Charites

The Charites (/ˈkærɪtiːz/;[1] Ancient Greek: Χάριτες; singular Charis (Χάρις), also called by the English translation the "Graces") are goddesses of Greek mythology who personify beauty and grace.[2] According to Hesiod, their names were Aglaea, Euphrosyne, and Thalia and were the daughters of Zeus and Eurynome, the daughter of Oceanus. However, their names, number and parentage varied across accounts. They have little independent mythology, and are usually described as attending various gods and goddesses, particularly Aphrodite.[3]

In Roman mythology, they were known by the Latin equivalent of the Greek: the Gratiae. In Roman and later art, they were generally depicted nude in an interlaced group, but during the Greek Archaic and Classical periods, they were typically depicted as fully clothed,[4] in a line, and in dance poses.

## Contents

* 1 Parentage, number, and names
* 2 Mythology
* 3 Cult
* 4 Visual art
* 4.1 Ancient art
* 4.2 Renaissance onwards
* 4.3 List of notable artworks with images resembling the three Charites
* 5 See also
* 6 Footnotes
* 7 References
* 8 External links

## Parentage, number, and names

The Three Graces, from Sandro Botticelli's painting Primavera in the Uffizi Gallery.

In Hesiod's Theogony, the Charites are the three daughters of Zeus: Aglaea ("Splendor"), Euphrosyne ("Joy"), and Thalia ("Good Cheer"), by the Oceanid Eurynome[5] (also called Hermione[6]). The identical genealogy is given by Apollodorus.[7] The same three names are also given by Pindar, with a possible reference to their "father" Zeus and no mother mentioned.[8] Although the Charites were usually considered to be Zeus' daughters and three in number, their names as well as their parentage and number varied.[9] Homer mentions Pasithea as "one of the youthful Graces",[10] and perhaps has "Charis" (the singular form of "Charites"), as the name of another,[11] but does not give their parentage, number, or any other of their names.[12]

The geographer Pausanias gives other variations, some regional.[13] He says that, according to Boeotian tradition, Eteocles, the king of Orchomenus, established three as the number of Charites, but that the Athenians and Spartans worshipped only two. For the Athenians the two Charites were Auxo and Hegemone, while for the Spartans they were Cleta and Phaenna.[14] Also, according to Pausanias, the Hellenistic poet Hermesianax said that Peitho ("Persuasion") was one of the Charites, and the poet Antimachus said that the Charites were the "daughters of Aegle and the Sun [Helios]".[15]

While Hesiod has Eurynome, and Antimachus has Aegle, as the mother of the Charites, other names were also given. According to Orphic Hymn 60, the Charites ("Aglaea, Thalia, ... Euphrosyne") were the daughters of Zeus and Eunomia.[16] The Stoic philosopher Cornutus includes the names Eurynome, and Aegle, he gives other names for mothers as well: Eurydome, Eurymedousa, Hera, and Euanthe.[17] Nonnus has his three Charites (Hesiod's Aglaea, Homer's Pasithea, and Hermesianax's Peitho)[18] being the daughters of Dionysus and Coronis.[19]

A purported summary of a lost poem by an otherwise unknown poet "Sostratus", while naming the three Charites, adds to Homer's Pasithea, and Hesiod's Euphrosyne, the name Kale, saying that it was she who was the wife of Hephaestus.[20]

## Mythology

6th-century BCE relief

The Charites' major mythological role was to attend the other Olympians, particularly during feasts and dances.[21] They attended Aphrodite by bathing and anointing her in Paphos before her seduction of Ankhises and after she left Olympus when her affair with Ares is found out.[22] Additionally, they are said to weave or dye her peplos.[23] Along with Peitho, they presented Pandora with necklaces to make her more enticing.[24] Pindar stated the Charites arranged feasts and dances for the Olympians.[25] They also danced with the Seasons, Hebe, Harmonia and Aphrodite in celebration of the arrival of Apollo among the gods of Olympus, while Artemis sang and Apollo played the lyre.[26] They were often referenced as dancing and singing with Apollo and the Muses.[27] Pindar also referred to them as the guardians of the ancient Minyans and the queens of Orchomenus who have their thrones beside Pythian Apollo's.[25]

The Charites appear to have a connection to Hera, where some ancient authors reference her as their nurse.[28] In the Iliad, as part of her plan to seduce Zeus to distract him from the Trojan War, she offers to arrange Hypnos's marriage to Pasithea, who is referred to as one of the younger Charites.[29]

One of the Charites had a role as the wife of the smith god Hephaestus. Hesiod names the wife of Hephaestus as Aglaea.[30] In the Iliad, she is called Charis, and she welcomes Thetis into their shared home on Olympus so that the latter may ask for Hephaestus to forge armor for her son Achilles.[31] Some scholars have interpreted this marriage as occurring after Hephaestus's divorce from Aphrodite due to her affair with Ares being exposed. Notably, however, some scholars, such as Walter Burkert, support that the marriage of Hephaestus and Aphrodite as an invention of the Odyssey, since it is not represented within other Archaic or Classical era literature or arts, and it does not appear to have a connection to cult.[32]

## Cult

The Three Graces, Antonio Canova's first version, now in the Hermitage Museum

The cult of the Charites is very old, with their name appearing to be of Pelasgian, or pre-Greek, origin rather than being brought to Greece by Proto-Indo-Europeans.[33] The purpose of their cult appears to be similar to that of nymphs, primarily based around fertility and nature with a particular connection to springs and rivers.[33] One of the earliest centres of worship for the Charites was the Cycladic Islands including Paros, with epigraphical evidence for a cult to the Charites dating to the sixth century B.C.E. on the island of Thera.[4][33] Scholars have interpreted them as chthonic deities connected to fertility due to the absence of wreaths and flutes in ceremonies. An aetiological explanation for the lack of music and garlands was from a myth involving Minos. He was said to have been sacrificing to the Charites on the island of Paros when he learned of his son's death in Athens and stopped the music and ripped off his garlands in grief.[4] Dance, however, appears to be strongly connected with their cult, which is similar to the cults of Dionysus and Artemis.[33]

Although the Charites were most commonly depicted in the sanctuaries of other gods, there were at least four temples exclusively dedicated to them in Greece. The temple regarded as their perhaps most important was that in Orkhomenos in Boeotia, where their cult was thought to have originated. There were also temples to the Charites in Hermione, Sparta, and Elis.[34] A temple was dedicated to the Charites near the Tiasa river in Amyclae, Laconia that was reportedly founded by the ancient King of Sparta, Lacedaemon.[35]

Les Trois Grâces by James Pradier, 1831. Louvre.

In Orkhomenos, the goddesses were worshipped at a very ancient site with a trio of stones, which is similar to other Boiotian cults to Eros and Herakles.[4] The local river Kephisos and the Akidalia (or Argaphia) spring was sacred to the three goddesses. Orkhomenos was an agriculturally prosperous city because of the marshy Kopaic plain, and the Charites were offered a portion of the produce.[4] Regarding the foundation of their cult in Orkhomenos, Strabo wrote:

> Eteokles, one of those who reigned as king at Orkhomenos, who founded a temple of the Kharites, was the first to display both wealth and power; for he honored these goddesses either because he was successful in receiving graces, or in giving them, or both. For necessarily, when he had become naturally inclined to kindly deeds, he began doing honor to these goddesses; and therefore he already possessed this power.[36]

In cult, the Charites were particularly connected with Apollo and appear to be connected to his cult on Delos; however, this connection is not present in other cults to Apollo.[33] In the Classical era and beyond, the Charites were associated with Aphrodite in connection to civic matters.[33]

There was a festival in honour of the Charites which was called Charisia (Χαρίσια). During this festival there were dances all night and at the end a cake was given to those who remained awake during the whole time.[37]

## Visual art

### Ancient art

Error creating thumbnail: Early 5th-century BCE relief from the acropolis of Athens; Ancient folklore held that it was sculpted by Socrates, though this is unlikely.

Despite the Charites usually being depicted nude entwined in a "closed symmetrical group" for the last two millennia, this was a later development, as in depictions from Archaic and Classical Greece, they are finely dressed,[4][38] and usually shown in a line, as dancers. In contrast, the third century BCE poets Callimachus and Euphorion describe the trio as being nude.[38]

The earliest representation of these goddesses was found in a temple of Apollo in Thermon dated to the seventh to sixth century BCE.[33] It is possible, however, that the Charites are represented on a Mycenean golden seal ring that depicts two female figures dancing in the presence of a male figure, who has been interpreted as Hermes or Dionysus.[33] Another early representation of the Charites, from a relief at the Paros colony of Thasos dated to the beginning of the fifth century BCE, shows the Charites with Hermes and either Aphrodite or Peitho, which marked the entrance to the old city.[33] The opposite side of the relief shows Apollo being crowned by Artemis with nymphs in the background. At the entrance of the Akropolis, there was a famous Classical era relief of the Charites and Hermes, and the popular belief was that the sculptor was Socrates, although this is very unlikely.[4]

Kenneth Clark describes the "complicated" pose of the Three Graces facing inwards with interlaced arms as "one of the last beautiful inventions of antique art". He thought it was invented in the 1st century BCE, based on the proportions of the figures, and notes that none of the many survivals from antiquity are of "high quality".[39] The opportunity for artists to show their skill in representing figures with three nude female figures seen from different angles has been a factor in the enduring popularity of the subject.

File:Three Graces - Piccolomini Library - Duomo - Siena 2016.jpgThe Three Graces from the Piccolomini Library, now in Siena Cathedral

One of the earliest known Roman representations of the Graces was a wall painting in Boscoreale dated to 40 BCE, which also depicted Aphrodite with Eros and Dionysus with Ariadne.[38] The group may have also appeared on a small number of coins to symbolize the union between Marcus Aurelius and Faustina Minor and on other coins they were depicted in the hands of Juno or Venus.[38] The Graces were common subject matter on Roman sarcophagi, and they were depicted on several mirrors.[38] On the representation of the Graces, the second century CE guide book author Pausanias wrote:

> Who it was who first represented the Graces naked, whether in sculpture or in painting, I could not discover. During the earlier period, certainly, sculptors and painters alike represented them draped. At Smyrna, for instance, in the sanctuary of the Nemeses, above the images have been dedicated Graces of gold, the work of Bupalus; and in the Music Hall in the same city there is a portrait of a Grace, painted by Apelles. At Pergamus likewise, in the chamber of Attalus, are other images of Graces made by Bupalus; and near what is called the Pythium there is a portrait of Graces, painted by Pythagoras the Parian. Socrates too, son of Sophroniscus, made images of Graces for the Athenians, which are before the entrance to the Acropolis. Also, Socrates was known to have destroyed his own work as he progressed deeper into his life of philosophy and search of the conscious due to his iconoclastic attitude towards art and the like. All these are alike draped; but later artists, I do not know the reason, have changed the way of portraying them. Certainly to-day sculptors and painters represent Graces naked.

### Renaissance onwards

File:Carle van Loo - The Three Graces, 1765.jpg

The Three Graces by Carle van Loo (1765)

File:Jan Brueghel the Younger - The Three Graces, 1635.jpg

The Three Graces by Jan Brueghel the Younger (1635)

Clark writes that "For some reason the nakedness of the Graces was free from moral opprobium, and in consequence they furnished the subject through which pagan beauty was first allowed to appear in the 15th century".[40] Indeed, a large marble Graeco-Roman group, which was a key model in the Renaissance,[40] when it was in the Piccolomini Library, is now displayed in Siena Cathedral.

The Three Graces by Raphael, 1504–1505.

The Charites are depicted together with several other mythological figures in Sandro Botticelli's painting Primavera. Raphael also pictured them in a small painting now in the Musée Condé (Chantilly, France). Among other artistic depictions, they are the subject of famous sculptures by Antonio Canova and Bertel Thorvaldsen. The vast majority use a variant of the closed group pose.

A group of three trees in the Calaveras Big Trees State Park are named "The Three Graces" after the Charites.[41]

### List of notable artworks with images resembling the three Charites

* Anonymous[42]
* Anonymous[43]
* Jean Arp (16 September 1886 - 7 June 1966) The Three Graces (1961)
* Francesco Bartolozzi[44]
* Jacques Blanchard (1631–33) Man surprising Sleeping Venus and Graces[45]
* Giulio di Antonio Bonasone[46]
* Sandro Botticelli (1482); detail of Primavera;[47]
* Marie Bracquemond (1880) Trois femmes aux ombrelles[48]
* Antonio Canova (1799) The Three Graces[49]
* Agostino Carracci[50][51]
* Paul Cézanne
* Antonio da Correggio (1518);[52]
* Francesco del Cossa, Allegory of April, Palazzo Schifanoia, School of Ferrara.
* Maurice Raphael Drouart[53]
* Ewen Feuillâtre The Three Graces : Aglaea, Euphrosyne & Thalia (2020)
* Hans Baldung Grien (1540)
* Ludwig Von Hofmann[54]
* Laura Knight[55][56]
* Jean-Baptiste van Loo (1684–1745) at the Château de Chenonceau[57]
* Ambrogio Lorenzetti (1348–50) Allegory of Good Government[58]
* Aristide Maillol, Les Trois Nymphes (1930-1937)
* Jacob Matham[59]
* Arthur Frank Mathews[60]
* Henry Moore, Three Standing Figures (1947)
* Bruce Peebles & Co. advertisement (c. 1900)
* Eduard Zimmermann, "Fountain of the Three Graces" (Drei Grazien Brunnen) in the ETH Zurich main building (1921).[61]
* Pablo Picasso The Three Graces (1925)
* Germain Pilon[62]
* Jacopo Pontormo (1535)[63]
* James Pradier (1831) Les Trois Grâces[64]
* Jean-Baptiste Regnault Les Trois Grâces (1797–1798)[65]
* Peter Paul Rubens[66]
* Raphael Sanzio[67]
* Anna Soghomonyan, Three Graces (2020)[68]
* Cosimo Tura (1476–84) detail of Allegory of April[69]
* Unknown artist, The Three Graces sculpture in Indianapolis
* Kehinde Wiley Three Graces[70]
* Joel-Peter Witkin

## See also

* 627 Charis
* Charisma
* Charis (name)
* Grâces
* Three of Cups Tarot
* Arete (ancient Greco-Roman goddess & concept of excellence).

## Footnotes

(The Imagebase links are all broken)

1. ↑ Charites Definition & Meaning, dictionary.com, Retrieved 21 April 2025
2. ↑ Tripp, s.v. Graces; Arafat, s.v. Charites (which adds "charm"); Grimal, s.v. Charites (which calls them "goddesses of beauty and perhaps also, in their earliest form, of the powers of vegetation."); Schachter, s.v. Charites (which says they are "goddesses who embody beauty, happiness and abundance".
3. ↑ Arafat, s.v. Charites; Schachter, s.v. Charites; Tripp, s.v. Graces; Grimal, s.v. Charites.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Larson, Jennifer (2007). Ancient Greek Cults. New York, NY: Routledge. pp. 162-163. ISBN 978-0415491020. https://archive.org/details/ancientgreekcult00lars.
5. ↑ Hard, p. 208; Gantz, p. 54; Hesiod, Theogony 906-11.
6. ↑ Pseudo-Clement, Recognitions 10, p. 123, l. 38
7. ↑ Apollodorus, 1.3.1.
8. ↑ Pindar, Olympian 14.1-16.
9. ↑ Hard, p. 208; Grimal, s.v. Charites; Tripp, s.v. Graces.
10. ↑ Homer, Iliad 14.263-269; compare with Statius, Thebaid 2.286.
11. ↑ Gantz, p. 54, which notes that Homer's "Charis" may not, in fact, be a proper name; Homer, Iliad 18.382-283.
12. ↑ Arafat, s.v. Charites; Schachter, s.v. Charites.
13. ↑ Arafat, s.v. Charites; Schachter, s.v. Charites; Pausanias, 9.35.1-5.
14. ↑ Parada, s.v. Charites; Pausanias, 9.35.1-2.
15. ↑ Parada, s.v. Charites; Pausanias, 9.35.5.
16. ↑ Orphic Hymn 60, 2-3.
17. ↑ Boys-Stones, c. 15, §§ 18-20; Lang, pp. 18-20; Torres, p. 15; Cornutus, Compendium of Greek Theology 15\. Colluthus, The Rape of Helen 174-175 also has Hera as the mother of the Charites.
18. ↑ Keightley, p. 192; Nonnus, Dionysiaca 24.261-264.
19. ↑ Dionysus as father: Nonnus, Dionysiaca 16.131-2, 33.4-11; Dionysus as father by Coronis: Nonnus, Dionysiaca 48.553-556, with note: "Coronis as mother of the Charites is heard of only here; she seems to have nothing to do with Coronis the mother of Asclepios by Apollo.")
20. ↑ Cameron, p. 150. This summary is found in the Homeric commentary of the twelfth-century bishop Eustathius, whose likely source was Ptolemy Chennus (O'Hara p. 173). Cameron discusses this summary in his chapter on "Bogus Citations", which argues that Sostratus, as well as the summary of his supposed lost poem, are just one of the many fabrications of Ptolemy Chennus.
21. ↑ Milleker, p. 69.
22. ↑ Homeric Hymn 5 to Aphrodite, 58.
23. ↑ Homer, Iliad, 5.338
24. ↑ Hesiod, Works and Days, 69
25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Pindar, Olympian Ode 14, 1-20
26. ↑ Homeric Hymn 3 to Pythian Apollo, 186
27. ↑ Hesiod, Theogony, 63
28. ↑ Colluthus, Rape of Helen 88.
29. ↑ Homer, Iliad, 265
30. ↑ Hesiod, Theogony, 945 ff.
31. ↑ Homer, Iliad, 18.382-385
32. ↑ Burkert, Walter (2009). "The Song of Ares and Aphrodite: On the Relationship between the Odyssey and the Iliad". in Doherty, Lillian E.. Homer's Odyssey. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. pp. 29–43. ISBN 9780199233328.
33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 33.4 33.5 33.6 33.7 33.8 Breitenberger, Barbara (2007). "Goddesses of Grace and Beauty: the Charites". Aphrodite and Eros: The Development of Greek Erotic Mythology. New York, NY: Routledge. pp. 105-116. ISBN 978-0-415-96823-2. https://archive.org/details/aphroditeerosdev00brei_533.
34. ↑ Pausanias, Description of Greece, 2.34.10, 3.14.6, 6.24.6
35. ↑ Pausanias, Description of Greece, 3.18.6
36. ↑ Strabo, Geography 9.2.40 (trans. Jones)
37. ↑ Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Charisia
38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.3 38.4 Milleker, Elizabeth J. (1988). "The Three Graces on a Roman Relief Mirror". Metropolitan Museum Journal 23: 69–81. doi:10.2307/1512847.
39. ↑ They are all "either mediocre commercial pieces or such rough imitations as local masons might make of a subject which was popular, but not yet sanctified by time". Clark, 85
40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Clark, 86
41. ↑ ""The Three Graces", Calveras Big Tree State Park". Search3.famsf.org:8080. http://search3.famsf.org:8080/view.shtml?keywords=three graces&artist=&country=&period=&sort=&start=1&position=2&record=6820.
42. ↑ "ImageBase". Search3.famsf.org:8080. http://search3.famsf.org:8080/view.shtml?keywords=three graces&artist=&country=&period=&sort=&start=1&position=1&record=311086.
43. ↑ Mosaico de las tres gracias
44. ↑ "ImageBase". Search3.famsf.org:8080. http://search3.famsf.org:8080/view.shtml?keywords=three graces&artist=&country=&period=&sort=&start=1&position=3&record=56523.
45. ↑ "Man surprising Sleeping Venus and Graces". Wga.hu. http://www.wga.hu/html/b/blanchar/index.html.
46. ↑ "ImageBase". Search3.famsf.org:8080. http://search3.famsf.org:8080/view.shtml?keywords=three graces&artist=&country=&period=&sort=&start=1&position=4&record=57110.
47. ↑ "detail of Primavera". Wga.hu. http://www.wga.hu/cgi-bin/highlight.cgi?file=html/b/botticel/5allegor/11primav.html&find=graces.
48. ↑ Bouillon, Jean-Paul. Kane, Elizabeth (1984-1985). "Marie Bracquemond." Woman's Art Journal. 5(2): 21-27.
49. ↑ "The Three Graces Dancing by Canova, Antonio". Wga.hu. http://www.wga.hu/cgi-bin/highlight.cgi?file=html/c/canova/1/8graces.html&find=graces.
50. ↑ "ImageBase". Search3.famsf.org:8080. http://search3.famsf.org:8080/view.shtml?keywords=three graces&artist=&country=&period=&sort=&start=1&position=5&record=59476.
51. ↑ "ImageBase". Search3.famsf.org:8080. http://search3.famsf.org:8080/view.shtml?keywords=three graces&artist=&country=&period=&sort=&start=1&position=7&record=57246.
52. ↑ Olga Mataev. "Correggio. Three Graces. - Olga's Gallery". Abcgallery.com. http://www.abcgallery.com/C/correggio/correggio17.html.
53. ↑ "ImageBase". Search3.famsf.org:8080. http://search3.famsf.org:8080/view.shtml?keywords=three graces&artist=&country=&period=&sort=&start=1&position=8&record=44917.
54. ↑ "ImageBase". Search3.famsf.org:8080. http://search3.famsf.org:8080/view.shtml?keywords=three graces&artist=&country=&period=&sort=&start=11&position=12&record=54420.
55. ↑ "ImageBase". Search3.famsf.org:8080. http://search3.famsf.org:8080/view.shtml?keywords=three graces&artist=&country=&period=&sort=&start=1&position=10&record=4823.
56. ↑ "ImageBase". Search3.famsf.org:8080. http://search3.famsf.org:8080/view.shtml?keywords=three graces&artist=&country=&period=&sort=&start=1&position=9&record=4838.
57. ↑ Three Graces at Chenonceau
58. ↑ "Allegory of Good Government". Wga.hu. http://www.wga.hu/html/l/lorenzet/ambrogio/governme/2effect1.html.
59. ↑ "ImageBase". Search3.famsf.org:8080. http://search3.famsf.org:8080/view.shtml?keywords=three graces&artist=&country=&period=&sort=&start=11&position=11&record=5870.
60. ↑ "ImageBase". Search3.famsf.org:8080. 1945-02-19. http://search3.famsf.org:8080/view.shtml?keywords=three graces&artist=&country=&period=&sort=&start=11&position=14&record=132240.
61. ↑ Drei Grazien-Brunnen (Fountain of the Three Graces)
62. ↑ Monument du coeur d'Henri II
63. ↑ "Three Graces by Pontormo, Jacopo". Wga.hu. http://www.wga.hu/html/p/pontormo/drawings/05graces.html.
64. ↑ "Les Trois Grâces by James Pradier". https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Les_Trois_Grâces_by_James_Pradier.
65. ↑ "Les Trois Grâces". 1793. http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=16945.
66. ↑ "Rubens: The Three Graces". Artchive.com. http://www.artchive.com/artchive/R/rubens/three_graces.jpg.html.
67. ↑ Olga Mataev. "Raphael. The Three Graces.- Olga's Gallery". Abcgallery.com. http://www.abcgallery.com/R/raphael/raphael10.html.
68. ↑ Soghomonyan, Anna. "Three Graces - MODERN STILL LIFE – Annuk's Official Website" (in en-US). http://annuk.art/portfolio/modern-still-life/#jp-carousel-949.
69. ↑ "Allegory of April". Wga.hu. http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/p/pontormo/drawings/05graces.html.
70. ↑ "Three Graces". http://www.npg.si.edu/exhibit/recognize/images/02-07_full.jpg.

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* Nonnus, Dionysiaca, Volume III: Books 36-48, translated by W. H. D. Rouse, Loeb Classical Library No. 346, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1940. ISBN 978-0-674-99393-8. Online version at Harvard University Press. Internet Archive (1940, reprinted 1942).
* O'Hara, James J., "Sostratus Suppl. Hell. 733: A Lost, Possibly Catullan-Era Elegy on the Six Sex Changes of Tiresias", in Transactions of the American Philological Association (1974-2014), 1996, Vol. 126 (1996), pp. 173-219. JSTOR 370177.
* Pausanias, Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
* Pindar, Olympian Odes. Pythian Odes. Edited and translated by William H. Race. Loeb Classical Library No. 56. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1997, revised 2012. ISBN 978-0-674-99564-2. Online version at Harvard University Press.
* Schachter, Albert, s.v. Charites, in Brill’s New Pauly Online, Antiquity volumes edited by: Hubert Cancik and, Helmuth Schneider, English Edition by: Christine F. Salazar, Classical Tradition volumes edited by: Manfred Landfester, English Edition by: Francis G. Gentry, published online: 2006.
* Smith, William; Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, London (1873). "Charis"
* Statius, Thebaid, Volume I: Thebaid: Books 1-7, edited and translated by D. R. Shackleton Bailey, Loeb Classical Library No. 207, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 2004. ISBN 978-0-674-01208-0. Online version at Harvard University Press.
* Torres, José B., Lucius Annaeus Cornutus: Compendium de Graecae Theologiae traditionibus, Bibliotheca Teubneriana, Berlin, De Gruyter, 2018. Online version at De Gruyter.
* Tripp, Edward, Crowell's Handbook of Classical Mythology, Thomas Y. Crowell Co; First edition (June 1970). ISBN 069022608X.

## External links

* The charites — Judgement of Paris — art article (Spanish)
* The Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (images of the Graces)

* v
* t
* e

Ancient Greek deities by affiliation

Primordial
deities|

* Achlys
* Aether
* Aion/Chronos
* Ananke
* Chaos
* Erebus
* Eros/Phanes
* Gaia
* Hemera
* Nyx
* The Ourea
* Pontus/Thalassa
* Tartarus
* Uranus
* Fates
* Atropos
* Clotho
* Lachesis

Titan
deities|

| Titanes (male)|

* Coeus
* Crius
* Cronus
* Hyperion
* Iapetus
* Oceanus

|

Titanides (female)|

* Dione
* Mnemosyne
* Phoebe
* Rhea
* Tethys
* Theia
* Themis

Children of Hyperion|

* Eos
* Helios
* Selene

Children of Coeus|

* Asteria
* Leto
* Lelantos

Children of Crius|

* Astraeus
* Pallas
* Perses

Children of Iapetus|

* Atlas
* Epimetheus
* Menoetius
* Prometheus

Olympian
deities|

| Dodekatheon|

* Aphrodite
* Apollo
* Ares
* Artemis
* Athena
* Demeter
* Dionysus
* Hephaestus
* Hera
* Hermes
* Hestia
* Poseidon
* Zeus

|

Theoi Olympioi|

* Asclepius
* Eileithyia
* Enyo
* Eris
* Iris
* Harmonia
* Hebe
* Heracles
* Paean
* Pan

Mousai (Muses)|

* Daughters of Zeus
* Calliope
* Clio
* Euterpe
* Erato
* Melpomene
* Polyhymnia
* Terpsichore
* Thalia
* Urania
* Daughters of Apollo
* Apollonis
* Borysthenis
* Cephisso
* Muses of the Lyre
* Hypate
* Mese
* Nete
* Muses at Sicyon
* Polymatheia

Charites (Graces)|

* Aglaea
* Antheia
* Euphrosyne
* Hegemone
* Pasithea
* Thalia

Horae (Hours)|

* Dike
* Eirene
* Eunomia

Children of Styx|

* Bia
* Kratos
* Nike
* Zelos

Aquatic
deities|

| Sea Gods|

* Amphitrite
* Benthesikyme
* Brizo
* Calypso
* Ceto
* Glaucus
* The Ichthyocentaurs
* Leucothea
* Melicertes
* Nereus
* Nerites
* The Nesoi
* Oceanus
* Phorcys
* Pontus/Thalassa
* Poseidon
* Proteus
* Rhodos
* Tethys
* Thaumas
* Thetis
* Triton

|

Oceanids|

* Acaste
* Admete
* Amalthea
* Asia
* Callirrhoe
* Ceto
* Clytie
* Dione
* Dodone
* Doris
* Electra
* Eurynome
* Idyia
* Melia (consort of Apollo)
* Melia (consort of Inachus)
* Metis
* Perse
* Pleione
* Plouto
* Styx
* Telesto
* Zeuxo

Nereides|

* Amphitrite
* Arethusa
* Dynamene
* Galatea
* Galene
* Psamathe
* Thetis

Potamoi|

* Achelous
* Almo
* Alpheus
* Anapos
* Asopus
* Asterion
* Axius
* Caanthus
* Cebren
* Cephissus
* Clitumnus
* Enipeus
* Kladeos
* Meander
* Nilus
* Numicus
* Phyllis
* Peneus
* Rivers of the Underworld
* Acheron
* Cocytus
* Eridanos
* Lethe
* Phlegethon
* Styx
* Sangarius
* Scamander
* Simoeis
* Strymon

Naiads|

* Aegina
* Achiroe
* Aganippe
* The Anigrides
* Argyra
* Bistonis
* Bolbe
* Caliadne
* Cassotis
* Castalia
* Cleocharia
* Creusa
* Daphne
* Drosera
* Harpina
* The Ionides
* Ismenis
* Larunda
* Lilaea
* Liriope
* Melite
* Metope
* Minthe
* Moria
* Nana
* Nicaea
* Orseis
* Pallas
* Pirene
* Salmacis
* Stilbe
* The Thriae
* Corycia
* Kleodora
* Melaina
* Tiasa

Chthonic
deities|

| Theoi Chthonioi|

* Angelos
* Gaia
* Hades
* Hecate
* The Lampads
* Macaria
* Melinoë
* Persephone
* Zagreus

|

Erinyes (Furies)|

* Alecto
* Megaera
* Tisiphone

Earthborn|

* Cyclopes
* Gigantes
* Hecatonchires
* Kouretes
* Meliae
* Telchines
* Typhon

Apotheothenai|

* Trophonius
* Triptolemus
* Orpheus
* Aeacus
* Minos
* Rhadamanthus

Personifications|

| Children of Nyx|

* Achlys
* Apate
* Dolos
* Eleos
* Elpis
* Epiphron
* Eris
* Geras
* Hesperides
* Hybris
* Hypnos
* Ker
* The Keres
* The Moirai
* Aisa
* Clotho
* Lachesis
* Momus
* Moros
* Nemesis
* Oizys
* The Oneiroi
* Philotes
* Sophrosyne
* Thanatos

|

Children of Eris|

* Algos
* Amphillogiai
* Ate
* The Androktasiai
* Dysnomia
* Horkos
* Hysminai
* Lethe
* Limos
* Machai
* Phonoi
* Ponos
* Neikea
* Pseudea
* Logoi

Children of other gods|

* Aergia
* Aidos
* Alala
* Aletheia
* Angelia
* Arete
* Astraea
* Caerus
* The Younger Charites
* Eucleia
* Eupheme
* Euthenia
* Philophrosyne
* Corus
* Deimos
* The Erotes
* Anteros
* Eros
* Hedylogos
* Hermaphroditus
* Hymen
* Ersa
* Eupraxia
* Hedone
* Homonoia
* Iacchus
* The Litae
* Homonoia
* Peitho
* Phobos
* Tyche

Others|

* Adephagia
* Alala
* Alke
* Amechania
* Anaideia
* Alastor
* Apheleia
* The Arae
* Dikaiosyne
* Dyssebeia
* Eiresione
* Ekecheiria
* Eulabeia
* Eusebeia
* Gelos
* Heimarmene
* Homados
* Horme
* Ioke
* Kakia
* Koalemos
* Kydoimos
* Lyssa
* The Maniae
* Methe
* Nomos
* Palioxis
* Peitharchia
* Penia
* Penthus
* Pepromene
* Pheme
* Phrike
* Phthonus
* Poine
* Polemos
* Poros
* Praxidike
* Proioxis
* Prophasis
* Soter
* Soteria
* Thrasos

Other deities|

| Sky deities|

* The Anemoi
* The Astra Planeti
* Stilbon
* Eosphorus
* Hesperus
* Pyroeis
* Phaethon
* Phaenon
* Aura
* Chione
* The Hesperides
* The Hyades
* Nephele
* The Pleiades
* Alcyone
* Sterope
* Celaeno
* Electra
* Maia
* Merope
* Taygete

|

Agricultural deities|

* Aphaea
* Demeter
* Despoina
* Eunostus
* Philomelus
* Plutus

Health deities|

* Asclepius
* Aceso
* Epione
* Iaso
* Hygieia
* Paean
* Panacea
* Telesphorus

Rustic deities|

* Aetna
* Agdistis
* The Alseids
* Amphictyonis
* The Anthousai
* Aristaeus
* Attis
* The Auloniads
* Britomartis
* The Cabeiri
* Comus
* The Dryades
* Erato
* The Hamadryades
* Chrysopeleia
* The Epimeliades
* Hecaterus
* Leuce
* Ma
* The Maenades
* The Meliae
* The Napaeae
* The Nymphai Hyperboreioi
* The Oreads
* Adrasteia
* Echo
* Helike
* Iynx
* Nomia
* Oenone
* Pitys
* The Pegasides
* Priapus
* Rhapso
* Silenus
* Telete

Others|

* Alexiares and Anicetus
* Aphroditus
* Enyalius
* Palaestra

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