Atheism and religion

Part of a series on

Atheism

* Concepts
* History

* Antitheism
* Nontheism
* [[Philosophy:Atheism and religAtheism and religion]]
(Criticism of atheism / of religion)

* History of atheism
* State atheism
* Outline

Types

* Implicit and explicit
* Negative and positive

* Christian
* India
* Hindu (Adevism)
* Buddhist
* Jewish
* Muslim

* Feminist
* New Atheism

Arguments for atheism

Against God's existence

* Atheist's Wager
* Evil God Challenge
* Fate of the unlearned
* Free will
* God of the gaps
* Hitchens's razor
* Incompatible properties
* Inconsistent revelation
* Nonbelief
* Omnipotence paradox
* Poor design
* Problem of evil
* Problem of Hell
* Russell's teapot

* Theological noncognitivism
* Ultimate Boeing 747 gambit

People

* Anne Nicol Gaylor
* Annie Laurie Gaylor
* Aron Ra
* Avijit Roy
* Baron d'Holbach
* Bertrand Russell
* Christopher Hitchens
* Dan Barker
* Daniel Dennett
* David Silverman
* Ed Buckner
* Ellen Johnson
* Frank Zindler
* Greta Christina
* Hemant Mehta
* Ibn Warraq
* Jason Torpy
* Jennifer Michael Hecht
* Jon Garth Murray
* Kai Nielsen
* Madalyn Murray O'Hair
* Matt Dillahunty
* Michael Martin
* Rafida Ahmed Bonya
* Richard Dawkins
* Ruth Hurmence Green
* Sam Harris
* Seth Andrews
* Sikivu Hutchinson
* Victor J. Stenger

Related stances

|  Agnosticism

* Weak
* Strong
* Agnostic theism
* Agnostic atheism
* Ignosticism
* Apatheism

Irreligion

* Anti-clericalism
* Antireligion
* Freethought
* Parody religion
* Post-theism

Naturalism

* Humanistic
* Metaphysical
* Methodological
* Religious

Secularism

* Secularity
* Secular Buddhism
* Secular humanism

* Category
* Religion portal
* WikiProject

* v
* t
* e

Some movements or sects within traditionally monotheistic or polytheistic religions recognize that it is possible to practice religious faith, spirituality and adherence to tenets without a belief in deities. People with what would be considered religious or spiritual belief in a supernatural controlling power are defined by some as adherents to a religion; the argument that atheism is a religion has been described as a contradiction in terms.[1]

## Contents

* 1 Abrahamic religions
* 1.1 Judaism
* 1.2 Christianity
* 1.3 Islam
* 2 Indian religions
* 2.1 Hinduism
* 2.2 Jainism
* 2.3 Buddhism
* 3 Chinese religions
* 4 Other religions
* 4.1 Unitarian Universalism
* 5 Satanism
* 6 Legal status of atheism
* 6.1 Canada
* 6.2 Great Britain (English Law)
* 6.3 United States
* 7 See also
* 8 Citations
* 9 References

## Abrahamic religions

### Judaism

Main page: Philosophy:Jewish atheism

In general, formulations of Jewish principles of faith require a belief in God (represented by Judaism's paramount prayer, the Shema). In many modern Jewish religious movements, rabbis have generally considered the behavior of a Jew to be the determining factor in whether or not one is considered an adherent of Judaism. Within these movements it is often recognized that it is possible for a Jew to strictly practice Judaism as a faith, while at the same time being an agnostic or atheist. Reconstructionist Judaism does not require any belief in a deity, and certain popular Reform prayer books, such as Gates of Prayer, offer some services without mention of God. Jewish atheists who practice Humanistic Judaism embrace Jewish culture and history, rather than belief in a supernatural god, as the sources of their Jewish identity. One study found that only 48% of self-identified Jews believe in God.[2]

Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook, first Chief Rabbi of the Jewish community in Palestine, held that atheists were not actually denying God: rather, they were denying one of man's many images of God. Since any man-made image of God can be considered an idol, Kook held that, in practice, one could consider atheists as helping true religion burn away false images of God, thus in the end serving the purpose of true monotheism.[3]

### Christianity

Main page: Philosophy:Christian atheism

High rates of atheism have been found among self-identified Christians in the United States. For example, 10% of self-identified Protestants and 21% of self-identified Roman Catholics were found to be atheists in a Harris Interactive survey from 2003.[2]

There is no single Christian approach toward atheism. The approach taken varies between Christian denominations, and Christian ministers may intelligently distinguish an individual's claims of atheism from other nominal states of personal perspective, such as plain disbelief, an adherence to science, a misunderstanding of the nature of religious belief, or a disdain for organized religion in general.

The Catechism of the Catholic Church makes this explicit. While it identifies atheism as a violation of the First Commandment, calling it "a sin against the virtue of religion", it is careful to acknowledge that atheism may be motivated by virtuous or moral considerations, and admonishes the followers of Roman Catholicism to focus on their own role in encouraging atheism by their religious or moral shortcomings:

(2125) [...] The imputability of this offense can be significantly diminished in virtue of the intentions and the circumstances. "Believers can have more than a little to do with the rise of atheism. To the extent that they are careless about their instruction in the faith, or present its teaching falsely, or even fail in their religious, moral, or social life, they must be said to conceal rather than to reveal the true nature of God and of religion."[4]

In May 2013, Pope Francis said that atheists can go to heaven, because the redemptive embrace of Jesus applies to everyone who does good, regardless of their beliefs.[5]

A famous idiosyncratic atheist belief is that of Thomas J. J. Altizer. His book The Gospel of Christian Atheism (1967) proclaims the highly unusual view that God has literally died, or self-annihilated. According to Altizer, this is nevertheless "a Christian confession of faith".[6] Making clear the difference between his position and that of both Nietzsche's notion of the death of God and the stance of theological non-realists, Altizer says, "To confess the death of God is to speak of an actual and real event, not perhaps an event occurring in a single moment of time or history, but notwithstanding this reservation an event that has actually happened both in a cosmic and in a historical sense."[7]

A 2001 survey by "Faith Communities Today"[8] found that 18% of Unitarian Universalists (UU) consider themselves to be atheists, with 54% considering themselves humanist. According to this study 16% of UUs consider themselves Buddhist, 13% Christian, and 13% Pagan.

### Islam

This section uncritically uses texts from within a religion or faith system without referring to secondary sources that critically analyze them. Please help improve this article by adding references to reliable secondary sources, with multiple points of view. (June 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

|

In Islam, atheists are categorized as kafir (كافر), a term that is also used to describe polytheists (shirk), and that translates roughly as "denier" or "concealer". Kafir carries connotations of blasphemy and disconnection from the Islamic community. In Arabic, "atheism" is generally translated ilhad (إلحاد), although this also means "heresy".

The Quran is silent on the punishment for apostasy, though not the subject itself. The Quran speaks repeatedly of people going back to unbelief after believing, and gives advice on dealing with "hypocrites":

Sura 9:73,74

> "O Prophet, strive hard against the unbelievers and the hypocrites, and be firm against them. Their abode is Hell,-- an evil refuge indeed. They swear by God that they said nothing [evil], but indeed they uttered blasphemy, and they did it after accepting Islam; and they meditated a plot which they were unable to carry out: this revenge of theirs was [their] only return for the bounty which God and His Apostle had enriched them! If they repent, it will be best for them; but if they turn back [to their evil ways], God will punish them with a grievous penalty in this life and in the Hereafter. They shall have none on this earth to protect or help them."

> -- Qur'an, sura 9 (At-Tawba), ayat 73-73[9]

Muslims are not at liberty to change their religion or become atheists. Atheists in Islamic countries and communities frequently conceal their non-belief (as do people with other condemned qualities, such as homosexuality).

In recent times, capital punishment for atheism is almost never applied, and convicted atheists may be jailed with an opportunity to recant or be stripped of certain civil rights. Religiosity in the Arab world is seen to be essential for morality and atheism is widely associated with immorality. Religious attitudes grew more conservative since the 1980s, compared to the preceding decades when secular socialism was politically dominant. Nonetheless, atheism is tolerated if it is not conspicuous and a worldwide support network for ex-Muslims has existed since 2007. Some commentators believe that the number of undeclared atheists in the Arab world is substantial. According to 2012 WIN/Gallup poll of Saudi citizens, 5 percent of Saudis identify as "convinced atheists", the same percentage as in the U.S.[10]

The increasingly large ex-Muslim communities in the Western world that adhere to no religion have been well documented.[11] A 2007 Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) report argued that some Muslim population projections are overestimated, as they assume that all descendants of Muslims will become Muslims even in cases of mixed parenthood.[12] Equally, Darren E. Sherkat questioned in Foreign Affairs whether some of the Muslim growth projections are accurate as they do not take into account the increasing number of non-religious Muslims. Quantitative research is lacking, but he believes the European trend mirrors the American: data from the General Social Survey in the United States show that 32 percent of those raised Muslim no longer embrace Islam in adulthood, and 18 percent hold no religious identification.[13] Studies show that about half of the 4.2 million persons from Muslim background in Germany no longer embrace Islam in adulthood.[14]

## Indian religions

Atheism is often considered acceptable within Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism.

### Hinduism

“  | Who really knows?
Who will here proclaim it?
Whence was it produced? Whence is this creation?
The gods came afterwards, with the creation of this universe.
Who then knows whence it has arisen?  | ”

|
|

— Nasadiya Sukta, concerns the origin of the universe, Rig Veda, 10:129-6 [15][16][17]

Atheism is a valid form of belief in Hinduism. Certain Hindu schools however view the path of the atheist as a very difficult to follow in matters of spirituality.[18]

Among the six fundamental Astika schools of Hindu philosophy, the Samkhya do not accept God and the early Mimamsa also rejected the notion of God.[19] Samkhya lacks the notion of a 'higher being' that is the ground of all existence. It proposes a thoroughly dualistic understanding of the cosmos, in which two parallel realities (Purusha, the spiritual, and Prakriti, the physical) coexist and the aim of life is the gaining of liberating self-knowledge of the Purusha. Here, no God (better stated theos) is present, yet Ultimate Reality in the form of the Purusha exists.

Cārvāka (also Charvaka) was a materialist and atheist school of thought in India , which is now known principally from fragments cited by its Astika and Buddhist opponents. The proper aim of a Cārvākan, according to these sources, was to live a prosperous, happy, productive life in this world (cf Epicureanism). There is some evidence that the school persisted until at least 1578.

### Jainism

Jainism believes that the emancipated soul is itself God.[20] Jains do not believe in a creator God, but there is belief in numerous gods within the cosmos.[21]

### Buddhism

Buddhism is often described as non-theistic, since Buddhist authorities and canonical texts do not affirm, and sometimes deny, the following:

* The existence of a creation, and therefore of a creator deity
* That a god (deva), gods, or other divine beings are the source of moral imperatives. Instead, the Dharma is an attribution of the universe
* That human beings or other creatures are responsible to a god or gods for their actions

All canonical Buddhist texts that mention the subject accept the existence (as distinct from the authority) of a great number of spiritual beings, including the Vedic deities. From the point of view of Western theism, certain concepts of the Buddha found in the Mahayana school of Buddhism, e.g. of Amitabha or the Adibuddha may seem to share characteristics with Western concepts of God, but Gautama Buddha himself denied that he was a god or divine.

## Chinese religions

Some forms of Confucianism and Taoism do not explicitly affirm, nor are they founded upon a faith in, a higher being or beings. However, Confucian writings do have numerous references to Tian (Heaven), which denotes a transcendent power, with a personal connotation. Neo-Confucian writings, such as that of Chu Hsi, are vague on whether their conception of the Great Ultimate is like a personal deity or not. Although the Western translation of the Tao as "god" in some editions of the Tao te Ching is highly misleading, it is still a matter of debate whether the actual descriptions of the Tao by Laozi has theistic or nontheistic undertones. Religious forms of Taoism do believe in a variety of cosmological beings, which are analogies to the cosmic forces within the universe.

## Other religions

Religions that can be described as grey areas, and do not belong in the aforementioned categories, such as Unitarian Universalism.

### Unitarian Universalism

Unitarian Universalism (UU) is a liberal religion, first founded when Unitarians and Universalists came together in 1961.[22] According to the Unitarian Universalist Association, atheists and agnostics are accepted and welcomed into the UU religion. 'People with atheist and agnostic beliefs find a supportive community in our congregations. We are pro-science, pro-reason, and pro-Evolution...Unitarian Universalism honors the differing paths we each travel. Our congregations are places where we celebrate, support, and challenge one another as we continue on these journeys.'[23] The UU also accepts Christians, and many other religions who believe in a higher being, but it is not restricted - the UUA says that 'Unitarian Universalists are agnostic, theist, atheist, and everything in between.'[24]

## Satanism

LaVeyan Satanism is atheistic, rejecting belief in God and all other deities, including, to the surprise of many, Satan. "Satanism begins with atheism," said Church of Satan High Priest Peter H. Gilmore in an interview. "We begin with the universe and say, 'It’s indifferent. There’s no God, there’s no Devil. No one cares!'"[25] The function of God is performed and satisfied by the satanist him/herself. The needs of worship, ritual, and religious/spiritual focus are directed inwards towards the satanist, as opposed to outwards, towards a deity. It rejects concepts such as prayer, the afterlife, and divine forces.

## Legal status of atheism

World map showing:

Countries that formerly practiced state atheism

Countries that currently practice state atheism

Countries with state religion.

Christianity

|  |

Islam

|  |

Buddhism

|
|
|
|

Legal treatment of atheism has in the past and continues to vary tremendously across different jurisdictions. Three major types of national regime exist: state atheism, where atheism is supported by the government; state religion, where a specific religion or sect is supported by the state, and a secular state which supports neither. Most ancient civilizations (from city-states to empires) had state religions;[26] most modern countries are secular. State atheism is currently practiced in China and Vietnam, but unlike the strongly enforced bans on religious worship in the early Soviet Union and after the Communist Revolution in China, freedom of religion is currently established by law in both China and Vietnam, and respected in practice to some degree (see Freedom of religion in China and Freedom of religion in Vietnam). The minority of modern countries with state religions have established interpretations of either Christianity, Islam, or Buddhism.

Countries with state religions range from those with extremely tolerant laws, like the United Kingdom, to those where the police enforce daily prayer, like Saudi Arabia. Under the millet system of the Ottoman Empire, separate systems of family law are enforced by religious authorities for their separate communities. This system was inherited by and is still in use to various degrees in various Middle Eastern countries, including Iraq, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Israel, the Palestinian Authority, Egypt , and Greece (for religious minorities). Similar separate systems are used in India , Iran, Pakistan and Bangladesh. These systems sometimes create legal problems for atheists and couples of different religions. Atheists may be forced to declare an approved religion, or may be assigned one based on their ethnicity.

Even in counties where freedom of religion is guaranteed by the constitution or other fundamental law, practices or beliefs of a specific religion might be reflected in ostensibly secular codes. For example, blue laws in some Christian countries have enforced certain observances of the Sabbath on Sunday, for example by banning alcohol sales or forcing businesses to close. Laws surrounding nudity, pornography, abortion, contraception, homosexuality, gambling, alcohol, tobacco often track religious sensibilities, though some argue that these are cultural rather than religious prohibitions, though there may be an influence of religious thinking on culture. Major early transitions from state religions to secular states in Western Christiandom were noted in Colonial North America, the American Revolution, and the French Revolution . Prohibitions against state support for any particular religion or against required participation are not always enforced, particularly early in this transition process, and local laws in strongly religious communities may conflict with higher-level law. For example, official school prayer was allowed in the United States until 1962. Freedom of religion was affirmed in nearly all countries in 1966 by the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Despite having no state religion, the German government collects religious taxes for the constituents of several religions; the fee for leaving a religious body has been challenged by atheists.

Some states, regardless of state endorsement of a religion, protect major religions against insult (which may include profession of atheism or criticism of religion by atheists), including Indonesia. Other religious crimes which may cause legal problems for atheists include heresy, blasphemy, apostasy.[27]

### Canada

In Canada, atheists have set up "atheist churches" however in 2019, the Federal Court of Canada ruled in Church of Atheism of Central Canada v Canada (National Revenue) that atheism was not a religion and not entitled to tax-exempt charitable status.[28]

### Great Britain (English Law)

The chief law officer is called Lord Chancellor and holds the title of 'the conscience of the monarch.[29] British subjects have a long history of religious upheaval from the time when Henry VIII of England ordered the English Reformation. There followed a long period of alternate suppressions and liberalizations until, following the Restoration when common law became progressively more descriptive than prescriptive, judges were allowed some latitude in determining guilt (which is why English law is so ambiguous).[30] British "religious atheists" are numerous and might include George Fox and, notably Jeremy Bentham, whose body is displayed in the South Cloister of University College London.[31]

### United States

Atheism in the United States is protected under the First Amendment's Free Exercise Clause. There are also online churches that have been created by atheists to secure legal rights, to ordain atheist clergy to hold ceremonies, as well as for parody, education, and advocacy.[32][33][34][35]

In 1797, the United States Senate ratified a treaty with Tripoli that stated in Article 11:

> As the Government of the United States of America is not, in any sense, founded on the Christian religion; as it has in itself no character of enmity against the laws, religion, or tranquility, of Mussulmen; and, as the said States never entered into any war, or act of hostility against any Mahometan nation, it is declared by the parties, that no pretext arising from religious opinions, shall ever produce an interruption of the harmony existing between the two countries.[36]

## See also

* Nontheistic religions
* Filmmaking technique of Luis Buñuel#Religion and atheism

## Citations

1. ↑ Bill Maher (2012-02-03). Real Time with Bill Maher. HBO. "Religion is defined as the belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, and atheism is — precisely not that. Got it? Atheism is a religion like abstinence is a sex position."
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Taylor, Humphrey. (2003). "While Most Americans Believe in God, Only 36% Attend a Religious Service Once a Month or More Often". Archived from the original on 9 January 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110109031643/http://www.harrisinteractive.com/vault/Harris-Interactive-Poll-Research-While-Most-Americans-Believe-in-God-Only-36-pct-A-2003-10.pdf. Retrieved January 2011. "Protestants (90%) are more likely than Roman Catholics (79%) and much more likely than Jews (48%) to believe in God. Protestants (47%) are also more likely than Catholics (35%) to attend church once a month or more often. Only 16% of Jews go to synagogues once a month or more often."
3. ↑ Rachmani 2002a; Rachmani 2002b.
4. ↑ Catechism of the Catholic Church, English version, section 3.2.1.1.3
5. ↑ "Error: no `|title=` specified when using {{Cite web}}". https://www.catholic.org/news/hf/faith/story.php?id=51077. Retrieved 2018-12-16.Error:+no+`|title=`+specified when+using+{{[[Template:Cite+web|Cite+web]]}}&rft.atitle=&rft_id=https://www.catholic.org/news/hf/faith/story.php?id=51077&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikibooks.org:Philosophy:Atheism_and_religion">
6. ↑ Altizer 1967, p. 102.
7. ↑ Altizer 1967, p. 103.
8. ↑ Surveys: 'Uuism' unique Churchgoers from elsewhere, Christian Century Foundation
9. ↑ Quran 9:73–74
10. ↑ AHMED BENCHEMSI (April 23, 2015). "Invisible Atheists". New Republic. https://newrepublic.com/article/121559/rise-arab-atheists.
11. ↑ "Losing their religion: the hidden crisis of faith among Britain's young Muslims". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/global/2015/may/17/losing-their-religion-british-ex-muslims-non-believers-hidden-crisis-faith. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
12. ↑ Esther Pan, Europe: Integrating Islam, Council on Foreign Relations, 2005-07-13
13. ↑ "Losing Their Religion". 17 August 2015. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/reviews/2015-06-22/losing-their-religion.
14. ↑ "Religionszugehörigkeit Bevölkerung Deutschland" (in de). Forschungsgruppe Weltanschauungen in Deutschland. Archived from the original on 15 January 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160115132325/http://fowid.de/fileadmin/datenarchiv/Religionszugehoerigkeit/Religionszugehoerigkeit_Bevoelkerung_Deutschland_2014.pdf. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
15. ↑ Kenneth Kramer (January 1986). World Scriptures: An Introduction to Comparative Religions. Paulist Press. pp. 34–. ISBN 978-0-8091-2781-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=RzUAu-43W5oC&pg=PA34.
16. ↑ David Christian (1 September 2011). Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History. University of California Press. pp. 18–. ISBN 978-0-520-95067-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=7RdVmDjwTtQC&pg=PA18.
17. ↑ Upinder Singh (2008). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Pearson Education India. pp. 206–. ISBN 978-81-317-1120-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA206.
18. ↑ Chakravarti, Sitansu (1991). Hinduism, a way of life. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.. p. 71. ISBN 978-81-208-0899-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=J_-rASTgw8wC&pg=PA71.
19. ↑ Dasgupta, Surendranath (1992). A history of Indian philosophy, Volume 1. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.. p. 258. ISBN 978-81-208-0412-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=PoaMFmS1_lEC&pg=PA258.
20. ↑ Sangave, Vilas (2006). Aspects of Jaina religion – Issue 12 of Jñānapīṭha Mūrtidevī granthamālā: English series. Bhartiya Jnanpith. p. 27. ISBN 978-81-263-1273-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=8UhvGRoyAqMC&pg=PA27.
21. ↑ Chambliss, Joseph (1996). Philosophy of education: an encyclopedia – Volume 1671 of Garland reference library of the humanities. Taylor & Francis. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-8153-1177-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=-YJlpiTbckgC&pg=PA38.
22. ↑ "Regionalization FAQ - Background Questions & Nuts and Bolts". https://www.uua.org/central-east/regionalization/regi. Retrieved December 25, 2016.
23. ↑ "Atheist and Agnostic Unitarian Universalists". http://www.uua.org/beliefs/who-we-are/beliefs/atheist-agnostic. Retrieved December 25, 2016.
24. ↑ "Existence of a Higher Power in Unitarian Universalism". http://www.uua.org/beliefs/what-we-believe/higher-power. Retrieved December 25, 2016.
25. ↑ Interview with Peter H. Gilmore, David Shankbone, Wikinews, November 5, 2007.
26. ↑ Henry James Sumner Maine (September 2005). Ancient Law. Cosimo Classics (New York, 2005). ISBN 978-1596052260.
27. ↑ Kelly James Clark, ed (2012). Abraham's Children: Liberty and Tolerance in an Age of Religious Conflict. Yale University Press (USA). ISBN 978-0300179378.
28. ↑ https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/atheism-religion-charitable-status-1.5384686
29. ↑ Walter Bagehot (1867). The English Constitution (Oxford World's Classics). Oxford University Press (USA 2001). ISBN 978-0192839756. http://www.abebooks.co.uk/9780192839756/English-Constitution-Bagehot-Walter-0192839756/plp. Retrieved 29 June 2013.
30. ↑ Most Reverend Rowan Williams Archbishop of Canterbury (2009). The English Religious Tradition and the Genius of Anglicanism. Wipf & Stock Publisher. ISBN 978-1606082096.
31. ↑ Stephen Kim, ed (1996). John Tyndall's Transcendental Materialism and the Conflict Between Religion and Science in Victorian England (Distinguished Dissertations). ISBN 978-0773422780.
32. ↑ "About First Church of Atheism". Archived from the original on 11 July 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110711004751/http://firstchurchofatheism.com/index.php/about/. Retrieved July 2011.
33. ↑ "North Texas Church of Freethought". Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110716080425/http://www.churchoffreethought.org/. Retrieved July 2011.
34. ↑ "Houston Church of Freethought". Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110716080916/http://www.hcof.org/Content-Public/Page-Edit/Page.asp?iID=-1145332288. Retrieved July 2011.
35. ↑ "Do Atheists Need a Church?". http://nymag.com/news/features/46214/. Retrieved July 2011.
36. ↑ Matt Dillahunty. "Atheism and the Law". Atheist Community of Austin. Archived from the original on 15 June 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100615213106/http://atheist-community.org/library/articles/read.php?id=742. Retrieved 20 July 2009.

## References

* Altizer, Thomas J.J. (1967). The Gospel of Christian Atheism. London: Collins. http://www.religion-online.org/showbook.asp?title=523. Retrieved 2006-10-27.
* Amoss, George (1999). "The Making of a Quaker Atheist". Archived from the original on 2006-10-21. https://web.archive.org/web/20061021134519/http://www.quaker.org/quest/issue1-4.html. Retrieved 2006-10-27.
* Rachmani, Rav Hillel (2002a). "Introduction to the Thought of Rav Kook, Lecture #16: "Kefira" in our Day". Archived from the original on 9 February 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20060209080656/http://www.vbm-torah.org/archive/rk16-kook.htm. Retrieved 2006-03-05.
* Sevinç, K., Coleman III, T. J., & Hood Jr., R. W. (2018). Non-Belief: An Islamic Perspective. Secularism and Nonreligion, 7(1), 5. DOI: http://doi.org/10.5334/snr.111
* Rachmani, Rav Hillel (2002b). "Introduction to the Thought of Rav Kook, Lecture #17: Heresy V". Archived from the original on 19 February 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20060219094255/http://www.vbm-torah.org/archive/rk17-kook.htm. Retrieved 2006-03-05.
* Horgan, Lara (2009). "The Religious Atheist – Why Atheism is on its way to becoming like any other religion". Archived from the original on 2010-07-17. https://web.archive.org/web/20100717164617/http://sentientonline.net/?p=1213. Retrieved 2009-12-12.

* v
* t
* e

Irreligion

Irreligion|

* Nontheism
* Antireligion
* Post-theism
* Anti-clericalism
* Criticism of religion
* Parody religion
* Secular humanism
* Freethought

Atheism|

* Lists of atheists
* Demographics
* Religion
* History
* Anti-clericalism
* State
* New
* Criticism
* Discrimination/Persecution
* Implicit and explicit
* Negative and positive
* Existence of God
* Antitheism
* Christian atheism
* Hindu atheism
* Jewish atheism

Agnosticism|

* List of agnostics
* Strong
* Weak
* Agnostic atheism
* Agnostic theism
* Christian
* Apatheism
* Ignosticism
* Secular Buddhism

Nontheism|

* Criticism of religion
* Secular humanism
* Freethought
* Flying Spaghetti Monster
* Inconsistent revelations
* Invisible Pink Unicorn
* Nontheistic religions
* Parody religion
* Post-theism
* Russell's teapot
* Theological noncognitivism
* Transtheism

Naturalism|

* Humanistic
* Metaphysical
* Methodological
* Religious

People|

* Atheists
* Agnostics
* Humanists
* Pantheists
* Deists

Books|

* Breaking the Spell
* The End of Faith
* The God Delusion
* God Is Not Great
* Letter to a Christian Nation
* The System of Nature
* Why I Am Not a Christian
* Why I Am Not a Muslim

Organizations|

* American Atheists
* American Humanist Association
* Atheist Alliance International
* British Humanist Association
* Center for Inquiry
* Freedom From Religion Foundation
* International Humanist and Ethical Union
* Rational Response Squad
* Reason Rally
* Recovering from Religion
* World Pantheist Movement
* Brazilian Association of Atheists and Agnostics

Related topics|

* Countries by irreligion
* Secularism
* Parody or mock religions

* v
* t
* e

Belief systems

* Abrahamism
* Acosmism
* Agnosticism
* Animism
* Antireligion
* Atheism
* Deism
* Dharmism
* Dualism
* Esotericism
* Feminist theology
* Gnosticism
* Henotheism
* Immanence
* Monism
* Monolatry
* Monotheism
* Mysticism
* Neoplatonism
* New Age
* New Thought
* Nondualism
* Pandeism
* Pantheism
* Panentheism
* Polytheism
* Process theology
* Religious naturalism
* Shamanism
* Shramanism
* Taoic
* Theism
* Transcendence
* more

* v
* t
* e

Philosophy

Branches

| Traditional|

* Metaphysics
* Ontology
* Epistemology
* Logic
* Ethics
* Aesthetics

|

Philosophy of|

* Action
* Art
* Culture
* Design
* Music
* Film
* Business
* Color
* Cosmos
* Dialogue
* Education
* Environment
* Futility
* Happiness
* Healthcare
* History
* Human nature
* Humor
* Feminism
* Language
* Life
* Literature
* Mathematics
* Mind
* Pain
* Psychology
* Philosophy of psychiatry
* Philosophy of perception
* Philosophy
* Religion
* Science
* Physics
* Chemistry
* Biology
* Geography
* Sexuality
* Social science
* Culture
* Economics
* Justice
* Law
* Politics
* Society
* Space and time
* Sport
* Technology
* Artificial intelligence
* Computer science
* Engineering
* Information
* War

Schools of thought

| By era|

* Ancient
* Western
* Medieval
* Renaissance
* Early modern
* Modern
* Contemporary

|

Ancient|

| Chinese|

* Agriculturalism
* Confucianism
* Legalism
* Logicians
* Mohism
* Chinese naturalism
* Neotaoism
* Taoism
* Yangism
* Chan

|

[[Philosophy:Ancient Greek philosopGreco-Hellenistic philosophy|Roman]] |

* Aristotelianism
* Atomism
* Cynicism
* Cyrenaics
* Eleatics
* Eretrian school
* Epicureanism
* Hermeneutics
* Ionian
* Ephesian
* Milesian
* Megarian school
* Neoplatonism
* Peripatetic
* Platonism
* Pluralism
* Presocratic
* Pyrrhonism
* Pythagoreanism
* Neopythagoreanism
* Sophistic
* Stoicism

Indian|

* Hindu
* Samkhya
* Nyaya
* Vaisheshika
* Yoga
* Mīmāṃsā
* Ājīvika
* Ajñana
* Cārvāka
* Jain
* Anekantavada
* Syādvāda
* Buddhist
* Śūnyatā
* Madhyamaka
* Yogacara
* Sautrāntika
* Svatantrika

Persian|

* Mazdakism
* Mithraism
* Zoroastrianism
* Zurvanism

Medieval|

| European|

* Christian
* Augustinianism
* Scholasticism
* Thomism
* Scotism
* Occamism
* Renaissance humanism

|

East Asian|

* Korean Confucianism
* Edo neo-Confucianism
* Neo-Confucianism

Indian|

* Vedanta
* Acintya bheda abheda
* Advaita
* Bhedabheda
* Dvaita
* Nimbarka Sampradaya
* Shuddhadvaita
* Vishishtadvaita
* Navya-Nyāya

Islamic|

* Averroism
* Avicennism
* Illuminationism
* ʿIlm al-Kalām
* Sufi

Jewish|

* Judeo-Islamic

Modern|

| People|

* Cartesianism
* Kantianism
* Neo-Kantianism
* Hegelianism
* Marxism
* Spinozism

|

* Anarchism
* Classical Realism
* Liberalism
* Collectivism
* Conservatism
* Determinism
* Dualism
* Empiricism
* Existentialism
* Foundationalism
* Historicism
* Holism
* Humanism
* Anti-
* Idealism
* Absolute
* British
* German
* Objective
* Subjective
* Transcendental
* Individualism
* Kokugaku
* Materialism
* Modernism
* Monism
* Naturalism
* Natural law
* Nihilism
* New Confucianism
* Neo-scholasticism
* Pragmatism
* Phenomenology
* Positivism
* Reductionism
* Rationalism
* Social contract
* Socialism
* Transcendentalism
* Utilitarianism

Contemporary|

| Analytic|

* Applied ethics
* Analytic feminism
* Analytical Marxism
* Communitarianism
* Consequentialism
* Critical rationalism
* Experimental philosophy
* Falsificationism
* Foundationalism / Coherentism
* Generative linguistics
* Internalism and externalism
* Logical positivism
* Legal positivism
* Normative ethics
* Meta-ethics
* Moral realism
* Quinean naturalism
* Ordinary language philosophy
* Postanalytic philosophy
* Quietism
* Rawlsian
* Reformed epistemology
* Systemics
* Scientism
* Scientific realism
* Scientific skepticism
* Transactionalism
* Contemporary utilitarianism
* Vienna Circle
* Wittgensteinian

|

Continental|

* Critical theory
* Deconstruction
* Existentialism
* Feminist
* Frankfurt School
* New Historicism
* Hermeneutics
* Neo-Marxism
* Phenomenology
* Posthumanism
* Postmodernism
* Post-structuralism
* Social constructionism
* Structuralism
* Western Marxism

Other|

* Kyoto School
* Objectivism
* Postcritique
* Russian cosmism
* more...

Positions

| Aesthetics|

* Formalism
* Institutionalism
* Aesthetic response

|

Ethics|

* Consequentialism
* Deontology
* Virtue

Free will|

* Compatibilism
* Determinism
* Hard
* Incompatibilism
* Hard
* Libertarianism

Metaphysics|

* Atomism
* Dualism
* Monism
* Naturalism

Epistemology|

* Constructivism
* Empiricism
* Idealism
* Particularism
* Fideism
* Rationalism
* /Nihilism-->
* Solipsism

Mind|

* Behaviorism
* Emergentism
* Eliminativism
* Epiphenomenalism
* Functionalism
* Objectivism
* Subjectivism

Normativity|

* Absolutism
* Particularism
* Relativism
* Nihilism
* Skepticism
* Universalism

Ontology|

* Action
* Event
* Process

Reality|

* Anti-realism
* Conceptualism
* Idealism
* Materialism
* Naturalism
* Nominalism
* Physicalism
* Realism

* By region
* Related lists
* Miscellaneous

| By region|

* African
* Ethiopian
* Amerindian
* Aztec
* Eastern
* Chinese
* Egyptian
* Indian
* Indonesian
* Iranian
* Japanese
* Korean
* Pakistani
* Vietnamese
* Western
* American
* Australian
* British
* Czech
* Danish
* French
* German
* Greek
* Italian
* Polish
* Romanian
* Russian
* Slovene
* Spanish
* Turkish

|

Lists|

* Outline
* Index
* Years
* Problems
* Schools
* Glossary
* Philosophers
* Movements
* Publications

Miscellaneous|

* Natural law
* Sage
* Theoretical philosophy / Practical philosophy
* Women in philosophy

* Portal
* Category
* Book

0.00

(0 votes)

|

Retrieved from "https://handwiki.orghttps://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Philosophy:Atheism_and_religion&oldid=2324502"
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template