Quantum information science

Short description: Interdisciplinary theory behind quantum computing

Part of a series on

Quantum mechanics
iℏ∂∂t|ψ(t)⟩=H^|ψ(t)⟩

Schrödinger equation

* Introduction
* Glossary
* History

Background

* Classical mechanics
* Old quantum theory
* Bra–ket notation

* Hamiltonian
* Interference

Fundamentals

* Coherence
* Decoherence
* Complementarity
* Energy level
* Entanglement
* Hamiltonian
* Uncertainty principle
* Ground state
* Interference
* Measurement
* Nonlocality
* Observable
* Operator
* Quantum
* Quantum fluctuation
* Quantum foam
* Quantum levitation
* Quantum number
* Quantum noise
* Quantum realm
* Quantum state
* Quantum system
* Quantum teleportation
* Qubit
* Spin
* Superposition
* Symmetry
* (Spontaneous) symmetry breaking
* Vacuum state
* Wave propagation
* Wave function
* Wave function collapse
* Wave–particle duality
* Matter wave

Effects

* Zeeman effect
* Stark effect
* Aharonov–Bohm effect
* Landau quantization
* Quantum Hall effect
* Quantum Zeno effect
* Quantum tunnelling
* Photoelectric effect
* Casimir effect

Experiments

* Afshar
* Bell's inequality
* Davisson–Germer
* Double-slit
* Elitzur–Vaidman
* Franck–Hertz
* Leggett–Garg inequality
* Mach–Zehnder
* Popper

* Quantum eraser (delayed-choice)

* Schrödinger's cat
* Quantum suicide and immortality
* Stern-Gerlach
* Wheeler's delayed-choice

Formulations

* Overview

* Heisenberg
* Interaction
* Matrix
* Phase-space
* Schrödinger
* Sum-over-histories (path-integral)
* Hellmann–Feynman theorem

Equations

* Dirac
* Klein–Gordon
* Pauli
* Rydberg
* Schrödinger

Interpretations

* Overview

* Consistent histories
* Copenhagen
* de Broglie–Bohm
* Ensemble
* Hidden-variable
* Many-worlds
* Objective collapse
* Bayesian
* Quantum logic
* Relational
* Stochastic
* Scale relativity
* Transactional

Advanced topics

* Quantum annealing
* Quantum chaos
* Quantum computing
* Density matrix
* Quantum field theory
* Fractional quantum mechanics
* Quantum gravity
* Quantum information science
* Quantum machine learning
* Perturbation theory (quantum mechanics)
* Relativistic quantum mechanics
* Scattering theory
* Spontaneous parametric down-conversion
* Quantum statistical mechanics

Scientists

* Aharonov
* Bell
* Blackett
* Bloch
* Bohm
* Bohr
* Born
* Bose
* de Broglie
* Candlin
* Compton
* Dirac
* Davisson
* Debye
* Ehrenfest
* Einstein
* Everett
* Fock
* Fermi
* Feynman
* Glauber
* Gutzwiller
* Heisenberg
* Hilbert
* Jordan
* Kramers
* Pauli
* Lamb
* Landau
* Laue
* Moseley
* Millikan
* Onnes
* Planck
* Rabi
* Raman
* Rydberg
* Schrödinger
* Sommerfeld
* von Neumann
* Weyl
* Wien
* Wigner
* Zeeman
* Zeilinger
* Goudsmit
* Uhlenbeck
* Yang

* v
* t
* e

Information science

General aspects

* Information access
* Information architecture
* Information behavior
* Information management
* Information retrieval
* Information seeking
* Information society
* Knowledge organization
* Ontology
* Philosophy of information
* Science and technology studies
* Taxonomy

Related fields and sub-fields

* Bibliometrics
* Categorization
* Censorship
* Classification
* Computer data storage
* Cultural studies
* Data modeling
* Informatics
* Information technology
* Intellectual freedom
* Intellectual property
* Library and information science
* Memory
* Preservation
* Privacy
* Quantum information science

* v
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Quantum information science is an interdisciplinary field that combines the principles of quantum mechanics, information theory, and computer science to explore how quantum phenomena can be harnessed for the processing, analysis, and transmission of information.[1] Quantum information science covers both theoretical and experimental aspects of quantum physics, including the limits of what can be achieved with quantum information. The term quantum information theory is sometimes used, but it refers to the theoretical aspects of information processing and does not include experimental research.[2]

At its core, quantum information science explores how information behaves when stored and manipulated using quantum systems. Unlike classical information, which is encoded in bits that can only be 0 or 1, quantum information uses quantum bits or qubits that can exist simultaneously in multiple states because of superposition.[3] Additionally, entanglement—a uniquely quantum linkage between particles—enables correlations that have no classical counterpart.[4][5][6]

## Contents

* 1 Scientific and engineering studies
* 2 Related mathematical subjects
* 3 See also
* 4 References
* 5 External links

## Scientific and engineering studies

Quantum information science is inherently interdisciplinary, bringing together physics, computer science, mathematics, and engineering. It involves developing theoretical frameworks, designing quantum algorithms, constructing quantum hardware, and implementing quantum communication protocols.[7]

Quantum teleportation, entanglement and the manufacturing of quantum computers depend on a comprehensive understanding of quantum physics and engineering. Google and IBM, among others, have invested significantly in quantum computer hardware research, leading to significant progress in manufacturing quantum computers since the 2010s. Currently, it is possible to build a quantum computer with over 100 qubits, but the error rates are high due to several factors including decoherence,[8] the lack of suitable hardware and materials for quantum computer manufacturing, which make it difficult to create a scalable quantum computer.[9]

Qiskit, Cirq and Q Sharp are popular quantum programming languages. Additional programming languages for quantum computers are needed, as well as a larger community of competent quantum programmers. To this end, additional learning resources are needed, since there are many fundamental differences in quantum programming which limits the number of skills that can be carried over from traditional programming.[10] OpenQASM (Open Quantum Assembly Language) is a machine-independent imperative programming language designed to describe quantum circuits. It is based on the quantum circuit model and represents quantum programs as ordered sequences of parameterized operations, including gates, measurements, resets, and real-time classical computations. Beyond implementing quantum algorithms, OpenQASM also enables the specification of circuits for tasks such as characterization, validation, and debugging of quantum processors.[11]

## Related mathematical subjects

Quantum algorithms and quantum complexity theory are two of the subjects in algorithms and computational complexity theory. In 1994, mathematician Peter Shor introduced a quantum algorithm for prime factorization[12] that, with a quantum computer containing 4,000 logical qubits, could potentially break widely used ciphers like RSA and ECC, posing a major security threat. This led to increased investment in quantum computing research and the development of post-quantum cryptography[13] to prepare for the fault-tolerant quantum computing (FTQC) era.[14][15]

## See also

* Glossary of quantum computing
* Information theory
* Quantum mechanics
* Quantum computing
* Quantum error correction
* Quantum cryptography and its generalization, quantum communication
* Quantum communication complexity
* Quantum entanglement, as seen from an information-theoretic point of view
* Quantum dense coding
* Quantum teleportation
* Entanglement-assisted classical capacity
* No-communication theorem
* Quantum capacity
* Quantum communication channel
* Quantum decision tree complexity
* Timeline of quantum computing and communication
* Petz recovery map

## References

1. ↑ Watrous, John (2018-04-26) (in en). The Theory of Quantum Information. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-316-85312-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=jQFWDwAAQBAJ&dq=quantum+information+science&pg=PP1.
2. ↑ "Quantum Information Science" (in en). https://www.pnnl.gov/explainer-articles/quantum-information-science.
3. ↑ Nielsen, Michael A.; Chuang, Isaac L. (2010-12-09) (in en). Quantum Computation and Quantum Information: 10th Anniversary Edition. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-49548-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=-s4DEy7o-a0C&dq=quantum+information+and+computation&pg=PR17.
4. ↑ Bub, Jeffrey (2023). "Quantum Entanglement and Information". in Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2023 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2023/entries/qt-entangle/. Retrieved 2025-08-06.
5. ↑ Brukner, Caslav; Zukowski, Marek (2009). "Bell's Inequalities: Foundations and Quantum Communication". arXiv:0909.2611 [quant-ph].
6. ↑ Braunstein, S. L. (2005). "Entanglement in Quantum Information Processing". in Akulin, V.M.; Sarfati, A.; Kurizki, G. et al. (in en). Decoherence, Entanglement and Information Protection in Complex Quantum Systems. NATO Science Series II: Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry. 189. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp. 17–26. doi:10.1007/1-4020-3283-8_3. ISBN 978-1-4020-3283-7. Bibcode: 2005deip.book...17B. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/1-4020-3283-8_3.
7. ↑ "Quantum Information Science" (in en). 2024-11-15. https://www.energy.gov/topics/quantum-information-science.
8. ↑ Schlosshauer, Maximilian (2019-10-25). "Quantum decoherence". Physics Reports 831: 1–57. doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2019.10.001. ISSN 0370-1573. Bibcode: 2019PhR...831....1S. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0370157319303084.
9. ↑ de Leon, Nathalie P.; Itoh, Kohei M.; Kim, Dohun; Mehta, Karan K.; Northup, Tracy E.; Paik, Hanhee; Palmer, B. S.; Samarth, N. et al. (2021-04-16). "Materials challenges and opportunities for quantum computing hardware". Science 372 (6539). doi:10.1126/science.abb2823. PMID 33859004. Bibcode: 2021Sci...372.2823D. https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.abb2823.
10. ↑ Ömer, Bernhard (2005-07-01). "Classical Concepts in Quantum Programming" (in en). International Journal of Theoretical Physics 44 (7): 943–955. doi:10.1007/s10773-005-7071-x. ISSN 1572-9575. Bibcode: 2005IJTP...44..943O.
11. ↑ "Introduction to OpenQASM" (in en). https://quantum.cloud.ibm.com/docs/en/guides/introduction-to-qasm.
12. ↑ Shor, Peter W. (January 1999). "Polynomial-Time Algorithms for Prime Factorization and Discrete Logarithms on a Quantum Computer". SIAM Review 41 (2): 303–332. doi:10.1137/S0036144598347011. ISSN 0036-1445. Bibcode: 1999SIAMR..41..303S. https://epubs.siam.org/doi/abs/10.1137/S0036144598347011.
13. ↑ Bernstein, Daniel J. (2025) (in en), Post-quantum Cryptography, Springer, Cham, pp. 1846–1847, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-71522-9_386, ISBN 978-3-030-71522-9, https://link.springer.com/rwe/10.1007/978-3-030-71522-9_386, retrieved 2025-08-06
14. ↑ Häner, Thomas; Jaques, Samuel; Naehrig, Michael; Roetteler, Martin; Soeken, Mathias (2020). "Improved Quantum Circuits for Elliptic Curve Discrete Logarithms". in Ding, Jintai; Tillich, Jean-Pierre (in en). Post-Quantum Cryptography. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 425–444. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-44223-1_23. ISBN 978-3-030-44223-1. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-44223-1_23.
15. ↑ Gottesman, Daniel (1998-01-01). "Theory of fault-tolerant quantum computation". Physical Review A 57 (1): 127–137. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.57.127. Bibcode: 1998PhRvA..57..127G. https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.57.127.

* Nielsen, Michael A.; Chuang, Isaac L. (June 2012). Quantum Computation and Quantum Information (10th anniversary ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-99277-3. OCLC 700706156.

## External links

* Quantiki – quantum information science portal and wiki.
* ERA-Pilot QIST WP1 European roadmap on Quantum Information Processing and Communication
* QIIC – Quantum Information, Imperial College London.
* QIP – Quantum Information Group, University of Leeds. The quantum information group at the University of Leeds is engaged in researching a wide spectrum of aspects of quantum information. This ranges from algorithms, quantum computation, to physical implementations of information processing and fundamental issues in quantum mechanics. Also contains some basic tutorials for the lay audience.
* mathQI Research Group on Mathematics and Quantum Information.
* CQIST Center for Quantum Information Science & Technology at the University of Southern California
* CQuIC Center for Quantum Information and Control, including theoretical and experimental groups from University of New Mexico, University of Arizona.
* CQT Centre for Quantum Technologies at the National University of Singapore
* CQC2T Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology
* QST@LSU Quantum Science and Technologies Group at Louisiana State University
* QIST@TU Delft MSc programme Quantum Information Science & Technology at TU Delft.

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Quantum information science

General|

* Quantum computing
* Qubit
* physical vs. logical
* DiVincenzo's criteria
* Quantum information
* Quantum programming
* Quantum processors
* Cloud-based quantum computing
* Timeline of quantum computing

Theorems|

* Bell's theorem
* Gleason's theorem
* Gottesman–Knill theorem
* Holevo's theorem
* Margolus–Levitin theorem
* No-broadcast theorem
* No-cloning theorem
* No-communication theorem
* No-deleting theorem
* No-hiding theorem
* No-teleportation theorem
* PBR theorem
* Quantum threshold theorem

Quantum
communication|

* Quantum capacity
* Classical capacity
* Entanglement-assisted classical capacity
* Quantum channel
* Quantum network
* Quantum cryptography
* Quantum key distribution
* BB84
* SARG04
* Three-stage quantum cryptography protocol
* Quantum teleportation
* Superdense coding
* LOCC
* Entanglement distillation

Quantum algorithms|

* Universal quantum simulator
* Deutsch–Jozsa algorithm
* Grover's algorithm
* Quantum Fourier transform
* Shor's algorithm
* Simon's problem
* Quantum phase estimation algorithm
* Quantum counting algorithm
* Quantum annealing
* Quantum algorithm for linear systems of equations
* Amplitude amplification

Quantum
complexity theory|

* Quantum Turing machine
* EQP
* BQP
* QMA
* PostBQP
* QIP

Quantum
computing models|

* Quantum circuit
* Quantum logic gate
* One-way quantum computer
* cluster state
* Adiabatic quantum computation
* Topological quantum computer

Quantum
error correction|

* Stabilizer codes
* Entanglement-Assisted Quantum Error Correction
* Shor code
* Steane code
* CSS code
* Quantum convolutional codes
* Toric code

Physical
implementations|

| Quantum optics|

* Cavity QED
* Circuit QED
* Linear optical quantum computing
* KLM protocol
* Boson sampling

|

Ultracold atoms|

* Trapped ion quantum computer
* Optical lattice

Spin-based|

* Nuclear magnetic resonance QC
* Kane QC
* Loss–DiVincenzo QC
* Nitrogen-vacancy center

Superconducting
quantum computing|

* Charge qubit
* Flux qubit
* Phase qubit
* Transmon

Software|

* libquantum
* OpenQASM
* Q#
* Qiskit
* IBM Q Experience

* v
* t
* e

Quantum mechanics

Background|

* Introduction
* History
* timeline
* Glossary
* Classical mechanics
* Old quantum theory

Fundamentals|

* Bra–ket notation
* Casimir effect
* Complementarity
* Density matrix
* Energy level
* ground state
* excited state
* degenerate levels
* Vacuum state
* Zero-point energy
* QED vacuum
* QCD vacuum
* Hamiltonian
* Operator
* Quantum coherence
* Quantum decoherence
* Measurement
* Quantum
* Quantum realm
* Quantum system
* Quantum state
* Quantum number
* Quantum entanglement
* Quantum superposition
* Quantum nonlocality
* Quantum tunnelling
* Quantum levitation
* Quantum fluctuation
* Quantum annealing
* Quantum foam
* Quantum noise
* Heisenberg uncertainty principle
* Spontaneous parametric down-conversion
* Von Neumann entropy
* Spin
* Scattering theory
* Symmetry in quantum mechanics
* Symmetry breaking
* Spontaneous symmetry breaking
* Wave propagation
* Quantum interference
* Wave function
* Wave function collapse
* Wave–particle duality
* Matter wave
* Qubit
* Qutrit
* Observable
* Probability distribution

Formulations|

* Formulations
* Heisenberg
* Interaction
* Matrix mechanics
* Schrödinger
* Path integral formulation
* Phase space

Equations|

* Dirac
* Klein–Gordon
* Pauli
* Rydberg
* Schrödinger

Interpretations|

* Interpretations
* Bayesian
* Consistent histories
* Copenhagen
* de Broglie–Bohm
* Ensemble
* Hidden variables
* Many worlds
* Objective collapse
* Quantum logic
* Relational
* Stochastic
* Transactional
* Cosmological

Experiments|

* Afshar
* Bell's inequality
* Cold Atom Laboratory
* Davisson–Germer
* Delayed-choice quantum eraser
* Double-slit
* Franck–Hertz experiment
* Leggett–Garg inequality
* Mach-Zehnder inter.
* Elitzur–Vaidman
* Popper
* Quantum eraser
* Schrödinger's cat
* Quantum suicide and immortality
* Stern–Gerlach
* Wheeler's delayed choice

Science|

* Q-analog
* List
* Quantum algebra
* Quantum calculus
* Quantum differential calculus
* Quantum geometry
* Quantum group
* Quantum Bayesianism
* Quantum biology
* Quantum chemistry
* Quantum chaos
* Quantum cognition
* Quantum cosmology
* Quantum dynamics
* Quantum economics
* Quantum evolution
* Quantum finance
* Quantum game theory
* Quantum measurement problem
* Quantum mind
* Quantum probability
* Quantum social science
* Quantum stochastic calculus
* Quantum spacetime

Technology|

* Quantum algorithms
* Quantum amplifier
* Quantum cellular automata
* Quantum finite automata
* Quantum electronics
* Quantum logic gates
* Quantum clock
* Quantum channel
* Quantum bus
* Quantum circuit
* Phase qubit
* Matrix isolation
* Quantum dot
* Quantum dot display
* Quantum dot solar cell
* Quantum dot cellular automaton
* Quantum dot single-photon source
* Quantum dot laser
* Quantum well
* Quantum computing
* Timeline
* Quantum cryptography
* Post-quantum cryptography
* Quantum error correction
* Quantum imaging
* Quantum image processing
* Quantum information
* Quantum key distribution
* Quantum machine
* Quantum machine learning
* Quantum metamaterial
* Quantum metrology
* Quantum network
* Quantum neural network
* Quantum optics
* Quantum programming
* Quantum sensors
* Quantum simulator
* Quantum teleportation
* Quantum levitation
* Time travel
* Quantum complexity theory

Extensions|

* Quantum statistical mechanics
* Relativistic quantum mechanics
* Quantum field theory
* Axiomatic quantum field theory
* Quantum field theory in curved spacetime
* Thermal quantum field theory
* Topological quantum field theory
* Local quantum field theory
* Conformal field theory
* Two-dimensional conformal field theory
* Liouville field theory
* History
* Quantum gravity

* Category
* Physics Portal
* Physics WikiProject
* Commons

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Branches of physics

Divisions|

* Theoretical
* Phenomenology
* Computational
* Experimental
* Applied

Classical|

| Classical mechanics|

* Continuum
* Solid
* Fluid
* Acoustics

|

Electrodynamics|

* Electrostatics
* Magnetostatics
* Plasma physics
* Accelerator physics

Statistical mechanics|

* Thermodynamics
* Condensed matter
* Materials
* Mesoscopic
* Polymers
* Soft
* Solid-state

Modern|

| Quantum mechanics|

* Quantum electrodynamics
* Quantum field theory
* Quantum gravity
* Quantum information

|

Relativity|

* General
* Special

Particle physics|

* Astroparticle
* Nuclear
* Quantum chromodynamics

Atomic, molecular
and optical physics|

* Atomic physics
* Molecular physics
* Optics
* Photonics
* Quantum optics

Cosmology|

* Astrophysics
* Nuclear
* Celestial mechanics
* Solar
* Heliophysics
* Space physics

Interdisciplinary|

* Biophysics
* Agrophysics
* Medical
* Neurophysics
* Engineering
* Geophysics
* Atmospheric
* Cloud
* Materials science
* Mathematical physics
* Physical chemistry
* Chemical physics
* Physical oceanography
* Quantum computing
* Social physics
* Econophysics

See also|

* History of physics
* Nobel Prize in Physics
* Timeline of physics discoveries
* Theory of everything

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