Baal

Baal (/ˈbeɪ.əl, ˈbɑːl/),[1][2][3] or Ba'al (/bɑː.ɑːl/),[4][lower-alpha 1] was a title and honorific meaning "owner" or "lord" in the Northwest Semitic languages spoken in the Levant during antiquity. From its use among people, it came to be applied to gods.[6] Scholars previously associated the theonym with solar cults and with a variety of unrelated patron deities, but inscriptions have shown that the name Baal was particularly associated with the storm and fertility god Hadad and his local manifestations.[7] The Ugaritic god Baal (𐎁𐎓𐎍) is the protagonist of one of the lengthiest surviving epics from the ancient Near East, the Baal Cycle.

Known by epithets like "rider of the clouds" and "Victorious Baal", he was associated with rain, lightning, wind, fertility, and kingship, and was often depicted in opposition to sea and death deities like Yammu and Mot. Worship of Baal spread throughout the Levant, Egypt, and the Mediterranean via Phoenician colonization, with regional forms such as Baal Hammon in Carthage. The god was also known as "the mighty one", and "the one without equal" ("there is none above him").[8]

The Hebrew Bible includes use of the term in reference to various Levantine deities, often with application towards Hadad, who was decried as a false god. In the Hebrew Bible, Baal appears frequently as a foreign or rival deity, with prophets like Elijah opposing his cult, while in early Israelite contexts, the title may have sometimes referred to Yahweh. Depiction as a false god was taken over into Christianity and Islam, sometimes under the form Beelzebub in demonology.

Classical sources rendered him as Belus. The Quran also references Baal worship, portraying him as a false god opposed by the prophet Elijah.

Ba'al (בעל) is the most commonly used Modern Hebrew word for a husband.

## Contents

* 1 Name
* 1.1 Epithets
* 1.2 Etymology
* 2 Semitic religion
* 2.1 Generic
* 2.2 Hadad
* 2.3 Baʿal
* 2.4 Baʿal Hammon
* 3 Judaism
* 3.1 Yahweh
* 3.2 Baʿal Berith
* 3.3 Beelzebub
* 4 Classical sources
* 5 Christianity
* 6 Islam
* 7 Modern-day
* 7.1 Conspiracy theories
* 7.2 Burning of Baal effigies
* 8 See also
* 9 Notes
* 10 References
* 10.1 Citations
* 10.2 Sources
* 11 Further reading
* 12 External links

## Name

### Epithets

Baʻal's widely used epithet is "rider (or mounter[9]) of the clouds". (rkb ʿrpt, cf. rkb bʿrbt in Ps. 68:4; Ugaritic rkb ʿrpt.) These are related to Zeus's "gatherer of the clouds" and Yahweh's "rider of the heavens".[10] Like the English word ride, rkb has equine and sexual uses.[11]

### Etymology

The spelling of the English term "Baal" derives from the Greek Báal (Βάαλ) which appears in the New Testament[12] and Septuagint,[13] and from its Latinized form Baal, which appears in the Vulgate.[13] These forms in turn derive from the vowel-less Northwest Semitic form BʿL (Phoenician and Punic: 𐤁𐤏𐤋).[14] The word's biblical senses as a Phoenician deity and false gods generally were extended during the Protestant Reformation to denote any idols, icons of the saints, or the Catholic Church generally.[15] In such contexts, it follows the anglicized pronunciation and usually omits any mark between its two As.[1] In close transliteration of the Semitic name, the ayin is represented, as Baʿal.

In the Northwest Semitic languages—Ugaritic, Phoenician, Hebrew, Amorite, and Aramaic—the word baʿal signified "owner" and, by extension, "lord",[13] a "master", or "husband".[16][17] Cognates include the Akkadian Bēlu (𒂗),[lower-alpha 2] Amharic bal (ባል),[18] and Arabic baʿl (بعل). Báʿal (בַּעַל) and baʿl still serve as the words for "husband" in modern Hebrew and Arabic respectively. They also appear in some contexts concerning the ownership of things or possession of traits.

The feminine form is baʿalah (Hebrew: בַּעֲלָה;[19] Arabic: بَعْلَة), meaning "mistress" in the sense of a female owner or lady of the house[19] and still serving as a rare word for "wife".[20]

Suggestions in early modern scholarship also included comparison with the Celtic god Belenus, however this is now widely rejected by contemporary scholars.[21]

## Semitic religion

### Generic

Like En in Sumerian, the Akkadian bēlu and Northwest Semitic baʿal (as well as its feminine form baʿalah) was used as a title of various deities in the Mesopotamian and Semitic pantheons. Only a definitive article, genitive or epithet, or context could establish which particular god was meant.[22]

### Hadad

Main article: Religion:Hadad

Baʿal was also used as a proper name by the third millennium BC, when he appears in a list of deities at Abu Salabikh.[13] Most modern scholarship asserts that this Baʿal—usually distinguished as "The Lord" (הבעל, Ha-Baʿal)—was identical with the storm and fertility god Hadad;[13][23][16] it also appears in the form Baʿal Haddu.[17][24] Scholars propose that, as the cult of Hadad increased in importance, his true name came to be seen as too holy for any but the high priest to speak aloud and the alias "Lord" ("Baʿal") was used instead, as "Bel" was used for Marduk among the Babylonians and "Adonai" for Yahweh among the Israelites. A minority propose that Baʿal was a native Canaanite deity whose cult was identified with or absorbed aspects of Adad's.[13] Regardless of their original relationship, by the 1st millennium BCE, the two were distinct: Hadad was worshiped by the Aramaeans and Baʿal by the Phoenicians and other Canaanites.[13]

### Baʿal

See also: Religion:Baal Cycle

Bronze figurine of Baal, 14th–12th century BC, found at Ras Shamra (ancient Ugarit) near the Phoenician coast (Musée du Louvre, Paris) Solid cast bronze of a votive figurine representing Baal discovered at Tel Megiddo, dating to the mid-2nd millennium BC (Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures, Chicago, Illinois)

Baʿal is well-attested in surviving inscriptions and was popular in theophoric names throughout the Levant[25] but he is usually mentioned along with other gods, "his own field of action being seldom defined".[26] Nonetheless, Ugaritic records show him as a weather god, with particular power over lightning, wind, rain, and fertility.[26][lower-alpha 3] The dry summers of the area were explained as Baʿal's time in the underworld, and his return in autumn was said to have caused the storms that revived the land.[26] Thus, the worship of Baʿal in Canaan—where he eventually supplanted El as the leader of the gods and patron of kingship—was connected to the region's dependence on rainfall for its agriculture, unlike Egypt and Mesopotamia, which focused on irrigation from their major rivers. Anxiety about water availability for crops and trees increased the importance of his cult, which focused attention on his role as a rain god.[16] He was also called upon during battle, showing that he was thought to intervene actively in the world of man,[26] unlike the more aloof El. The Lebanese city of Baalbeck was named after Baal.[29] Alternatively, Ba' al is a divine co-regent with El, where El was the executive while Ba' al was the sustainer of the cosmos.[30]

The Baʿal of Ugarit was the epithet of Hadad, but as time passed, the epithet became the god's name while Hadad became the epithet.[31] Baʿal was usually said to be the son of Dagan, but appears as one of the sons of El in Ugaritic sources.[25][17][lower-alpha 4] Both Baʿal and El were associated with the bull in Ugaritic texts, as they symbolized both strength and fertility.[32] He held special enmity against snakes, both on their own and as representatives of Yammu (lit. "Sea"), the Canaanite sea god and river god.[33] He fought the Tannin (Tunnanu), the "Twisted Serpent" (Bṯn ʿqltn), "Lotan the Fugitive Serpent" (Ltn Bṯn Brḥ, the biblical Leviathan),[33] and the "Mighty One with Seven Heads" (Šlyṭ D.šbʿt Rašm).[34][lower-alpha 5] Baʿal's conflict with Yammu is now generally regarded as the prototype of the vision recorded in the 7th chapter of the biblical Book of Daniel.[36] As vanquisher of the sea, the Canaanites and Phoenicians regarded Baʿal as the patron of sailors and sea-going merchants.[33] As vanquisher of Mot, the Canaanite death god, he was known as Baʿal Rāpiʾuma (Bʿl Rpu) and regarded as the leader of the Rephaim (Rpum), the ancestral spirits, particularly those of ruling dynasties.[33]

From Canaan, worship of Baʿal spread to Egypt by the Middle Kingdom and throughout the Mediterranean following the waves of Phoenician colonization in the early 1st millennium BCE.[25] He was described with diverse epithets, and before Ugarit was rediscovered, these were supposed to refer to distinct local gods. However, as explained by Day, the texts at Ugarit revealed that they were considered "local manifestations of this particular deity, analogous to the local manifestations of the Virgin Mary in the Roman Catholic Church".[23] In those inscriptions, he is frequently described as "Victorious Baʿal" (Aliyn or Ảlỉyn Baʿal),[17][13] "Mightiest one" (Aliy or ʾAly)[17][lower-alpha 6] or "Mightiest of the Heroes" (Aliy Qrdm), "The Powerful One" (Dmrn), and in his role as patron of the city "Baʿal of Ugarit" (Baʿal Ugarit).[42] As Baʿal Zaphon (Baʿal Ṣapunu), he was particularly associated with his palace atop Jebel Aqra (the ancient Mount Ṣapānu and classical Mons Casius).[42] He is also mentioned as "Winged Baʿal" (Bʿl Knp) and "Baʿal of the Arrows" (Bʿl Ḥẓ).[17] Phoenician and Aramaic inscriptions describe "Baʿal of the Mace" (Bʿl Krntryš), "Baʿal of the Lebanon" (Bʿl Lbnn), "Baʿal of Sidon" (Bʿl Ṣdn), Bʿl Ṣmd, "Baʿal of the Heavens" (Baʿal Shamem or Shamayin),[43] Baʿal ʾAddir (Bʿl ʾdr), Baʿal Hammon (Baʿal Ḥamon), Bʿl Mgnm.[25]

### Baʿal Hammon

Main article: Baʿal Hammon

Baʿal Hammon was worshipped in the Tyrian colony of Carthage as their supreme god. It is believed that this position developed in the 5th century BCE following the severing of its ties to Tyre following the 480 BCE Battle of Himera.[44] Like Hadad, Baʿal Hammon was a fertility god.[45] Inscriptions about Punic deities tend to be rather uninformative, though, and he has been variously identified as a moon god and as Dagan, the grain god.[46] Rather than the bull, Baʿal Hammon was associated with the ram and depicted with his horns. The archaeological record seems to bear out accusations in Roman sources that the Carthaginians burned their children as human sacrifices to him.[47] He was worshipped as Baʿal Karnaim ("Lord of the Two Horns"), particularly at an open-air sanctuary at Jebel Bu Kornein ("Two-Horn Hill") across the bay from Carthage. His consort was the goddess Tanit.[48]

The epithet Hammon is obscure. Most often, it is connected with the NW Semitic ḥammān ("brazier") and associated with a role as a sun god.[49] Renan and Gibson linked it to Hammon (modern Umm el-‘Amed between Tyre in Lebanon and Acre in Israel)[50] and Cross and Lipiński to Haman or Khamōn, the classical Mount Amanus and modern Nur Mountains, which separate northern Syria from southeastern Cilicia.[51][52]

## Judaism

Slaughter of the Prophets of Baal, 1860 woodcut by Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld

Baʿal (בַּעַל) appears about 90 times in the Hebrew Bible in reference to various gods.[13] The priests of the Canaanite Baʿal are mentioned numerous times, most prominently in the First Book of Kings. Many scholars believe that this describes Jezebel's attempt to introduce the worship of the Baʿal of Tyre, Melqart,[53] to the Israelite capital Samaria in the 9th century BCE.[54] Against this, Day argues that Jezebel's Baʿal was more probably Baʿal Shamem, the Lord of the Heavens, a title most often applied to Hadad, who is also often titled just Baʻal.[55]

1 Kings 18 records an account of a contest between the prophet Elijah and Jezebel's priests. Both sides offered a sacrifice to their respective gods: Baʻal failed to light his followers' sacrifice while Yahweh's heavenly fire burnt Elijah's altar to ashes, even after it had been soaked with water. The observers then followed Elijah's instructions to slay the priests of Baʿal,[56] after which it began to rain, showing Yahweh's mastery over the weather.

Other references to the priests of Baʿal describe their burning of incense in prayer[57] and their offering of sacrifice while adorned in special vestments.[58]

### Yahweh

Main articles: Religion:Yahweh and Names of God in Judaism

The title baʿal was a synonym in some contexts of the Hebrew adon ("Lord") and adonai ("My Lords") still used as aliases of the Lord of Israel Yahweh. According to some scholars, the early Hebrews did use the names Baʿal ("Lord") and Baʿali ("My Lord") in reference to the Lord of Israel, just as Baʿal farther north designated the Lord of Ugarit or Lebanon.[54][6] This occurred both directly and as the divine element of some Hebrew theophoric names. However, according to others it is not certain that the name Baal was definitely applied to Yahweh in early Israelite history. The component Baal in proper names is mostly applied to worshippers of Baal, or descendants of the worshippers of Baal.[59] Names including the element Baʿal presumably in reference to Yahweh[60][6] include the judge Gideon (also known as Jerubaʿal, lit. "The Lord Strives"), Saul's son Eshbaʿal ("The Lord is Great"), and David's son Beeliada ("The Lord Knows"). The name Bealiah ("The Lord is Jah"; "Yahweh is Baʿal")[7] combined the two.[61][62] However John Day states that as far as the names Eshbaʻal, Meribaʻal, and Beeliada (that is, Baʻaliada), are concerned it is not certain whether they simply allude to the Canaanite god Baʻal, or are intended to equate Yahweh with Baʻal, or have no connection to Baʻal.[63]

It was the program of Jezebel, in the 9th century BCE, to introduce into Israel's capital city of Samaria her Phoenician worship of Baal as opposed to the worship of Yahweh that made the name anathema to the Israelites.[54]

> At first the name Baal was used by the Jews for their God without discrimination, but as the struggle between the two religions developed, the name Baal was given up by the Israelites as a thing of shame, and even names like Jerubbaal were changed to Jerubbosheth: Hebrew bosheth means "shame".[64]

Eshbaʿal became Ish-bosheth and Meribaʿal became Mephibosheth,[65][original research?] but other possibilities also occurred. Gideon's name Jerubaʿal was mentioned intact but glossed as a mockery of the Canaanite god, implying that he strove in vain.[66][original research?] Direct use of Baʿali continued at least as late as the time of the prophet Hosea, who reproached the Israelites for doing so.[67]

Brad E. Kelle has suggested that references to cultic sexual practices in the worship of Baal, in Hosea 2, are evidence of an historical situation in which Israelites were either giving up Yahweh worship for Baal, or blending the two. Hosea's references to sexual acts being metaphors for Israelite "apostasy".[68]

Brian P. Irwin argues that "Baal" in northern Israelite traditions is a form of Yahweh that was rejected as foreign by the prophets. In southern Israelite traditions, "Baal" was a god that was worshipped in Jerusalem. His worshippers saw him as compatible or identical with Yahweh and honored him with human sacrifices and fragrant meal offerings. Eventually, the Chronicler(s) disapproved of both "Baals" whilst the Deuteronomists used "Baals" for any god they disapproved of.[69]

Likewise, Mark S. Smith believes Yahweh was more likely to be inspired by Baal rather than El, since both are stormy divine warriors and lack the pacifistic traits of El according to the Ugaritic texts and Hebrew Bible.[70]

### Baʿal Berith

Baʿal Berith ("Lord of the Covenant") was a god worshipped by the Israelites when they "went astray" after the death of Gideon according to the Hebrew Scriptures.[71] The same source relates that Gideon's son Abimelech went to his mother's kin at Shechem and received 70 shekels of silver "from the House of Baʿal Berith" to assist in killing his 70 brothers from Gideon's other wives.[72] An earlier passage had made Shechem the scene of Joshua's covenant between all the tribes of Israel and "El Yahweh, our god of Israel"[73] and a later one describes it as the location of the "House of El Berith".[74] It is thus unclear whether the false worship of the "Baʿalim" being decried[71] is the worship of a new idol or rites and teachings placing Yahweh as a mere local god within a larger pantheon. The Hebrew Scriptures record the worship of Baʿal threatening Israel from the time of the Judges until the monarchy.[75] However, during the period of Judges such worship seems to have been an occasional deviation from a deeper and more constant worship of Yahweh:

> Throughout all the stories of Judges the popular faith in YHWH runs as a powerful current. This faith raises the judges, and inspires poets, prophets, and Nazirites. ... Worship of Baals and Ashtoreths has been schematically interspersed between these chapters, but no trace of a vital, popular belief in any foreign gods can be detected in the stories themselves. Baal prophets appeared in Israel centuries later; but during the age of the judges when Israel is supposed to have been most deeply affected by the religion of Canaan, there are no Baal priests or prophets, nor any other intimation of a vital effect of polytheism in Israel’s life.[76]

The Deuteronomist[77] and the present form of Jeremiah[78] seem to phrase the struggle as monolatry or monotheism against polytheism. Yahweh is frequently identified in the Hebrew scriptures with El Elyon, however, this was after a conflation with El in a process of religious syncretism.[79] ’El (Hebrew: אל) became a generic term meaning "god", as opposed to the name of a worshipped deity, and epithets such as El Shaddai came to be applied to Yahweh alone, while Baal's nature as a storm and weather god became assimilated into Yahweh's own identification with the storm.[80] In the next stage the Yahwistic religion separated itself from its Canaanite heritage, first by rejecting Baal-worship in the 9th century, then through the 8th to 6th centuries with prophetic condemnation of Baal, sun-worship, worship on the "high places", practices pertaining to the dead, and other matters.[81]

### Beelzebub

Main article: Software:Beelzebub

"Beelzebub" in the 1863 edition of Jacques Collin de Plancy's Dictionnaire Infernal

Baʿal Zebub (Hebrew: בעל זבוב, lit. "Fly-Lord")[82][83][lower-alpha 7] occurs in the first chapter of the Second Book of Kings as the name of the Philistine god of Ekron. In it, Ahaziah, king of Israel, is said to have consulted the priests of Baʿal Zebub as to whether he would survive the injuries from his recent fall. The prophet Elijah, incensed at this impiety, then foretold that he would die quickly, raining heavenly fire on the soldiers sent to punish him for doing so.[85] Jewish scholars have interpreted the title of "Lord of the Flies" as the Hebrew way of calling Baʿal a pile of dung and his followers vermin,[86][87] although others argue for a link to power over causing and curing pestilence and thus suitable for Ahaziah's question.[88] The Septuagint renders the name as Baälzeboúb (βααλζεβούβ) and as "Baʿal of Flies" (βααλ μυιαν, Baäl muian). Symmachus the Ebionite rendered it as Beëlzeboúl (Βεελζεβούλ), possibly reflecting its original sense.[89][lower-alpha 8] This has been proposed to have been B‘l Zbl, Ugaritic for "Prince Baal".[90][lower-alpha 9][lower-alpha 10][lower-alpha 11]

## Classical sources

Outside of Jewish and Christian contexts, the various forms of Baʿal were indifferently rendered in classical sources as Belus (Ancient Greek: Βῆλος, Bē̂los). An example is Josephus, who states that Jezebel "built a temple to the god of the Tyrians, which they call Belus";[53] this describes the Baʿal of Tyre, Melqart. Herrmann identifies the Demarus/Demarous figure mentioned by Philo Byblius as Baʿal.[33]

Baʿal Hammon, however, was identified with the Greek Cronos and the Roman Saturn as the Zabul Saturn.[93] He was probably never equated with Melqart, although this assertion appears in older scholarship.

## Christianity

Beelzebub or Beelzebul was identified by the writers of the New Testament as Satan, "prince" (i.e., king) of the demons.[lower-alpha 12][lower-alpha 13]

John Milton's 1667 epic Paradise Lost describes the fallen angels collecting around Satan, stating that, though their heavenly names had been "blotted out and ras'd", they would acquire new ones "wandring o're the Earth" as false gods. Baalim and Ashtaroth are given as the collective names of the male and female demons (respectively) who came from between the "bordering flood of old Euphrates" and "the Brook that parts Egypt from Syrian ground".[94]

## Islam

The Quran mentions that Prophet Elias (Elijah) warned his people against Baʿal worship.[95]

> And Elias was indeed one of the messengers. ˹Remember˺ when he said to his people, “Will you not fear ˹Allah˺? Do you call upon ˹the idol of˺ Ba’l and abandon the Best of Creators— Allah, your Lord and the Lord of your forefathers?” But they rejected him, so they will certainly be brought ˹for punishment˺. But not the chosen servants of Allah. We blessed him ˹with honourable mention˺ among later generations: “Peace be upon Elias.” Indeed, this is how We reward the good-doers. He was truly one of Our faithful servants.

> -- Quran 37:123-132

According to some medieval Islamic scholars, the context of the verse above tells of Ilyas and the inhabitants of the town of Baalbek who worshipped Baal.[96]

According to Tabari, baal is a term used by Arabs to denote everything which is a lord over anything.[97]

Al-Thaʿlabī offers a more detailed description about Baal; accordingly it was an idol of gold, twenty cubits tall, and had four faces.[95]

The trilateral root, (bā, ayn, lam) baʿl occurs seven times in the Qur’an with its common Semitic usage of “owner, husband,” particularly husband.[98] For example, Sarah, wife of Abraham refers to her husband using the term.[99][100]

## Modern-day

### Conspiracy theories

On January 30, 2026, the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) released a portion of the Epstein files that mention the word "Baal".[101] Some online claims attach the worship of Baal to satanic rituals and the occult, and link it to allegations involving American financer and child sex offender Jeffrey Epstein; however, the released materials provide no clear evidentiary basis for that inference. The appearance is said to be consistent with financial-document field text and, in at least one widely circulated example, appears to be an optical character recognition (OCR) or scanning artifact in which "Bank Name" is misread as "Baal. name".[102]

### Burning of Baal effigies

On February 11th 2026, during the yearly celebration of the Iranian Revolution anniversary in Iran, at 11:33 AM (resembling the masonic holy numbers), several effigies of Baal along with several obelisks were set to fire simultaneously in several cities in Iran. They were made of natural rubber and cardboard days before the Performance. These words were said before performing the act:

> “We, the monotheists of the world, by the help of God, will bring down the worshipers of Baal, the worshipers of Satan, and the arrogant oppressors.”[103]

This act was said by its performers to symbolise how Muslims reject demon Gods and their worshippers and to also note that even though paganism and worshipping of demons and idols is believed publicly to be forfeit, many top leaders, especially in the west, still practice it.[104]

A month later, on 13th March 2026 Shi'ite Muslims burned an effigy of Baal bearing Israeli symbols during a gathering marking the annual Quds Day (Jerusalem Day) in Baghdad, Iraq.[105]

## See also

* Adonis
* Bael
* Beelzebub
* Baal (disambiguation)
* Baal in popular culture
* Baal the demon
* Baalahs
* Baʿal Peʿor (Lord of Mt Peʿor)
* Baal-zephon (Lord of Mount Zaphon)
* Bel
* Temple of Bel
* Beluses
* Belial
* Set
* Teshub
* Theispas

## Notes

1. ↑ Ugaritic: 𐎁𐎓𐎍, romanized: baʿlu;[5] Phoenician: 𐤁𐤏𐤋, romanized: baʿl; Biblical Hebrew: בעל, romanized: baʿal, he.
2. ↑ This cuneiform is identical to the ⟨ 𒂗 ⟩ which is taken as EN in Sumerian texts. There, it has the meaning 'high priest' or 'lord' and appears in the names of the gods Enki and Enlil.
3. ↑ In surviving accounts, Baʿal's power over fertility extends only over vegetation. Older scholarship claimed Baʿal controlled human fertility as well but did so on the basis of misinterpretation or of inscriptions now regarded as dubious.[27] Similarly, 19th-century scholarship treating Baal as a personification of the sun seems to have been badly taken. The astrotheology of Near Eastern deities was an Iron Age development long postdating the origin of religion and, following its development, Bel and Baʿal were associated with the planet Jupiter.[28] The sun was worshipped in Canaan as either the goddess Shapash or the god Shamash.
4. ↑ Herrmann argues against seeing these separate lineages literally, instead proposing that they describe Baʿal's roles. As a god, he is understood as a child of El, "father of gods", while his fertility aspects connect him to the grain god Dagan.[25]
5. ↑ The account is patchy and obscure here. Some scholars take some or all of the terms to refer to Litan, and in other passages, ʿAnat takes credit for destroying the monsters on Baʿal's behalf. Herrmann takes "Šalyaṭu" as a proper name[33] rather than translating it as the "powerful one" or "tyrant".[35]
6. ↑ This name appears twice in the Legend of Keret discovered at Ugarit. Before this discovery, Nyberg had restored it to the Hebrew texts of Deuteronomy,[37] 1 & 2 Samuel,[38][39] Isaiah,[40] and Hosea.[41] Following its verification, additional instances have been claimed in the Psalms and in Job.[16]
7. ↑ "The etymology of Beelzebul has proceeded in several directions. The variant reading Beelzebub (Syriac translators and Jerome) reflects a long-standing tradition of equating Beelzebul with the Philistine deity of the city of Ekron mentioned in 2 Kgs 1:2, 3, 6, 16. Baalzebub (Heb ba˓al zĕbûb) seems to mean “lord of flies” (HALAT, 250, but cf. LXXB baal muian theon akkarōn, “Baal-Fly, god of Akkaron”; Ant 9:2, 1 theon muian)."[84]
8. ↑ Arndt & al. reverse this, saying Symmachus transcribed Baälzeboúb for a more common Beëlzeboúl.[82]
9. ↑ "It is more probable that b‘l zbl, which can mean “lord of the (heavenly) dwelling” in Ugaritic, was changed to b‘l zbb to make the divine name an opprobrius epithet. The reading Beelzebul in Mt. 10:25 would then reflect the right form of the name, a wordplay on “master of the house” (Gk oikodespótēs)."[91]
10. ↑ "An alternative suggested by many is to connect zĕbûl with a noun meaning '(exalted) abode.'"[84]
11. ↑ "In contemporary Semitic speech it may have been understood as ‘the master of the house’; if so, this phrase could be used in a double sense in Mt. 10:25b."[92]
12. ↑ "In NT Gk. beelzeboul, beezeboul (Beelzebub in TR and AV) is the prince of the demons (Mt. 12:24, 27; Mk. 3:22; Lk. 11:15, 18f.), identified with Satan (Mt. 12:26; Mk. 3:23, 26; Lk. 11:18)."[92]
13. ↑ "Besides, Matt 12:24; Mark 3:22; Luke 11:15 use the apposition ἄρχων τῶν δαιμονίων ‘head of the →Demons’."[88]

## References

### Citations

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Baal (3rd ed.), Oxford University Press, September 2005, http://oed.com/search?searchType=dictionary&q=Baal, retrieved 2019-12-26 (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
2. ↑ "Baal". Baal. Oxford University Press. http://www.lexico.com/definition/Baal.
3. ↑ "Baal". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Baal. Retrieved 2019-12-26.
4. ↑ Webb, Steven K. (2012). "Baal". Webb's Easy Bible Names Pronunciation Guide. https://books.google.com/books?id=IrrtAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT36.
5. ↑ De Moor & al. (1987), p. 1.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Smith (1878), pp. 175–176.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 AYBD (1992), "Baal (Deity)".
8. ↑ Rahmouni, Aïcha (2008) (in en). Divine Epithets in the Ugaritic Alphabetic Texts. BRILL. pp. 84. ISBN 978-90-04-15769-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=j0SxrpjbwiEC.
9. ↑ Dahood, "Psalms II" 1966 p = 136 § = 68 https://archive.org/details/psaml20000unse/page/n5/mode/2up
10. ↑ JANES 5 1973 Weinfeld "Rider of the Clouds"
11. ↑ Weninger, Stefan (2011-12-23). The Semitic Languages. Berlin [u.a..]: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-025158-6.
12. ↑ Romans 11:4
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 13.8 Herrmann (1999a), p. 132.
14. ↑ Huss (1985), p. 561.
15. ↑ Oxford English Dictionary (1885), "Baalist, n."
16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 Pope (2007).
17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 DULAT (2015), "bʕl (II)".
18. ↑ Kane (1990), p. 861.
19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Strong (1890), H1172.
20. ↑ Wehr & al. (1976), p. 67.
21. ↑ Belin, in Gilles Ménage, Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue françoise, 1750. Ménage constructs a derivation of both the "Chaldean" Bel and the Celtic Belin from a supposed word for 'ball, sphere', whence 'head', and 'chief, lord'
22. ↑ Halpern (2009), p. 64.
23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Day (2000), p. 68.
24. ↑ Ayali-Darshan (2013), p. 652.
25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 Herrmann (1999a), p. 133.
26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 Herrmann (1999a), p. 134.
27. ↑ Herrmann (1999a), pp. 134–135.
28. ↑ Smith & al. (1899).
29. ↑ Batuman, Elif (18 December 2014), "The Myth of the Megalith", The New Yorker, http://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/baalbek-myth-megalith
30. ↑ Lewis, Theodore J. (2020). The Origin and Character of God: Ancient Israelite Religion through the Lens of Divinity. Oxford University Press. pp. 73–118. ISBN 978-0190072544. https://academic.oup.com/book/37440/chapter/331574551?login=true#331574754.
31. ↑ Allen, Spencer L (2015). The Splintered Divine: A Study of Istar, Baal, and Yahweh Divine Names and Divine Multiplicity in the Ancient Near East. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 216. ISBN 9781614512363. https://books.google.com/books?id=zfFeCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA216.
32. ↑ Miller (2000), p. 32.
33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 33.4 33.5 Herrmann (1999a), p. 135.
34. ↑ Uehlinger (1999), p. 512.
35. ↑ DULAT (2015), "šlyṭ".
36. ↑ Collins (1984), p. 77.
37. ↑ Deut. 33:12.
38. ↑ 1 Sam. 2:10.
39. ↑ 2 Sam. 23:1.
40. ↑ Isa. 59:18 & 63:7.
41. ↑ Hos. 7:16.
42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 Herrmann (1999a), pp. 132–133.
43. ↑ "Baal | ancient deity" (in en). Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Baal-ancient-deity. Retrieved 2017-08-04.
44. ↑ Moscati (2001), p. 132.
45. ↑ Lancel (1995), p. 197.
46. ↑ Lipiński (1992).
47. ↑ Xella et al. (2013).
48. ↑ Lancel (1995), p. 195.
49. ↑ Walbank (1979), p. 47.
50. ↑ Gibson (1982), p. 39 & 118.
51. ↑ Cross (1973), p. 26–28.
52. ↑ Lipiński (1994), p. 207.
53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 Josephus, Antiquities, 8.13.1.
54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 54.2 BEWR (2006), "Baal".
55. ↑ Day (2000), p. 75.
56. ↑ 1 Kings 18
57. ↑ 2 Kings 23:5.
58. ↑ 2 Kings 10:22
59. ↑ Herrmann (1999a), p. 136.
60. ↑ Ayles (1904), p. 103.
61. ↑ 1 Chron. 12:5.
62. ↑ Easton (1893), "Beali′ah".
63. ↑ Day (2000), p. 72.
64. ↑ ZPBD (1963).
65. ↑ 1 Chron. 9:40.
66. ↑ Judges 6:32.
67. ↑ Hosea 2:16
68. ↑ Kelle (2005), p. 137.
69. ↑ Irwin, Brian P. (1999). Baal and Yahweh in the Old Testament: A Fresh Examination of the Biblical and Extra-Biblical Data. University of St. Michael's College (Thesis).
70. ↑ van Oorschot, Jürgen; Witte, Markus (2019). The Origins of Yahwism. De Gruyter. pp. 23–43. ISBN 978-3110656701.
71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 Jgs. 8:33–34.
72. ↑ Jgs. 9:1–5.
73. ↑ Josh. 24:1–25.
74. ↑ Jgs. 9:46.
75. ↑ Smith (2002), Ch. 2.
76. ↑ Yehezkel Kaufmann, The Religion of Israel: From Its Beginnings to the Babylonian Exile (1972), p.138-139:
77. ↑ Deut. 4:1–40
78. ↑ Jer. 11:12–13
79. ↑ Smith 2002, p. 8.
80. ↑ Smith 2002, p. 8, 135.
81. ↑ Smith 2002, p. 9.
82. ↑ 82.0 82.1 Arndt & al. (2000), p. 173.
83. ↑ Balz & al. (2004), p. 211.
84. ↑ 84.0 84.1 AYBD (1992), "Beelzebul".
85. ↑ 2 Kings 1:1–18.
86. ↑ Kohler (1902).
87. ↑ Lurker (1987), p. 31.
88. ↑ 88.0 88.1 Herrmann (1999b).
89. ↑ Souvay (1907).
90. ↑ Wex (2005).
91. ↑ McIntosh (1989).
92. ↑ 92.0 92.1 Bruce (1996).
93. ↑ Jongeling, K. (1994) (in en). North-African Names from Latin Sources. Research School CNWS. ISBN 978-90-73782-25-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=Qn8OAAAAYAAJ&q=North+African+Names+from+Latin+Sources.
94. ↑ Milton, Paradise Lost, Bk. 1, ll. 419–423.
95. ↑ 95.0 95.1 Template:EI3
96. ↑ Lina Amira. "The story of the Prophet Elias in the Holy Quran" (in Ar). https://mawdoo3.com/قصة_النبي_إلياس_في_القرآن_الكريم. "Ahmad ghalwash, The Call of the Messengers, page 391-39, 394.;Ibn al-Sam'ani, Tafsir Al-Sam’ani, page 448.; Ahmad Hatiba, Tafsir Ahmad Hatiba, page 8.; Abu Hafs Umar al-Nasafi, Tafsir Al-Nasafi, page 519."
97. ↑ "Tafseer of the Mosque of Al-Bayan in Tafsir al-Qur'an/al-Tabari (d. 310 AH)" (in ar). https://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=0&tTafsirNo=1&tSoraNo=37&tAyahNo=125&tDisplay=yes&Page=2&Size=1&LanguageId=1.
98. ↑ "The Quranic Arabic Corpus - Quran Dictionary". https://corpus.quran.com/qurandictionary.jsp?q=bEl#(11:72:7).
99. ↑ Surah Hud 11:72
100. ↑ "The Quranic Arabic Corpus - Word by Word Grammar, Syntax and Morphology of the Holy Quran". https://corpus.quran.com/wordmorphology.jsp?location=(11:72:7).
101. ↑ "EFTA01589335". January 30, 2026. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet 10/EFTA01589335.pdf.
102. ↑ Schenk, Maarten (2026-02-01). "Fact Check: NO ‘Baal’ Bank Account In Jeffrey Epstein Bank Transfer Document To JP Morgan – Likely Scanning Error" (in en-US). https://www.yahoo.com/news/articles/fact-check-no-baal-bank-183025000.html.
103. ↑ Dale, Bill (2026-02-12). "Iran Burns ‘Baal’ Effigy Decked with Star of David in Blazing Tehran Protest" (in en-US). https://uknip.co.uk/news/uk/uk-news/iran-burns-baal-effigy-decked-with-star-of-david-in-blazing-tehran-protest/.
104. ↑ "Watch: Iranian protesters burn ‘Baal’ Effigy marked with Star of David, chant ‘death to Israel’ at rally". The Times of India. 2026-02-11. ISSN 0971-8257. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/rest-of-world/watch-iranian-protesters-burn-baal-effigy-marked-with-star-of-david-chant-death-to-israel-at-rally/articleshow/128215927.cms.
105. ↑ "Gathering marking the annual al-Quds Day (Jerusalem Day), in Baghdad". 14 March 2026. https://www.reutersconnect.com/item/gathering-marking-the-annual-al-quds-day-jerusalem-day-in-baghdad/dGFnOnJldXRlcnMuY29tLDIwMjY6bmV3c21sX1JDMlYzS0FORUlOUA.

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* Arndt, W. (2000), A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 3rd ed., Chicago: University of Chicago Press
* Ayali-Darshan, Noga (2013), "Baal, Son of Dagan: In Search of Baal's Double Paternity", Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 133, No. 4, pp. 651–657, https://www.academia.edu/44458724/Baal_Son_of_Dagan_In_Search_of_Baal_s_Double_Paternity_JAOS_133_2013_651_657
* Ayles, H.H.B. (1904), A Critical Commentary on Genesis II.4-III.25, Cambridge: J. & C.F. Clay for the Cambridge University Press
* Balz, Horst R. (2004), Exegetical Dictionary of the New Testament, I, Grand Rapids: translated from the German for Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, ISBN 978-0802828033
* Bruce, Frederick Fyvie (1996), "Baal-Zebub, Beelzebul", in Marshall, I. Howard; Millard, Alan R.; Packer, J.I. et al., New Bible Dictionary, 3rd ed., Leicester: InterVarsity Press, p. 108, ISBN 978-0830814398
* Collins, John J. (1984), Daniel: with an Introduction to Apocalyptic Literature, Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, ISBN 9780802800206, https://books.google.com/books?id=9r_Zs7T1nCMC
* Cross, Frank Moore Jr. (1973), Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic: Essays in the History of the Religion of Israel, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, ISBN 9780674030084, https://books.google.com/books?id=bJqwWRDOMgEC
* Day, John (2000), Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan, Sheffield Academic Press, ISBN 978-1850759867, https://books.google.com/books?id=uEgKAQAAMAAJ
* De Moor, Johannes Cornelius (1987), Hoftijzer, J.; Hospers, J.H., eds., A Cuneiform Anthology of Religious Texts from Ugarit: Autographed Texts and Glossaries, Leiden: E.J. Brill (Semitic Studies Series №VI), ISBN 90-04-08331-6, https://books.google.com/books?id=fu_Y5qnoCpAC
* Easton, Matthew George, ed. (1893), Illustrated Bible Dictionary and Treasury of Biblical History, Biography, Geography, Doctrine, and Literature with Numerous Illustrations and Important Chronological Tables and Maps, New York: Harper & Bros., https://archive.org/stream/illustratedbible00east#page/n7/mode/2up
* Frassetto, Michael, ed. (2006), Britannica Encyclopedia of World Religions, New York: Encyclopædia Britannica, ISBN 978-1-59339-491-2, https://books.google.com/books?id=dbibAAAAQBAJ
* Freedman, David Noel, ed. (1992), The Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary, 1, New York: Doubleday, ISBN 978-0300140019
* Gibson, John Clark Love (1982), Textbook of Syrian Semitic Inscriptions, III: Phoenician Inscriptions, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780198131991
* Halpern, Baruch (2009), Adams, M.J., ed., From Gods to God: The Dynamics of Iron Age Cosmologies, Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck (Ser. Forschungen zum Alten Testament, No. 63), ISBN 978-3-16-149902-9
* Herrmann, Wolfgang (1999a), "Baal", in Toorn, Karel van der; Becking, Bob; Horst, Pieter Willem van der, Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible, 2nd ed., Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, pp. 132–139, https://books.google.com/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&q=Ba'al
* Herrmann, Wolfgang (1999b), "Baal Zebub", in Toorn, Karel van der; Becking, Bob; Horst, Pieter Willem van der, Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible, 2nd ed., Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, p. 154
* Huss, Werner (1985), Geschichte der Karthager, Munich: C.H. Beck, ISBN 9783406306549, https://books.google.com/books?id=NvEK7kc3qnQC . Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Kane, Thomas Leiper (1990), Amharic–English Dictionary, I, Weisbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, ISBN 978-3-447-02871-4, https://books.google.com/books?id=H6tnix8o0mwC
* Kohler, Kaufmann (1902). "Beelzebub or Beelzebul". in Singer, Isidore. The Jewish Encyclopedia. II. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. pp. 629–630. http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/2732-beelzebub.
* Kelle, Brad E. (2005), Hosea 2: Metaphor and Rhetoric in Historical Perspective, Society of Biblical Lit, p. 137
* Kramer, Samuel Noah (1984) (in en). Studies in Literature from the Ancient Near East: Dedicated to Samuel Noah Kramer. American Oriental Society. ISBN 978-0-940490-65-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=d9sNAAAAYAAJ.
* Lancel, Serge (1995), Carthage: A History, Wiley-Blackwell, translated from the French by Antonia Nevill, ISBN 978-1557864680
* Lipiński, Edward (1992) (in fr), Dictionnaire de la civilisation phenicienne et punique [Dictionary of the Phoenician and Punic Civilization], Brepols, ISBN 2-503-50033-1
* Lipiński, Edward (1994), Studies in Aramaic Inscriptions and Onomastics, Vol. II, Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta, Vol. 57, Leuven: Orientaliste for Peeters Publishers, ISBN 90-6831-610-9, https://books.google.com/books?id=ra0QmH4np4kC
* Lurker, Manfred (1984), Lexicon der Götter und Dämonen, Stuttgart: Alfred Krämer Verlag , translated from the German for Routledge in 1987 as The Routledge Dictionary of Gods and Goddesses, Devils and Demons
* McIntosh, Duncan (1989), "Baal-Zebub", in Bromiley, Geoffrey W., International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, Rev. ed., I, Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, p. 381
* Miller, Patrick (2000), Israelite Religion and Biblical Theology: Collected Essays, Continuum Int'l Publishing Group, ISBN 1-84127-142-X
* Moscati, Sabatino (2001), The Phoenicians, Tauris, ISBN 1-85043-533-2
* Olmo Lete, Gregorio del; Sanmartin, Joaquin; Watson, Wilfred G.E., eds. (2015), Diccionario de la Lengua Ugarítica, 3rd ed., Leiden: translated from the Spanish for E.J. Brill as A Dictionary of the Ugaritic Language in the Alphabetic Tradition (Ser. Handbuch der Orientalistik [Handbook of Oriental Studies], Vol. 112), ISBN 978-90-04-28864-5, https://books.google.com/books?id=bh6oBgAAQBAJ
* Pope, Marvin H. (2007). "Baal Worship". in Berenbaum, Michael; Skolnik, Fred (in en). Encyclopaedia Judaica. 3 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. ISBN 978-0-02-866097-4. https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0003_0_01786.html.

* Schniedewind, William (2007), A Primer on Ugaritic: Language, Culture, and Literature, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1139466981, https://books.google.com/books?id=L2T_4KVwpTQC
* Smith, Mark S. (2002), The Early History of God: Yahweh and the Other Deities in Ancient Israel, Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing
* Smith, William Robertson (1899), "Baal", in Cheyne, Thomas Keith; Black, John Sutherland, Encyclopædia Biblica, I, New York: Macmillan, pp. 401–403, https://archive.org/stream/Encyclopaedia_Biblica_Vol_I_to_IV/EncyclodaediaBiblica_Vol_I#page/n231/mode/2up
* Smith (1878). "Baal". in Baynes, T.S.. Encyclopædia Britannica. 3 (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 175–176.
* Souvay, Charles (1907), "Baal, Baalim", Catholic Encyclopedia, II, New York: Robert Appleton Co., http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02175a.htm
* Strong, James (1890), The Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible, Cincinnati: Jennings & Graham
* Tenney, Merrill C.; Barabas, Stevan; DeVisser, Peter, eds. (1963), The Zondervan Pictorial Bible Dictionary, Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, ISBN 978-0310235606
* Uehlinger, C. (1999), "Leviathan", in Toorn, Karel van der; Becking, Bob; Horst, Pieter Willem van der, Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible, 2nd ed., Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, pp. 511–515, https://books.google.com/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&pg=PA511
* Walbank, Frank William (1979), A Historical Commentary on Polybius, 2, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* Wehr, Hans (1976), A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, Ithaca: Spoken Language Services, ISBN 0879500018
* Wex, Michael (2005), Born to Kvetch, New York: St Martin's Press, ISBN 0-312-30741-1
* Xella, Paolo (2013), "Cemetery or sacrifice? Infant burials at the Carthage Tophet: Phoenician bones of contention", Antiquity, Vol. 87, No. 338, pp. 1199–1207, https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/cemetery-or-sacrifice-infant-burials-at-the-carthage-tophet/DAC7C386CD20F5C280C9DB41E5184A2E

## Further reading

* Russell, Stephen C.; Hamori, Esther J., eds. (2020), Mighty Baal: Essays in Honor of Mark S. Smith, Harvard Semitic Studies, 66, BRILL, ISBN 978-90-04-43767-8, https://books.google.com/books?id=4nD-DwAAQBAJ
* Smith, M.S. (1994), The Ugaritic Baal Cycle, I, Leiden: E.J. Brill, ISBN 978-90-04-09995-1
* Smith, M.S. (2009), The Ugaritic Baal Cycle, II, Leiden: E.J. Brill, ISBN 978-90-04-15348-6

## External links

| Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Baal.

|

* "Baal". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
* Jewish Encyclopedia (1901–1906) "Baʻal", "Baʻal and Baʻal Worship", "Baal-Berith", "Baal-Peor", "Baalim", "Astarte Worship among the Hebrews", &c., Jewish Encyclopedia, New York: Funk & Wagnalls

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* Hārūn (Aaron)
* Hūd (Eber?)
* Idrīs (Enoch?)
* Ilyās (Elijah)
* ʿImrān (Joachim the father of Maryam)
* Isḥāq (Isaac)
* Ismāʿīl (Ishmael)
* Dhabih Ullah
* Lūṭ (Lot)
* Ṣāliḥ
* Shuʿayb (Jethro, Reuel or Hobab?)
* Sulaymān ibn Dāwūd (Solomon son of David)
* ʿUzair (Ezra?)
* Yaḥyā ibn Zakariyyā (John the Baptist the son of Zechariah)
* Yaʿqūb (Jacob)
* Isrāʾīl (Israel)
* Yūnus (Jonah)
* Dhūn-Nūn ("He of the Fish (or Whale)" or "Owner of the Fish (or Whale)")
* Ṣāḥib al-Ḥūt ("Companion of the Whale")
* Yūsuf ibn Ya‘qūb (Joseph son of Jacob)
* Zakariyyā (Zechariah)

| Ulul-ʿAzm|

* Muḥammad
* Aḥmad
* Other names and titles of Muhammad
* ʿĪsā (Jesus)
* Al-Masīḥ (The Messiah)
* Ibn Maryam (Son of Mary)
* Mūsā Kalīmullāh (Moses He who spoke to God)
* Ibrāhīm Khalīlullāh (Abraham Friend of God)
* Nūḥ (Noah)

|

Debatable ones|

* Dhūl-Qarnain
* Luqmān
* Maryam (Mary)
* Ṭālūt (Saul or Gideon?)

Implied|

* Irmiyā (Jeremiah)
* Isma'il Ṣādiq al-Waʿd (Fulfiller of the Promise)?
* Ṣamūʾīl (Samuel)
* Yūshaʿ ibn Nūn (Joshua, companion and successor of Moses)

People of Prophets|

| Good ones|

* Adam's immediate relatives
* Martyred son
* Wife
* Believer of Ya-Sin
* Family of Noah
* Father Lamech
* Mother Shamkhah bint Anush or Betenos
* Luqman's son
* People of Aaron and Moses
* Egyptians
* Believer (Hizbil or Hizqil ibn Sabura)
* Imraʾat Firʿawn (Arabic: امْرَأَت فِرْعَوْن, Āsiyá bint Muzāḥim (Arabic: آسِيَا بِنْت مُزَاحِم) or Wife of Pharaoh, who adopted Moses)
* Magicians of the Pharaoh
* Wise, pious man
* Moses' wife
* Moses' sister-in-law
* Mother
* Sister
* People of Abraham
* Mother Abiona or Amtelai the daughter of Karnebo
* Ishmael's mother
* Isaac's mother
* People of Jesus
* Disciples (including Peter)
* Mary's mother
* Zechariah's wife
* People of Joseph
* Brothers (including Binyāmin (Benjamin) and Simeon)
* Egyptians
* ʿAzīz (Potiphar, Qatafir or Qittin)
* Malik (King Ar-Rayyān ibn Al-Walīd))
* Wife of ʿAzīz (Zulaykhah)
* Mother
* People of Solomon
* Mother
* Queen of Sheba
* Vizier
* Zayd (Muhammad's adopted son)

|

Evil ones|

* Āzar (possibly Terah)
* Firʿawn (Pharaoh of Moses' time)
* Hāmān
* Jālūt (Goliath)
* Qārūn (Korah, cousin of Moses)
* As-Sāmirī
* Abū Lahab
* Slayers of Saleh's she-camel (Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda' ibn Dahr)

Implied or
not specified|

* Abrahah[clarification needed]
* Bal'am/Balaam
* Barsisa
* Caleb or Kaleb the companion of Joshua
* Luqman's son
* Nebuchadnezzar II
* Nimrod
* Rahmah the wife of Ayyub
* Shaddad

Groups|

| Mentioned|

* Aṣḥāb al-Jannah
* People of Paradise
* People of the Burnt Garden
* Aṣḥāb as-Sabt (Companions of the Sabbath)
* Christian apostles
* Ḥawāriyyūn (Disciples of Jesus)
* Companions of Noah's Ark
* Aṣḥāb al-Kahf war-Raqīm (Companions of the Cave and Al-Raqaim?
* Companions of the Elephant
* People of al-Ukhdūd
* People of a township in Surah Ya-Sin
* People of Yathrib or Medina
* Qawm Lūṭ (People of Sodom and Gomorrah)
* Nation of Noah

| Tribes, ethnicities
or families|

* Aʿrāb (Arabs or Bedouins)
* ʿĀd (people of Hud)
* Companions of the Rass
* Qawm Tubbaʿ (People of Tubba)
* People of Sabaʾ or Sheba
* Quraysh
* Thamūd (people of Saleh)
* Aṣḥāb al-Ḥijr ("Companions of the Stoneland")
* ‘Ajam
* Ar-Rūm (literally "The Romans")
* Banī Isrāʾīl (Children of Israel)
* Muʾtafikāt (The overthrown cities of Sodom and Gomorrah)
* People of Ibrahim
* People of Ilyas
* People of Nuh
* People of Shuaib
* Ahl Madyan People of Madyan)
* Aṣḥāb al-Aykah ("Companions of the Wood")
* Qawm Yūnus (People of Jonah)
* Ya'juj and Ma'juj/Gog and Magog
* Ahl al-Bayt ("People of the Household")
* Household of Abraham
* Brothers of Yūsuf
* Lot's daughters
* Progeny of Imran
* Household of Moses
* Household of Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim
* Daughters of Muhammad
* Muhammad's wives
* Household of Salih
* People of Fir'aun
* Current Ummah of Islam (Ummah of Muhammad)
* Aṣḥāb Muḥammad (Companions of Muhammad)
* Anṣār (Muslims of Medina who helped Muhammad and his Meccan followers, literally 'Helpers')
* Muhajirun (Emigrants from Mecca to Medina)
* People of Mecca
* Wife of Abu Lahab
* Children of Ayyub
* Sons of Adam
* Wife of Nuh
* Wife of Lut
* Yaʾjūj wa Maʾjūj (Gog and Magog)
* Son of Nuh

|

Implicitly
mentioned|

* Amalek
* Ahl as-Suffa (People of the Verandah)
* Banu Nadir
* Banu Qaynuqa
* Banu Qurayza
* Iranian people
* Umayyad Dynasty
* Aus and Khazraj
* People of Quba

Religious groups|

* Ahl al-Dhimmah
* Kāfirūn (Disbelievers)
* Zoroastrians
* Munafiqun (Hypocrites)
* Muslims
* Believers
* Ahl al-Kitāb (People of the Book)
* Naṣārā (Christian(s) or People of the Injil)
* Ruhban (Christian monks)
* Qissis (Christian priest)
* Yahūd (Jews)
* Ahbār (Jewish scholars)
* Rabbani/Rabbi
* Sabians
* Polytheists
* Meccan polytheists at the time of Muhammad
* Mesopotamian polytheists at the time of Abraham and Lot

Locations|

| Mentioned|

* Al-Arḍ Al-Muqaddasah ("The Holy Land")
* 'Blessed' Land
* In the Arabian Peninsula (excluding Madyan)
* Al-Aḥqāf ("The Sandy Plains," or "the Wind-curved Sand-hills")
* Iram dhāt al-ʿImād (Iram of the Pillars)
* Al-Madīnah (formerly Yathrib)
* ʿArafāt
* Al-Ḥijr (Hegra)
* Badr
* Ḥunayn
* Makkah (Mecca)
* Bakkah
* Ḥaraman Āminan ("Sanctuary (which is) Secure")
* Kaʿbah (Kaaba)
* Maqām Ibrāhīm (Station of Abraham)
* Safa and Marwa
* Sabaʾ (Sheba)
* ʿArim Sabaʾ (Dam of Sheba)
* Rass
* Al-Jannah (Paradise, literally "The Garden")
* Jahannam (Hell)
* In Mesopotamia:
* Al-Jūdiyy
* Munzalanm-Mubārakan ("Place-of-Landing Blessed")
* Bābil (Babylon)
* Qaryat Yūnus ("Township of Jonah," that is Nineveh)
* Door of Hittah
* Madyan (Midian)
* Majmaʿ al-Baḥrayn
* Miṣr (Mainland Egypt)
* Salsabīl (A river in Paradise)
* Sinai Region or Tīh Desert
* Al-Wād Al-Muqaddas Ṭuwan (The Holy Valley of Tuwa)
* Al-Wādil-Ayman (The valley on the 'righthand' side of the Valley of Tuwa and Mount Sinai)
* Al-Buqʿah Al-Mubārakah ("The Blessed Place")
* Mount Sinai or Mount Tabor

| Religious locations|

* Bay'a (Church)
* Miḥrāb
* Monastery
* Masjid (Mosque, literally "Place of Prostration")
* Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām ("The Sacred Grove")
* Al-Masjid Al-Aqṣā (Al-Aqsa Mosque, literally "The Farthest Place-of-Prostration")
* Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām (The Sacred Mosque of Mecca)
* Masjid al-Dirar
* A Mosque in the area of Medina, possibly:
* Masjid Qubāʾ (Quba Mosque)
* The Prophet's Mosque
* Salat (Synagogue)

|

Implied|

* Antioch
* Antakya
* Arabia
* Al-Ḥijāz (literally "The Barrier")
* Black Stone (Al-Ḥajar al-Aswad) & Al-Hijr of Isma'il
* Cave of Hira
* Ghār ath-Thawr (Cave of the Bull)
* Hudaybiyyah
* Ta'if
* Ayla
* Barrier of Dhul-Qarnayn
* Bayt al-Muqaddas & 'Ariha
* Bilād ar-Rāfidayn (Mesopotamia)
* Canaan
* Cave of Seven Sleepers
* Dār an-Nadwa
* Jordan River
* Nile River
* Palestine River
* Paradise of Shaddad

Plant matter|

* Baṣal (Onion)
* Fūm (Garlic or wheat)
* Shaṭʾ (Shoot)
* Sūq (Plant stem)
* Zarʿ (Seed)

| Fruits|

* ʿAdas (Lentil)
* Baql (Herb)
* Ḥabb dhul-ʿaṣf (Corn of the husk)
* Qith-thāʾ (Cucumber)
* Rummān (Pomegranate)
* Tīn (Fig)
* Ukul khamṭ (Bitter fruit or food of Sheba)
* Zaytūn (Olive)
* In Paradise
* Forbidden fruit of Adam

|

Bushes, trees
or plants|

* Plants of Sheba
* Athl (Tamarisk)
* Sidr (Lote-tree)
* Līnah (Tender Palm tree)
* Nakhl (Date palm)
* Rayḥān (Scented plant)
* Sidrat al-Muntahā
* Zaqqūm

Holy books|

* Al-Injīl (The Gospel of Jesus)
* Al-Qurʾān (The Book of Muhammad)
* Ṣuḥuf-i Ibrāhīm (Scroll(s) of Abraham)
* At-Tawrāt (The Torah)
* Ṣuḥuf-i-Mūsā (Scroll(s) of Moses)
* Tablets of Stone
* Az-Zabūr (The Psalms of David)
* Umm al-Kitāb ("Mother of the Book(s)")

Objects of people
or beings|

* Heavenly Food of Christian Apostles
* Noah's Ark
* Staff of Musa
* Tābūt as-Sakīnah (Casket of Shekhinah)
* Throne of Bilqis
* Trumpet of Israfil

| Mentioned idols
(cult images)|

* 'Ansāb
* Idols of Israelites:
* Baʿal
* The ʿijl (golden calf statue) of Israelites
* Idols of Noah's people:
* Nasr
* Suwāʿ
* Wadd
* Yaghūth
* Yaʿūq
* Idols of Quraysh:
* Al-Lāt
* Al-ʿUzzā
* Manāt
* Jibt and Ṭāghūt

|

Celestial bodies|

Maṣābīḥ (literally 'lamps'):

* Al-Qamar (The Moon)
* Kawākib (Planets)
* Al-Arḍ (The Earth)
* Nujūm (Stars)
* Ash-Shams (The Sun)

Liquids|

* Māʾ (Water or fluid)

* Nahr (River)
* Yamm (River or sea)

* Sharāb (Drink)

Events, incidents,
occasions or times|

* Incident of Ifk
* Laylat al-Qadr
* Event of Mubahala
* Sayl al-ʿArim (Flood of the Great Dam of Marib in Sheba)
* The Farewell Pilgrimage
* Treaty of Hudaybiyyah

| Battles or
military expeditions|

* Battle of al-Aḥzāb ("the Confederates")
* Battle of Badr
* Battle of Hunayn
* Battle of Khaybar
* Battle of Tabouk
* Battle of Uhud
* Conquest of Mecca

|

Days|

* Al-Jumuʿah (The Friday)
* As-Sabt (The Sabbath or Saturday)
* Days of battles
* Days of Hajj
* Doomsday

|

Months of the
Islamic calendar|

12 months:

* Four holy months
* Ash-Shahr Al-Ḥarām (The Sacred or Forbidden Month)
* Ramaḍān

|

Pilgrimages|

* Al-Ḥajj (literally "The Pilgrimage", the Greater Pilgrimage)
* Al-ʿUmrah (The Lesser Pilgrimage)

|

Times for Prayer
or Remembrance|

Times for Duʿāʾ ('Invocation'), Ṣalāh and Dhikr ('Remembrance', including Taḥmīd ('Praising'), Takbīr and Tasbīḥ):

* Al-ʿAshiyy (The Afternoon or the Night)
* Al-Ghuduww ("The Mornings")
* Al-Bukrah ("The Morning")
* Aṣ-Ṣabāḥ ("The Morning")
* Al-Layl ("The Night")
* Al-ʿIshāʾ ("The Late-Night")
* Aẓ-Ẓuhr ("The Noon")
* Dulūk ash-Shams ("Decline of the Sun")
* Al-Masāʾ ("The Evening")
* Qabl al-Ghurūb ("Before the Setting (of the Sun)")
* Al-Aṣīl ("The Afternoon")
* Al-ʿAṣr ("The Afternoon")
* Qabl ṭulūʿ ash-Shams ("Before the rising of the Sun")
* Al-Fajr ("The Dawn")

|

Implied|

* Event of Ghadir Khumm
* Laylat al-Mabit
* The first pilgrimage

|

Note: The names are sorted alphabetically. Standard form: Islamic name / Biblical name (title or relationship)

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