South Arabia

Short description: Historical region in Western Asia

South Arabia

جنوب الجزيرة العربية (Arabic)

Historical region of Arabia

Map of South Arabia

Country|  Yemen
Saudi Arabia
Oman

South Arabia (Arabic: جنوب الجزيرة العربية) is a historical region that consists of the southern region of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia, mainly centered in what is now the Republic of Yemen, yet it has also historically included Najran, Jizan, Al-Bahah, and 'Asir, which are presently in Saudi Arabia, and the Dhofar of present-day Oman.

South Arabia is inhabited by people possessing distinctive linguistic and ethnic affinities, as well as traditions and culture, transcending recent political boundaries. There are two indigenous language groups: the now extinct Old South Arabian languages and the unrelated Modern South Arabian languages, both members of the Semitic family. Template:History of Saudi ArabiaTemplate:History of Oman

## Contents

* 1 Etymology
* 2 History
* 3 Geography
* 3.1 Ancient
* 3.2 Islamic dynasties
* 3.3 Early modern and colonial
* 3.4 Modern
* 4 See also
* 5 References
* 6 External links

## Etymology

The term Yamnat was mentioned in Old South Arabian inscriptions on the title of one of the kings of the second Himyarite Kingdom known as Shammar Yahrʽish II. The term was probably referring to the southwestern coastline of the Arabian peninsula and the southern coastline between Aden and Hadramout.[1][2][3] One etymology derives Yemen from ymnt, meaning "South", and significantly plays on the notion of the land to the right (𐩺𐩣𐩬).[4] Other sources claim that Yemen is related to yamn or yumn, meaning "felicity" or "blessed", as much of the country is fertile.[5][6] The Romans called it Arabia Felix (fertile Arabia), as opposed to Arabia Deserta (deserted Arabia). Classical Latin and Greek writers used the name "India" to refer to South Arabia (ancient Yemen). The use of the term "India" arose from the fact that the Persians called the Abyssinians whom they came into contact in South Arabia by the name of the Cushitic people who lived next to them, i.e., Indians.[7] Southern Arabia was part of Indian Ocean trade routes[8] for millennia. With the advent of the Omani Empire,[9] ties were strengthened between India and the Eastern Coast of Africa and Madagascar.

## History

South Arabian forehead ornament, probably late 1800s, made of gold, pearls, turquoise, gemstones, exhibited in the Dallas Museum of Art (Dallas, Texas , US)

Three thousand years ago, several ancient states occupied the region of South Arabia, being M'ain, Qataban, Hadhramaut, and Saba.[10] In these ancient times South Arabia claimed several notable features: the famous dam at Marib, the cosmopolitan incense trade, as well as the legendary Queen of Sheba.[11] Two thousand years ago the Himyarites became the masters of South Arabia, dominating the region for several centuries. The Ethiopian Kingdom of Aksum invaded South Arabia first in the 3rd–4th centuries, then later in the 6th under King Kaleb who subjugated the region, c. 520. They were displaced by Persian forces of the Sassanid dynasty, c.575, who also arrived by sea.[12][13][14] A half-century later, in the year 6 A.H. (628), the region converted to Islam.[15]

## Geography

### Ancient

Ancient kingdoms and appellations:

* Saba'
* Ma'īn
* Qatabān
* Ḥaḑramawt
* Awsān
* Himyar
* Arabia Felix (the term the Romans used to refer to South Arabia)

Pre-Islamic foreign occupiers:

* Axum (3rd–4th, 6th centuries)
* Sasanian Empire[16] (6th–7th centuries).

### Islamic dynasties

* Umayyad 661–750
* Abbasid 750–897
* Ziyadid 819–1022
* Zaydi Imams 897-1962
* Najahid 1022-1158
* Sulaihid 1047–1138
* Zurayid 1083-1193
* Mahdids 1159–1174
* Ayyubid 1174–1228
* Rasulid 1229–1454
* Tahiride 1454–1526

### Early modern and colonial

Flag of Federation of South Arabia, Protectorate of British Empire.

* Northern
* Yemen Eyalet, Ottoman Empire (1517–1635)
* Yemeni Zaidi State (1597–1849)
* Yemen Vilayet, Ottoman Empire (1849–, 1872–1918)
* Principality of Najran (1633–1934)
* Southern
* Aden city
* Aden Province (1839–1937)
* Colony of Aden (1937–1963)
* Regional
* Sultanate of Lahej (1728–1967)
* Aden Protectorate (1874–1959)
* Federation of Arab Emirates of the South (1959–1962)
* Federation of South Arabia (1962–1967)
* Protectorate of South Arabia (1963–1967)

### Modern

Yemen:

* Unified
* Republic of Yemen (1990–present)
* Northern
* Idrisid Emirate (1906–1934)
* Sheikdom of Upper Asir (1916–1920)
* Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen (1918–1962)
* Yemen Arab Republic (1962–1990)
* Southern
* Qu'aiti Sultanate (1858–1967)
* People's Republic of South Yemen (1967–1970)
* People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (1970–1990)
* Other articles
* Yemeni Unification (1990)
* North Yemen and South Yemen
* Democratic Republic of Yemen (1994)
* Greater Yemen
* South Yemen insurgency
* Houthi insurgency in Yemen (2015)

Beyond Yemen:

* Najran, Jizan, 'Asir, Al-Bahah in Saudi Arabia
* Dhofar in Oman

## See also

* List of Yemen-related topics
* Official Website of the Al-Quaiti Royal Family of Hadhramaut

## References

1. ↑ Jawād ʻAlī (1968) (in ar). 1. Dār al-ʻIlm li-l-Malāyīn. p. 171.
2. ↑ Neuwirth, Angelika; Sinai, Nicolai; Marx, Michael (2010) (in en). The Qur??n in Context: Historical and Literary Investigations Into the Qur??nic Milieu. BRILL. ISBN 9789004176881. https://books.google.com/books?id=GcgCErhKGrAC&pg=PA33.
3. ↑ Smith, William Robertson. Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia. p. 193. ISBN 1117531937. "He was worshiped by the Madhij and their allies at Jorash (Asir) in Northern Yemen"
4. ↑ Beeston, A.F.L.; Ghul, M.A.; Müller, W.W.; Ryckmans, J. (1982). Sabaic Dictionary. University of Sanaa, YAR. p. 168. ISBN 2-8017-0194-7. https://archive.org/stream/mo3sab/Sabaic.Dictionary-pages-OCR#page/n0/mode/2up.
5. ↑ Vladimir Sergeyevich Solovyov (2007). Enemies from the East?: V. S. Soloviev on Paganism, Asian Civilizations, and Islam. Northwestern University Press. p. 149. ISBN 9780810124172. https://books.google.com/books?id=0J6oJjgvefQC&q=yemen+means+blessed&pg=PA149.
6. ↑ Edward Balfour (1873). Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia, Commercial, Industrial and Scientific: Products of the Mineral, Vegetable and Animal Kingdoms, Useful Arts and Manufactures, Band 5. Printed at the Scottish & Adelphi presses. p. 240. https://books.google.com/books?id=d9UBAAAAYAAJ&q=yemen+means+felicity&pg=RA1-PA240.
7. ↑ Origin Of Islam In Its Christian Environment Bell, Richard p.g 34
8. ↑ "Indian Ocean Trade Routes". https://www.thoughtco.com/indian-ocean-trade-routes-195514.
9. ↑ "William the Rebel: Musandam: The isolated land of the Shihuh". 19 December 2016. https://williamtherebel.blogspot.com/2016/12/musandam-isolated-land-of-shihuh.html.
10. ↑ Brian Doe, South Arabia (London: Thames & Hudson 1971) at 60–102.
11. ↑ Jean-Francois Breton, Arabia Felix (University of Notre Dame 1999) at 13–20, 23; 53–73; 3–5, 41–43.
12. ↑ al-Tabari, The History of al-Tabari, volume V, The Sasanids, the Byzantines, the Lakmids, and Yemen (S.U.N.Y. 1999), in Yemen: Ethiopian conquest at 179, 182–183, 204–208, 212; Persia over al-Habashah at 159–160, 236–249.
13. ↑ Stuart Munro-Hay, Aksum. An African civilization of late antiquity (Edinburgh Univ. 1991) at 71–74, 76–77 (3rd century), at 78–80 (4th century), at 84–88 (6th century).
14. ↑ Sally Ann Baynard, "Historical Setting" in The Yemens: Country Studies (Washington, D.C.: Foreign Area Studies, The American University, c.1985) 1–89, at 3–14: Ethiopians at 11–12 (4th century for 4 decades, 6th century for about 50 years); Persians at xiii, 12.
15. ↑ al-Tabari, The History of al-Tabari, volume VIII, The Victory of Islam (S.U.N.Y. 1997) at 114 (became Muslim).
16. ↑ Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Malik b. Hishām, al-Sīra al-Nabawiyya. 3rd edition. 4 vols. (Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 2010), 1:60-66; Fred M. Donner, Muhammad and The Believers: At the Origins of Islam (Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2012), 34; G.W. Bowersock, The Throne of Adulis: Red Sea Wars on the Eve of Islam (Oxford University Press, 2013), 117.

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* Greater Western Sydney
* Hunter
* Mid North Coast
* Northern Rivers
* North West Slopes
* Northern Tablelands
* Riverina
* South Coast
* South West Slopes
* Southern Tablelands
* Western Plains

Northern Territory|

* Arnhem Land
* Barkly Tableland
* Central Australia
* Darwin
* Katherine

Queensland|

* Central West
* Central
* Darling Downs
* Far North
* Gulf Country
* North
* South East
* South West
* Wide Bay–Burnett

South Australia|

* Adelaide Hills
* Barossa Light and Lower North
* Eastern Adelaide
* Eyre Western
* Far North
* Fleurieu and Kangaroo Island
* Limestone Coast
* Murray and Mallee
* Northern Adelaide
* Southern Adelaide
* Western Adelaide
* Yorke and Mid North

Tasmania|

* Central Highlands
* East Coast
* Midlands
* North East
* North West
* Northern
* South West
* Southern
* West Coast

Victoria|

* Barwon South West
* Gippsland
* Grampians
* Greater Melbourne
* Hume
* Loddon Mallee

Western Australia|

* Gascoyne
* Goldfields-Esperance
* Great Southern
* Kimberley
* Mid West
* Peel
* Pilbara
* South West
* Wheatbelt

Melanesia|

* Islands Region
* Bismarck Archipelago
* Solomon Islands
* North Solomon Islands
* Solomon Islands
* Fiji
* New Caledonia
* New Guinea
* Bonis Peninsula
* Papuan Peninsula
* Huon Peninsula
* Huon Gulf
* Bird's Head Peninsula
* Gazelle Peninsula
* Vanuatu

Micronesia|

* Caroline Islands
* Federated States of Micronesia
* Palau
* Kiribati
* Mariana Islands
* Guam
* Northern Mariana Islands
* Marshall Islands
* Nauru
* Wake Island

Polynesia|

* Easter Island
* Hawaiian Islands
* Cook Islands
* French Polynesia
* Austral Islands
* Gambier Islands
* Mangareva Islands
* Marquesas Islands
* Society Islands
* Tuamotus
* Kermadec Islands
* New Zealand
* South Island
* North Island
* Niue
* Pitcairn Islands
* Samoan Islands
* American Samoa
* Independent State of Samoa
* Tokelau
* Tonga
* Tuvalu

* Asia-Pacific
* Ring of Fire

* v
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Regions of South America

East|

* Amazon basin
* Atlantic Forest
* Caatinga
* Cerrado

North|

* Caribbean South America
* West Indies
* Los Llanos
* The Guianas
* Amazon basin
* Amazon rainforest
* Gulf of Paria
* Paria Peninsula
* Paraguaná Peninsula
* Orinoco Delta

South|

* Tierra del Fuego
* Patagonia
* Pampas
* Pantanal
* Gran Chaco
* Chiquitano dry forests
* Valdes Peninsula
* Triple Frontier
* Río de la Plata
* Río de la Plata Basin

West|

* Andes
* Tropical Andes
* Wet Andes
* Dry Andes
* Pariacaca mountain range
* Altiplano
* Atacama Desert

* Latin
* Hispanic
* Bolivarian
* American Cordillera
* Ring of Fire
* LAC

* v
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Earth's Polar regions of Earth

Antarctic|

* Antarctic Peninsula
* East Antarctica
* West Antarctica
* Eklund Islands
* Ecozone
* Extreme points
* Islands

Arctic|

* Arctic Alaska
* British Arctic Territories
* Canadian Arctic Archipelago
* Finnmark
* Greenland
* Northern Canada
* Northwest Territories
* Nunavik
* Nunavut
* Russian Arctic
* Sakha
* Sápmi
* Yukon
* North American Arctic

* v
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Earth's Borders of the oceans

Arctic Ocean|

* Amundsen Gulf
* Barents Sea
* Beaufort Sea
* Chukchi Sea
* East Siberian Sea
* Greenland Sea
* Gulf of Boothia
* Kara Sea
* Laptev Sea
* Lincoln Sea
* Prince Gustav Adolf Sea
* Pechora Sea
* Queen Victoria Sea
* Wandel Sea
* White Sea

Atlantic Ocean|

* Adriatic Sea
* Aegean Sea
* Alboran Sea
* Archipelago Sea
* Argentine Sea
* Baffin Bay
* Balearic Sea
* Baltic Sea
* Bay of Biscay
* Bay of Bothnia
* Bay of Campeche
* Bay of Fundy
* Black Sea
* Bothnian Sea
* Caribbean Sea
* Celtic Sea
* English Channel
* Foxe Basin
* Greenland Sea
* Gulf of Bothnia
* Gulf of Finland
* Gulf of Lion
* Gulf of Guinea
* Gulf of Maine
* Gulf of Mexico
* Gulf of Saint Lawrence
* Gulf of Sidra
* Gulf of Venezuela
* Hudson Bay
* Ionian Sea
* Irish Sea
* Irminger Sea
* James Bay
* Labrador Sea
* Levantine Sea
* Libyan Sea
* Ligurian Sea
* Marmara Sea
* Mediterranean Sea
* Myrtoan Sea
* North Sea
* Norwegian Sea
* Sargasso Sea
* Sea of Åland
* Sea of Azov
* Sea of Crete
* Sea of the Hebrides
* Thracian Sea
* Tyrrhenian Sea
* Wadden Sea

Indian Ocean|

* Andaman Sea
* Arabian Sea
* Bali Sea
* Bay of Bengal
* Flores Sea
* Great Australian Bight
* Gulf of Aden
* Gulf of Aqaba
* Gulf of Khambhat
* Gulf of Kutch
* Gulf of Oman
* Gulf of Suez
* Java Sea
* Laccadive Sea
* Mozambique Channel
* Persian Gulf
* Red Sea
* Timor Sea

Pacific Ocean|

* Arafura Sea
* Banda Sea
* Bering Sea
* Bismarck Sea
* Bohai Sea
* Bohol Sea
* Camotes Sea
* Celebes Sea
* Chilean Sea
* Coral Sea
* East China Sea
* Gulf of Alaska
* Gulf of Anadyr
* Gulf of California
* Gulf of Carpentaria
* Gulf of Fonseca
* Gulf of Panama
* Gulf of Thailand
* Gulf of Tonkin
* Halmahera Sea
* Koro Sea
* Mar de Grau
* Molucca Sea
* Moro Gulf
* Philippine Sea
* Salish Sea
* Savu Sea
* Sea of Japan
* Sea of Okhotsk
* Seram Sea
* Seto Inland Sea
* Shantar Sea
* Sibuyan Sea
* Solomon Sea
* South China Sea
* Sulu Sea
* Tasman Sea
* Visayan Sea
* Yellow Sea

Southern Ocean|

* Amundsen Sea
* Bellingshausen Sea
* Cooperation Sea
* Cosmonauts Sea
* Davis Sea
* D'Urville Sea
* King Haakon VII Sea
* Lazarev Sea
* Mawson Sea
* Riiser-Larsen Sea
* Ross Sea
* Scotia Sea
* Somov Sea
* Weddell Sea

Endorheic basins|

* Aral Sea
* Caspian Sea
* Dead Sea
* Salton Sea

* Book
* Category

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