http://phnompenh.gov.kh/en/phnom-penh-city/history/.
10. ↑ De Launey, Guy (June 17, 2011). "Phnom Penh's fast-fading architectural treasures". BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20110616-phnom-penhs-fast-fading-architectural-treasures.
11. ↑ "Facts: Phnom Penh". Phnom Penh Capital Hall. http://phnompenh.gov.kh/en/phnom-penh-city/facts/.
12. ↑ (in en) Encyclopedia Britannica.
13. ↑ "OCA » Cambodia to host OCA's 5th Asian Youth Games in 2029". https://ocasia.org/news/2499-cambodia-to-host-ocas-5th-asian-youth-games-in-2029.html.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 "Phnom Penh Travel Guide | What to do in Phnom Penh" (in en). https://www.roughguides.com/cambodia/phnom-penh-around/.
15. ↑ "Sopheak wordpress". https://sopheak.wordpress.com/2009/01/29/phnom-penh-full-name/.
16. ↑ "Killing Fields of Choeung Ek | Phnom Penh, Cambodia | Attractions". https://www.lonelyplanet.com/cambodia/phnom-penh/attractions/killing-fields-of-choeung-ek/a/poi-sig/441632/355881.
17. ↑ Phon Kaseka. "Choeung Ek archaeological site: The priceless cultural resource for national heritage of Cambodia. (in Khmer)". https://ams.com.kh/khmercivilization/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2020/10/ស្ថានីយបុរាណជើងឯក.pdf.
18. ↑ "THE ORIGIN OF PHNOM PENH CITY". 28 March 2015. https://khmerlegends.blogspot.com/2015/03/the-origin-of-phnom-penh-city.html/.
19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Cambodianess (27 April 2024). "How Did Phnom Penh Get its Name?". https://www.cambodianess.com/article/how-did-phnom-penh-get-its-name.
20. ↑ "Wat Phnom – Phnom Penh". https://helloangkor.com/attractions/phnom-v/.
21. ↑ "The History of Phnom Penh". 16 November 2022. https://www.ekhmer.com/general-posts/the-history-of-phnom-penh/.
22. ↑ Cambodia. Krasuaṅ Ghosanākār nẏṅ Vappadharm (1990) (in km). Prajum rẏan breṅ Khmaer, Volume 5. Buddha Sāsanapaṇdity, Original from University of California, Berkeley. https://books.google.com/books?id=ITxfsj1iE38C.
23. ↑ "Wat Phnom: The Heart and Soul of Phnom Penh". 16 September 2023. https://phnompenhnow.com/wat-phnom-the-heart-and-soul-of-phnom-penh/.
24. ↑ "The Cambodian Legend of Phnom Penh: A Personal Journey Into the Origins of a Capital". 10 October 2024. https://www.cambodialifestyle.com/cambodian-legend-of-phnom-penh/.
25. ↑ "Wat Phnom History". February 2016. https://cambodiatourismfreeonline.blogspot.com/2016/02/wat-phnom-history.html.
26. ↑ Buth Reaksmey Kongkea (May 2, 2008). "Japanese Village in Cambodia during the 17th Century". General Public License. https://reaksmeykongkea.wordpress.com/2008/05/02/japanese-village-in-cambodia-during-the-17th-century/.
27. ↑ "CAMBODIA, THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN". https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/cambodia-catholic-church.
28. ↑ Martin Polkinghorne and Yuni Sato (April 2023). "EARLY MODERN CAMBODIA AND ARCHAEOLOGY AT LONGVEK". https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369849784.
29. ↑ George H. Kerr (15 June 1953). "RYUKYU KINGDOM AND PROVINCE BEFORE 1945". https://mickmc.tripod.com/rkapb1945.pdf.
30. ↑ Stuart-Fox, William, The Murderous Revolution: Life & Death in Pol Pot's Kampuchea, Alternative Publishing Co-Operative Limited, 1985, pp. 17.
31. ↑ Barron, John and Anthony Paul (1977), Murder of a Gentle Land, Reader's Digest Press, pp. 1–2.
32. ↑ Ponchaud, Francois (1978), Cambodia Year Zero, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, pp. 6–7.
33. ↑ Swain, John (1999), River of Time: A Memoir of Vietnam and Cambodia, Berkley Trade.
34. ↑ Stuart-Fox, pp. 7.
35. ↑ Richard, Cavendish. "History Today - Vietnamese take Phnom Penh : January 7th 1979". http://www.historytoday.com/MainArticle.aspx?m=33120&amid=30262260.
36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 General Population Census of Cambodia 1998, National Institute of Statistics, Ministry of Planning, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Cambodian 2008 census preliminary results, Statistics Japan 2–6, Tables 2.2–2.6
38. ↑ "Cambodia lake battle: How Boeung Kak became a puddle" (in en-GB). BBC News. 2011-08-14. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-14488100.
39. ↑ "Klimatafel von Phnom Penh / Kambodscha" (in de). Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world. Deutscher Wetterdienst. http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_489910_kt.pdf.
40. ↑ Cappelen, John; Jensen, Jens. "Cambodia – Phnom Penh" (in da). Climate Data for Selected Stations (1931–1960). Danish Meteorological Institute. p. 44. http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf.
41. ↑ "Gazetteer Database Online". National Committee for Sub-National Democratic Development. 2019. http://db.ncdd.gov.kh/gazetteer.
42. ↑ "Municipality of Phnom Penh". November 6, 2004. http://www.citynet-ap.org/En/user/resource/docs/241.pdf.
43. ↑ "Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey 2017". Ministry of Planning. National Institute of Statistics. November 2018. http://nis.gov.kh/nis/CSES/Final Report CSES 2017.pdf.
44. ↑ Phnom Penh's slums swell in 2012. Retrieved July 25, 2013.
45. ↑ "Final General Population Census 2019-English.pdf". National Institute of Statistics Ministry of planning. October 2020. http://nis.gov.kh/nis/Census2019/Final General Population Census 2019-English.pdf.
46. ↑ "Error: no `|title=` specified when using {{Cite web}}". http://www.clairebrownrealty.com/reports/Tourism for Economic Development in Cambodia - Media Global.pdf.Error:+no+`|title=`+specified when+using+{{[[Template:Cite+web|Cite+web]]}}&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http://www.clairebrownrealty.com/reports/Tourism%20for%20Economic%20Development%20in%20Cambodia%20-%20Media%20Global.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikibooks.org:Place:Phnom_Penh">
47. ↑ "Riverfront Map | Phnom Penh | Cambodia". http://www.canbypublications.com/maps/phnompenhriverfront.htm.
48. ↑ "People's Daily Online -- Cambodia unveils Phnom Penh development plan". http://english.people.com.cn/200507/18/eng20050718_196801.html.
49. ↑ "Vattanac Capital". Riverpalace.net. http://www.vattanaccapital.com/overview.php.
50. ↑ "Campuses & Contact Centres - Limkokwing University of Creative Technology (Cambodia)". http://limkokwing.edu.kh/university/contact.asp.
51. ↑ "Dk Schoolhouse to Remain Closed Until After Khmer New Year". https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/dk-schooouse-remain-closed-until-after-khmer-new-year-leah-soldner/.
52. ↑ "Home of English International School: Details and Fees". https://www.international-schools-database.com/in/phnom-penh/home-of-english-international-school-phnom-penh/.
53. ↑ "[1]." Japanese Association of Cambodia (JACAM;カンボジア日本人会 Kambojia Nihonjin-kai). Retrieved on May 14, 2020. "プノンペン補習授業校 (Japanese Supplementary School of Phnom Penh) 住所 No. 205B, St. Lum, Phumi Toek Thla, Sangkat Toek Thla, Khan Sen Sok, Phnom Penh, CAMBODIA"
54. ↑ "アジアの補習授業校一覧（平成25年4月15日現在）" (). Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Retrieved on February 13, 2015. "プノンペン Phnom Penh Japanese School No,3EO St.390 PhnomPenh Cambodia"
55. ↑ "Error: no `|title=` specified when using {{Cite web}}". http://www.jacam.cc/ppjs/intro. "プノンペン補習授業校 (Japanese Supplementary School of Phnom Penh) 住所 No. 205B, St. Lum, Phumi Toek Thla, Sangkat Toek Thla, Khan Sen Sok, Phnom Penh, CAMBODIA"Error:+no+`|title=`+specified when+using+{{[[Template:Cite+web|Cite+web]]}}&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http://www.jacam.cc/ppjs/intro&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikibooks.org:Place:Phnom_Penh">
56. ↑ "Project Completion Report Appendix 4 Manual". Japan International Cooperation Agency. p. 60. https://openjicareport.jica.go.jp:443/pdf/12113619_02.pdf.
57. ↑ Khmer Traditional Dance and Shadow Theater. (n.d.). Canby Publications. Retrieved August 19, 2020, from https://www.canbypublications.com/siemreap/srothersr.htm
58. ↑ Se, Suy (November 23, 2010). "Cambodia festival stampede leaves almost 350 dead". The Age (Melbourne). http://news.theage.com.au/breaking-news-world/cambodia-festival-stampede-leaves-almost-350-dead-20101123-184ew.html.
59. ↑ NAM, SYLVIA (2011). "Phnom Penh: From the Politics of Ruin to the Possibilities of Return". Traditional Dwellings and Settlements Review 23 (1): 55–68. ISSN 1050-2092.
60. ↑ "Phnom Penh master plan extended to 2035 | CBDA". http://www.cbda.org.kh/?p=1139.
61. ↑ Paling, Willem (2012). "Planning a Future for Phnom Penh: Mega Projects, Aid Dependence and Disjointed Governance". Urban Studies 49 (13): 2889–2912. doi:10.1177/0042098012452457. Bibcode: 2012UrbSt..49.2889P.
62. ↑ "Thmey Thmey". http://thmeythmey.com/index.php/.
63. ↑ "Sabay News". http://news.sabay.com.kh/.
64. ↑ "FRESH NEWS". http://en.freshnewsasia.com/index.php/en/.
65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 65.2 ppp_webadmin (April 27, 2001). "Stadium dream becomes public nightmare". http://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/stadium-dream-becomes-public-nightmare.
66. ↑ "Cambodian Fans Deflated After World Cup Loss – The Cambodia Daily". June 12, 2015. https://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/cambodian-fans-deflated-after-world-cup-loss-85436/.
67. ↑ "Techo International Airport stands ready to welcome the world" (in en). https://www.internationalairportreview.com/article/296216/techo-international-airport-stands-ready-to-welcome-the-world/.
68. ↑ "Techo International Airport | Projects" (in en). http://app-corporatewebsitefe-prod-u9d.azurewebsites.net/projects/techo-international-airport.
69. ↑ "Welcome". Cambodia Angkor Air. 2009. http://www.cambodiaangkorair.com/default.aspx?tabid=98.
70. ↑ Ratana, Uong. "Gridlock going nowhere fast | National news | The Phnom Penh Post - Cambodia's Newspaper of Record" (in en-gb). http://www.phnompenhpost.com/index.php/2012022854751/National-news/gridlock-going-nowhere-fast.html.
71. ↑ "Cyclos, motos, remorques, tuk tuks, taxis and transport in Cambodia" (in en-US). 2017-07-16. https://www.gnarfgnarf.com/cyclos-motos-remorques-tuk-tuks-and-transport-in-cambodia/.
72. ↑ Maierbrugger, Arno. "Passenger trains revived in Cambodia after 14-year-hiatus | Investvine" (in en-US). http://investvine.com/passenger-trains-revived-cambodia-14-year-hiatus/.
73. ↑ Peter Ford (5 June 2016). "Cambodia revives train service between Phnom Penh and Sihanoukville". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2016/jun/05/trains-phnom-penh-sihanoukville-kampot.
74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 Han, Enze (2024). The Ripple Effect: China's Complex Presence in Southeast Asia. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-769659-0.
75. ↑ "Water Actions - Cambodia - ADB.org". http://www.adb.org/water/actions/cam/PPWSA.asp.
76. ↑ "Phnom Penh Water Supply Authority Wins Stockholm Industry Water Award - SIWI". http://www.siwi.org/sa/node.asp?node=950.
77. ↑ "Relationship with Sister Cities". Bangkok Metropolitan Administration. http://iad.bangkok.go.th/en/list.
78. ↑ "Sister Cities". Beijing. http://english.beijing.gov.cn/beijinginfo/sistercities/.
79. ↑ "List of Sister Cities". Busan Metropolitan City. https://english.busan.go.kr/SisterCities.
80. ↑ "34年来重庆的朋友圈里有37个友好城市" (in zh). Sina. November 11, 2016. http://cq.sina.cn/news/sh/2016-11-11/detail-ifxxsmic5961247.d.html.
81. ↑ "Cleveland, Tenn., is now sister city to... Phnom Penh?". Chattanooga Times Free Press. 2012-07-24. https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/2012/jul/24/tn-cleveland-phnom-penh-are-sister-cities/.
82. ↑ "Khánh thành Đại lộ mang tên hai thủ đô kết nghĩa Phnom Penh-Hà Nội" (in vi). Đồng Nai. March 6, 2017. http://baodongnai.com.vn/thegioi/201703/khanh-thanh-dai-lo-mang-ten-hai-thu-do-ket-nghia-phnom-penh-ha-noi-2788423/.
83. ↑ "A List of Sister Cities of Anhui". Anhui Province. http://english.ah.gov.cn/AboutAnhui/InternationalExchanges/SisterProvincesandCities/4004821.html.
84. ↑ "Danh sách địa phương nước ngoài kết nghĩa với TpHCM" (in vi). Ho Chi Minh City. http://www.mofahcm.gov.vn/vi/hoptac_qt/nr041014110554/ns150417132533.
85. ↑ "Sister Cities & Affiliated Cities". Incheon Metropolitan City. https://www.incheon.go.kr/en/EN020101.
86. ↑ "姉妹・友好都市の紹介" (in ja). Kitakyushu. https://www.city.kitakyushu.lg.jp/soumu/file_0233.html.
87. ↑ "Sister Cities". Kunming. https://kunming.cn/en/sister_cities/index.shtml.
88. ↑ "Home". Sister Cities of Long Beach, California. https://www.sistercitiesoflongbeach.org/.
89. ↑ "Phnom Penh, Lowell Enter 'Sister City' Relationship". The Cambodia Daily. January 15, 2015. https://english.cambodiadaily.com/news/phnom-penh-lowell-enter-sister-city-relationship-76170/.
90. ↑ "市级友好城市" (in zh). Shanghai. http://wsb.sh.gov.cn/node550/index.html.
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## Bibliography

* Groslier, B.P. (2006). Angkor And Cambodia In the Sixteenth Century. Bangkok: Orchid Press.
* Igout, Michel; Dubuisson, Serge (1993). Phnom Penh Then and Now. Bangkok: White Lotus. ISBN 978-974-8495-84-2. OCLC 29795478.
* LeBoutillier, Kris; Ariff, Shahida (2004). Journey Through Phnom Penh: A Pictorial Guide to the Jewel of Cambodia. Singapore: Times Editions. ISBN 978-981-232-596-9. OCLC 55501046.
* Leroy, Joakim; Hoskin, John (2005). AZU's Dreams of Cambodia. Phnom Penh. Hong Kong: AZU Editions Ltd. ISBN 978-988-98140-2-1. OCLC 62328690.
* Kolnberger, Thomas (2020). Continuity and change: Transformations in the urban history of Phnom Penh, Cambodia, in: Southeast Asian Transformations. Urban and Rural Developments in the 21st Century, pp. 219–239, ed. by S. Kurfürst and S. Wehner. Transcript (Bielefeld). http://hdl.handle.net/10993/43963.

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