Ziguinchor

Ziguinchor (fr; Wolof: Siggcoor wo; Arabic: زيغينكور) is the capital of the Ziguinchor Region, and the chief town of the Casamance area of Senegal, lying at the mouth of the Casamance River. It has a population of 214,874 (2023 census).[1] It is the eighth largest city of Senegal, but is nearly separated from the north of the country by the nation of The Gambia.

Unlike the semi-arid to arid north of Senegal, Ziguinchor has a tropical savanna climate, as it is under the influence of the West African Monsoon. It has an average annual accumulated rainfall of approximately 1,547 millimetres or 61 inches.[2]

## Contents

* 1 Etymology
* 2 History
* 3 Economy
* 4 Transport
* 5 Architecture
* 6 Places of worship
* 7 Demography
* 8 Notable natives and residents
* 8.1 Writers and filmmakers
* 8.2 Artists
* 8.3 Politicians
* 8.4 Sportsmen
* 9 Climate
* 10 Administration
* 11 Africa Cup of Nations
* 12 Education
* 13 Twin towns – sister cities
* 14 References
* 14.1 Bibliography
* 15 Further reading
* 16 External links

## Etymology

There are several competing etymologies for Ziguinchor's name. The best known comes from the time when Portuguese traders and explorers came to the region to form a trading post. It is derived from a Portuguese phrase, Cheguei e choram, "I came and they cry". The local people, seeing the Europeans, began crying, thinking they were about to be enslaved. Other scholars believe that the name likely predates the Portuguese arrival.[citation needed]

The earliest sources mention the Bainuk of Ezigichor. The term may come from the Bainuk language words "asi nin core," meaning "places to go are finished," relating to the end of the Bainuk migrations in their traditional history. It could also come from "ji gi cor," meaning "place of several fields."[3]

## History

File:ASC Leiden - Coutinho Collection - 7 02 - Official opening of a PAIGC secondary school in Ziguinchor, Senegal - 1974.tif File:ASC Leiden - Coutinho Collection - 11 06 - Ziguinchor hospital, Senegal - 1973.tif

Ziguinchor sits at the narrowest part of the lower Casamance river and one end of a portage route to Buguendo on the Cacheu River, and has likely been an important trading post for many centuries. Historically it was a part of the Bainuk kingdom of Bichangor, and hosted a massive regional trade fair.[4]

After a series of conflicts over trade opposing Lancados, the Bainuk, and the Kasa kingdom, relations between the former two improved as the latter's power declined in the 1580s and 90s. The Bainuk allowed the lancados to settle on the Casamance for the first time, likely in Ziguinchor. By 1609 there was a resident priest, and by 1621 the small community of Portuguese merchants had built a church and converted some locals.[5]

The first official European settlement in the area was founded by the Portuguese in 1645 as a dependency of Cacheu populated by settlers from Cape Verde, and lancados and other Afro-Europeans.[6]

The Portuguese objective was to found a trading post and establish an alliance with the local mansa or king of the Kasa kingdom. Chroniclers described him as the ruler most friendly to the Portuguese along the Guinean coast. The king started to live in a European manner, with table, chairs and western clothing. His court included several Portuguese merchants. One of the commodities for trade was enslaved Africans, and Ziguinchor became a slave port during much of the Portuguese rule.[citation needed]

The post boasted a fort with a few pieces of artillery by 1700, but was never an important economic center. The French occupied Carabane island downstream in 1836, forcing Portuguese ships to pay duties there. Despite frantic diplomatic efforts by governor Honório Barreto, Portugal never really tried to defend its claim to the region. Ziguinchor was eventually transferred to France on 22 April 1888, fulfilling a deal brokered at the Berlin Conference of 1886.[6]

Under the French, Ziguinchor became a major trade port, mostly due to the intensive groundnut cultivation which the colonial government encouraged in the interior. By 1900, the area was largely converted to Christianity, although significant Syncretist and Muslim communities flourish.

Rice growing, the traditional crop of the region, was hurt by the government's push to cultivate groundnuts. They forced the clearing of extensive forest areas. The French government also imported rice from the intensive farming they encouraged in French Indochina, shrinking the market for Casamance's traditional main produce.

After independence, the city's economic growth slowed, in part due to the War of Independence in neighboring Guinea-Bissau. The Portuguese military crossed into the area at least once, pursuing PAIGC rebels. Cannon fire could be heard in the city for much of the war. During this period Ziguinchor became a main post for both the Senegalese Army and French forces, guarding the frontier that cut Jola families and communities in two.

As the capital of Casamance, Ziguinchor has been at the center of a three-decade-long conflict with Dakar that has flared into open civil war on more than one occasion. With a population with a majority of Diola and Christian,[7] the effects of a large migration of Wolof Muslims fleeing drought in the north during the 1970s caused tensions to flare. A 1983 demonstration against price rises in Ziguinchor Market was put down violently by Senegalese forces, and an insurgency by the Movement of Democratic Forces of Casamance (MFDC) followed, effectively wrecking the economy of the region. The 2004 peace accords, signed in Ziguinchor, were hoped to be the end of the violence, but in 2006, sporadic fighting by an MFDC split and laying of land mines again erupted in rural areas nearby.[8]

Ousmane Sonko, a prominent opposition leader, was elected mayor of Ziguinchor in 2022. The city was the scene of large protests in June 2023 after his conviction on charges that many Senegalese, especially youth, view as a political ploy by President Macky Sall to discredit a rival.[9]

## Economy

Port of Ziguinchor

Ziguinchor remains economically dependent on its role as a cargo port, transport hub and ferry terminal. The "Nationale 4" highway crosses the Casamance River just east of the city, linking the region with Bignona about 25 km to the north, and (via The Gambia), the rest of Senegal.

A vibrant tourist destination, the beaches of nearby Cap Skirring were discovered by foreign tourists in the 1960s, and the location was built up to become one of the first Club Med resorts. Ziguinchor region is also known for growing great quantities of rice, oranges, mangoes, bananas, cashews, tropical fruits and vegetables, fish, and prawns, much of which are processed locally and exported from the city, its port, and its airport. It is also home to a large peanut oil factory.

## Transport

The ferry terminal View on Casamance River

The MV Joola, which sank in 2002, was sailing from Ziguinchor to Dakar. The loss of the ferry, which was not replaced until 2005, cut the main link between Casamance and the rest of the country.[10] The new ferry, which began regular runs in 2007, is named for local anti-colonial martyr Aline Sitoe Diatta, and promises a boost to the local economy. [11]

The city has an airport, Ziguinchor Airport.

## Architecture

A number of buildings in the town have been classified by government decree as historic, the cemetery and several government buildings, like the Ziguinchor Regional Council.[12]

The Franco-Senegalese Alliance

## Places of worship

Saint-Antoine de Padoue Cathedral

Among the places of worship, they are predominantly Christian churches and temples: Roman Catholic Diocese of Ziguinchor (Catholic Church), Assemblies of God, Universal Church of the Kingdom of God.[13] There are also Muslim mosques.

## Demography

Ziguinchor is a melting pot of all the ethnic groups co-existing in Senegal: Mandinka, Jola, Wolof, Fula/Halpulaar, Mancagne, Manjack, Soninke, Serer, Bainouk, Balanta and Creole. Jola have been the majority of the population in the region since at least 1500, and culturally share much with the people of Guinea-Bissau. One of three dialects of Guinea-Bissau Creole, Cacheu–Ziguinchor, is centered around the city. Resistant to first Islam and later Christianity, many Jola retain a degree of animist practices, while Basse Casamance is the only majority Catholic area in Senegal.

## Notable natives and residents

Ziguinchor is the birthplace of some famous Senegalese people.

### Writers and filmmakers

* Sembene Ousmane

### Artists

* The Tourekunda brothers

### Politicians

* Djibril Sonko[14]

### Sportsmen

* Jules Francois Bocande, footballer
* Bassirou N'Diaye
* Lansana Coly, judoka
* Basile de Carvalho, footballer
* Aliou Cissé, footballer and coach
* Nicolas Jackson, footballer
* Sadio Mané, footballer

## Climate

Ziguinchor has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen Aw). It has hot, rainless winters and warm, very wet summers. The average annual rainfall is approximately 1,550 millimetres or 61 inches, which is more than three times that of Dakar, although less than half that of Conakry.

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## Administration

Ziguinchor Regional Council

In the decades following independence, Ziguinchor was a stronghold of the Socialist Party of Senegal (PS). Robert Sagna, a long-time minister in Socialist Party governments, was also Mayor of Ziguinchor from 1984 to 2009. In the beginning of 2007 Sagna left the PS and led the Taku Défaraat Sénégal coalition in a failed presidential bid.[17] In 2001's legislative elections, a big push by President Abdoulaye Wade's ruling PDS party, spearheading the Sopi coalition (joined in 2008 by And-Jëf/Pads), was led by Ziguinchor politician Abdoulaye Baldé, a former General Secretary to the President. In the 2001 elections, the a Ziguinchor National Assembly seat was gained by the PDS, and held again in 2007, prompting speculation that Sagna and his party's days of dominating local politics were numbered. Sagna, though, won a legislative seat on proportional representation in 2007, and continued in both offices[18] until 2009. The Sopi Coalition won the March 2009 local election in Ziguinchor, and Baldé was elected Mayor.[19] He served until 2022, when he was defeated by Ousmane Sonko, a nationally prominent leader of the Yewwi Askan Wi coalition.[20]

## Africa Cup of Nations

Ziguinchor was one of the venues for the 1992 Africa Cup of Nations football championship. The city Sports and Arts Associations conceived for the first time the concept of having specific suburbs barracking for each national team in order to give a vibrant and joyful atmosphere to the Football tournament that saw Algeria, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Zambia, Egypt, Congo play the first half of the Championship in that city. This successful and original experience inspired other tournament organisers from then on. Mali hosting the 2002 Africa Cup of Nations used the same concept through the famous Ndiatiguiya, (having specific suburbs barracking for a specific team throughout the tournament), and then Korea/Japan during the 2002 World Cup used the same concept as well.

## Education

École française François-Rabelais, a French international school serving maternelle (preschool) through collège, is in Ziguinchor.[21]

The Catholic University of West Africa opened a campus in Ziguinchor in 2006.[6] Ziguinchor University was founded in 2007.[22]

## Twin towns – sister cities

Ziguinchor is twinned with:

* Compiègne, France[23]
* Rimini, Italy[24]
* Saint-Maur-des-Fossés, France[25]
* São Filipe, Cape Verde[26]
* Viana do Castelo, Portugal[27]

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `pop`
2. ↑ "SENEGAL". International Water Management Institute. http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/wetlands/pdf/Africa/Region3/SENEGAL.pdf.
3. ↑ Bühnen, Stephan. “Place Names as an Historical Source: An Introduction with Examples from Southern Senegambia and Germany.” History in Africa, vol. 19, 1992, pp. 45–101. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/3171995. Accessed 27 Jul. 2022.
4. ↑ Brooks 1980, p. 21.
5. ↑ Brooks 1980, p. 35.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Lobban, Richard Andrew Jr.; Mendy, Peter Karibe (2013). Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau (4th ed.). Lanham: Scarecrow Press. pp. 433–435. ISBN 978-0-8108-5310-2.
7. ↑ Caroline Juillard. Sub-Saharian immigration in France: from diversity to integration . Université René Descartes-Paris V. Conference paper. University of Texas (2003) pp. 9–10.
For full population summary, see Centre culturel régional de Ziguinchor , Ministère de la Culture, du Patrimoine historique classé, des Langues nationales et de la Francophonie, Government of Senegal (2004).
8. ↑ Ernest Harsch. Peace pact raises hope in Senegal: After 22 years, Casamance war is winding down , From Africa Renewal, Vol. 19, No. 1 (April 2005), page 14.
Crowds cheer Senegal peace deal, BBC, 30 December 2004. Casamance rebels attack town, BBC, 4 January 2002.
9. ↑ Peltier, Elian (1 June 2023). "Protests Erupt in Senegal After Opposition Leader Is Sentenced to Prison". New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/01/world/africa/senegal-ousmane-sonko.html.
10. ↑ Eyewitness: Senegal weeps for ferry loss, BBC, 28 September 2002.
Senegal restores vital ferry link, BBC, 12 November 2005.
11. ↑ LIAISON MARITIME DAKAR-ZIGUINCHOR: "Aline Sitoé Diatta, c'est le refus de la fatalité", selon le président, Le Soleil, 15 December 2007.
12. ↑ "ARRETE MINISTERIEL n° 2711 mcphc-dpc en date du 3 mai 2006". Republic of Senegal. http://www.jo.gouv.sn/spip.php?article4607.
13. ↑ J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann, Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2010, p. 2573-2575
14. ↑ "Djibril Sonko élu maire de Ziguinchor" (in fr). 27 June 2024. https://www.sudquotidien.sn/djibril-sonko-elu-maire-de-ziguinchor/.
15. ↑ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Ziguinchor". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Senegal/CSV/Ziguinchor_61695.csv.
16. ↑ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1961-1990: Ziguinchor". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/RA-I/SG/61695.TXT.
17. ↑ Mame Less Camara, Senegal's presidential contenders, BBC News, 22 February 2007.
18. ↑ Pds et Aj décident d'aller en coalition à Ziguinchor , Le Soleil, 28 February 2008. SÛR DE LA VICTOIRE DE LA COALITION SOPI A ZIGUINCHOR[Usurped!], Abdoulaye Baldé lance des piques à Robert Sagna. Nettali. 12 May 2007 . Deux défaites successives à Ziguinchor: Est-ce le chant du cygne pour Robert Sagna ?, Rewmi, 6 June 2007 Robert Sagna va t-il vers la rupture ? Chronique d'un départ annoncé , Parti socialiste Sénégal, 13 December 2006
19. ↑ "Passation de service à la mairie de Ziguinchor: Baldé fait de Robert Sagna, "le maire honoraire de la ville"" , xalimasn.com, 18 April 2009 Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist..
20. ↑ Soumaré, Marième (25 January 2022). "Senegal: Oppositionist Ousmane Sonko celebrates his election victory in Ziguinchor". The Africa Report. https://www.theafricareport.com/169945/senegal-oppositionist-ousmane-sonko-celebrates-his-election-victory-in-ziguinchor/.
21. ↑ "École française François-Rabelais ." AEFE. Retrieved on 3 May 2015.
22. ↑ OUVERTURE DE L'UNIVERSITE DE ZIGUINCHOR , Agance Pres Senegalais, 3 March 2007.
23. ↑ "Villes jumelées" (in fr). Compiègne. https://www.agglo-compiegne.fr/villes-jumelees.
24. ↑ "Gemellaggi" (in it). Rimini. https://www.comune.rimini.it/vivere-il-comune/gemellaggi.
25. ↑ "Découvrez Saint-Maur" (in fr). Saint-Maur-des-Fossés. https://www.saint-maur.com/ma-mairie/decouvrir-saint-maur/jumelages.
26. ↑ "Ilhas de Cabo Verde: Ilha do Fogo" (in pt,fr). Cabo Verde Islands. http://www.caboverde.com/ilhas/fogo/fogo-12.htm.
27. ↑ "Relações internacionais / cooperação" (in pt). Viana do Castelo. https://www.cm-viana-castelo.pt/municipio/relacoes-internacionais-cooperacao/.

### Bibliography

* Much of this article was translated from the French language Wikipedia article :fr:Ziguinchor.
* Brooks, George (1980). "Kola trade and state-building: upper Guinea Coast and Senegambia, 15th - 17th centuries". African Studies Center Working Paper (38). https://open.bu.edu/items/84b8c535-68b6-4cd6-bdfa-5a5c6724d780. Retrieved 20 November 2025.
* Ferdinand de Jong. Politicians of the Sacred Grove: Citizenship and Ethnicity in Southern Senegal. Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, Vol. 72, No. 2 (2002), pp. 203–220 On the political and cultural tactics of longtime mayor Robert Sagna.

## Further reading

* Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist. Jean-Claude Bruneau, Ziguinchor en Casamance: aspects géographiques de la capitale régionale du Sud Sénégalais, Université de Bordeaux III, 1975, 409 p. (Thèse de 3rd cycle)
* Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist. Jean-Claude Bruneau, Ziguinchor en Casamance: la croissance urbaine dans les pays tropicaux, Talence, Ministère des universités, CNRS, Centre d'études de géographie tropicale, 1979
* Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist. Nfally Diedhiou, Administration coloniale et travail forcé en Casamance. Étude de cas du réseau routier à travers la construction de la route Tobor-Ziguinchor, Dakar, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, 2000, 119 p. + annexes, (Mémoire de Maîtrise)
* Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist. Maguette Diop, Monographie climatique d'une station synoptique: Ziguinchor (1946–1975), Université de Dakar, 1977 (Mémoire de Maîtrise)
* Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist. Baudouin Duquesne, Le secteur informel en Afrique. Approche théorique et étude de cas: "les barroms-sarrettes de Ziguinchor", Sénégal, 1986
* Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist. Mamadou Goudiaby, Monographie de la ville de Ziguinchor de 1886 à 1960: le problème des sources, Dakar, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, 2001, 51 p. (Mémoire de DEA)
* Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist. Caroline Juillard, Sociolinguistique urbaine: la vie des langues à Ziguinchor (Sénégal), Paris, CNRS, 1995
* Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist. Mamadou Goudiaby, Monographie de la ville de Ziguinchor de 1886 à 1960: le problème des sources, Dakar, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, 2001, 51 p. (Mémoire de DEA)
* Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist. Jacqueline Trincaz, Colonisations et religions en Afrique noire. L'exemple de Ziguinchor, Paris, L'Harmattan, 1981, VIII + 360 p. (Thèse de 3rd cycle publiée)
* Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist. Pierre-Xavier Trincaz, Colonisation et régionalisme, la double domination: exemple de Ziguinchor en Casamance, Sénégal. Etude urbaine socio-économique d'une capitale régionale d'Afrique, Paris, Université de Paris V, 1979 (Thèse de 3rd cycle publiée en 1984, Colonisation et Régionalisme. Ziguinchor en Casamance, Paris, ORSTOM, 270 p.

## External links

* Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist. Mayor of Ziguinchor's statistics at the International Association for Francophone Mayors.
* Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist. Centre culturel régional de Ziguinchor, Ministère de la Culture, du Patrimoine historique classé, des Langues nationales et de la Francophonie, Senegal.
* Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist. Video of Ziguinchor 2017 Documentary about Ziguinchor and Nella Star, a Dutch anthropologist, revisiting Ziguinchor after 44 years to bring back memories.

* v
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Portuguese overseas empire

North Africa

15th century

|  1415–1640|  Ceuta

|

1458–1550|  Alcácer Ceguer (El Qsar es Seghir)
1471–1550|  Arzila (Asilah)
1471–1662|  Tangier
1485–1550|  Mazagan (El Jadida)
1487–16th century|  Ouadane
1488–1541|  Safim (Safi)
1489|  Graciosa

16th century

|  1505–1541|  Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué (Agadir)

|

1506–1525|  Mogador (Essaouira)
1506–1525|  Aguz (Souira Guedima)
1506–1769|  Mazagan (El Jadida)
1513–1541|  Azamor (Azemmour)
1515–1541|  São João da Mamora (Mehdya)
1577–1589|  Arzila (Asilah)

Sub-Saharan Africa

15th century

|  1455–1633|  Anguim

|

1462–1975|  Cape Verde
1470–1975|  São Tomé1
1471–1975|  Príncipe1
1474–1778|  Annobón
1478–1778|  Fernando Poo (Bioko)
1482–1637|  Elmina (São Jorge da Mina)
1482–1642|  Portuguese Gold Coast
1508–15472|  Madagascar3
1498–1540|  Mascarene Islands

16th century

|  1500–1630|  Malindi

|

1501–1975|  Portuguese Mozambique
1502–1659|  Saint Helena
1503–1698|  Zanzibar
1505–1512|  Quíloa (Kilwa)
1506–1511|  Socotra
1557–1578|  Accra
1575–1975|  Portuguese Angola
1588–1974|  Cacheu4
1593–1698|  Mombassa (Mombasa)

17th century

|  1645–1888|  Ziguinchor

|

1680–1961|  São João Baptista de Ajudá, Benin
1687–1974|  Bissau4

18th century

1728–1729|  Mombassa (Mombasa)

|

1753–1975|  Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe

19th century

1879–1974|  Portuguese Guinea

|

1885–1974|  Portuguese Congo5

* 1 Part of São Tomé and Príncipe from 1753.
* 2 Or 1600.
* 3 A factory (Anosy Region) and small temporary coastal bases.
* 4 Part of Portuguese Guinea from 1879.
* 5 Part of Portuguese Angola from the 1920s.

Middle East [Persian Gulf]

16th century

|  1506–1615|  Gamru (Bandar Abbas)

|

1507–1643|  Sohar
1515–1622|  Hormuz (Ormus)
1515–1648|  Quriyat
1515–?|  Qalhat
1515–1650|  Muscat
1515?–?|  Barka
1515–1633?|  Julfar (Ras al-Khaimah)
1521–1602|  Bahrain (Muharraq • Manama)
1521–1529?|  Qatif
1521?–1551?|  Tarut Island
1550–1551|  Qatif
1588–1648|  Matrah

17th century

|  1620–?|  Khor Fakkan

|

1621?–?|  As Sib
1621–1622|  Qeshm
1623–?|  Khasab
1623–?|  Libedia
1624–?|  Kalba
1624–?|  Madha
1624–1648|  Dibba Al-Hisn
1624?–?|  Bandar-e Kong

Indian subcontinent

15th century

|  1498–1545|

Laccadive Islands
(Lakshadweep)

|

16th century
Portuguese India

• 1500–1663|  Cochim (Kochi)

|

• 1501–1663|  Cannanore (Kannur)

• 1502–1658
1659–1661

Quilon
(Coulão / Kollam)

• 1502–1661|  Pallipuram (Cochin de Cima)
• 1507–1657|  Negapatam (Nagapatnam)
• 1510–1961|  Goa

• 1512–1525
1750

Calicut
(Kozhikode)

• 1518–1619|  Portuguese Paliacate outpost (Pulicat)
• 1521–1740|  Chaul

|  |  (Portuguese India)

|

• 1523–1662|  Mylapore
• 1528–1666|

Chittagong
(Porto Grande De Bengala)

• 1531–1571|  Chaul
• 1531–1571|  Chalé
• 1534–1601|  Salsette Island
• 1534–1661|  Bombay (Mumbai)
• 1535|  Ponnani
• 1535–1739|  Baçaím (Vasai-Virar)
• 1536–1662|  Cranganore (Kodungallur)
• 1540–1612|  Surat
• 1548–1658|  Tuticorin (Thoothukudi)
• 1559–1961|  Daman and Diu
• 1568–1659|  Mangalore

|  |  (Portuguese India)

|

• 1579–1632| Hugli
• 1598–1610| Masulipatnam (Machilipatnam)
1518–1521|  Maldives

|

1518–1658|  Portuguese Ceylon (Sri Lanka)
1558–1573|  Maldives

17th century
Portuguese India

• 1687–1749|  Mylapore

|

18th century
Portuguese India

• 1779–1954|  Dadra and Nagar Haveli

|

East Asia and Oceania

16th century

|  1511–1641|  Portuguese Malacca [Malaysia]

|

1512–1621|  Maluku [Indonesia]
• 1522–1575|  Ternate
• 1576–1605|  Ambon
• 1578–1650|  Tidore
1512–1665|  Makassar
1557–1999|  Macau [China]
1580–1586|  Nagasaki [Japan]

17th century

1642–1975|  Portuguese Timor (East Timor)1

|

19th century
Portuguese Macau

|  • 1864–1999|  Coloane

|

• 1851–1999|  Taipa
• 1890–1999|  Ilha Verde

20th century
Portuguese Macau

• 1938–1941|  Lapa and Montanha (Hengqin)

|

* 1 1975 is the year of East Timor's Declaration of Independence and subsequent invasion by Indonesia. In 2002, East Timor's independence was fully recognized.

North America & North Atlantic

15th century [Atlantic islands]

|  1420|  Madeira

|

1432|  Azores

16th century [Canada]

|  1500–1579?|  Terra Nova (Newfoundland)

|

1500–1579?|  Labrador
1516–1579?|  Nova Scotia

South America & Caribbean

16th century

|  1500–1822|  Brazil

|

• 1534–1549|  Captaincy Colonies of Brazil
• 1549–1572|  Brazil
• 1572–1578|  Bahia
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• 1578–1607|  Brazil
• 1621–1815|  Brazil
1536–1620|  Barbados

17th century

|  1621–1751|  Maranhão

|

1680–1777|  Nova Colónia do Sacramento

18th century

1751–1772|  Grão-Pará and Maranhão

|

1772–1775|  Grão-Pará and Rio Negro
1772–1775|  Maranhão and Piauí

19th century

|  1808–1822|  Cisplatina (Uruguay)

|

1809–1817|  Portuguese Guiana (Amapá)
1822|  Upper Peru (Bolivia)

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