Christian universalism

Short description: Christian belief that all will be reconciled to God

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Template:Universalism Template:Unitarian Universalist sidebar Christian universalism is a school of Christian theology focused around the doctrine of universal reconciliation – the view that all human beings will ultimately be saved and restored to a right relationship with God. "Christian universalism" and "the belief or hope in the universal reconciliation through Christ" are typically understood as synonyms.[1] However, reconciliation and salvation may be viewed as different concepts entirely, as posited by John Murray in the 18th century, who believed everyone already to be saved, yet still awaiting reconciliation after death.[2]

The term Christian universalism was used in the Christian Intelligencer in the 1820s by Russell Streeter—a descendant of Adams Streeter who had founded one of the first Universalist Churches on September 14, 1785.[3][4][5] Some Christian universalists like John Wesley Hanson claim that in Early Christianity (prior to the 6th century), this was the most common interpretation of Christianity.[6]

As a formal Christian denomination, Christian universalism originated in the late 18th century with the Universalist Church of America. Their membership has been consolidated with the American Unitarian Association into the Unitarian Universalist Association on May 15, 1961.[7] There is no single denomination uniting Christian universalists, but a few denominations teach some of the principles of Christian universalism or are open to them.

## Contents

* 1 Beliefs
* 2 Views on hell
* 2.1 Purgatorial hell and patristic universalism
* 3 Examples
* 4 See also
* 5 References
* 6 External links
* 6.1 The Restorationist Controversy
* 6.2 Eternal hell in Christian history
* 6.2.1 Origins of the idea of hell as eternal
* 6.2.2 Mistranslation of the Greek word aion
* 6.2.3 Arguments against the idea of eternal hell
* 7 History
* 7.1 Universal reconciliation and pre-modern Christianity
* 8 Modern types
* 8.1 Evangelical Universalism
* 8.2 Charismatic Universalism
* 8.3 Liberal Christian Universalism
* 8.4 Hybrid types
* 8.5 Modern proponents
* 8.6 Disagreements
* 9 See also
* 10 References
* 11 Further reading
* 12 External links

## Beliefs

In his Plain Guide to Universalism, Christian ultra-universalist Thomas Whittemore writes, "The sentiment by which Universalists are distinguished, is this that: at last every individual of the human race shall become holy and happy. This does not comprise the whole of their faith, but, merely that feature of it which is peculiar to them and by which they are distinguished from the rest of the world."[8]

The remaining central beliefs of Christian universalism are compatible with Christianity in general:

* God is the loving parent of all people (see Love of God).
* Jesus Christ reveals the nature and character of God and is the spiritual leader of humankind (see New Covenant).
* Humankind is created with an immortal soul which death does not end—or a mortal soul that shall be resurrected and/or preserved by God—and which God will not wholly destroy.[9]
* Sin has negative consequences for the sinner either in this life or the afterlife.

In 1899, the Universalist General Convention, later called the Universalist Church of America, adopted the Five Principles: the belief in God, belief in Jesus Christ, the immortality of the human soul, that sinful actions have consequence, and universal reconciliation.[10]

## Views on hell

Christian universalists disagree on whether hell exists. However, they do agree that if it does exist, the punishment there is corrective, remedial and does not last forever.[11]

### Purgatorial hell and patristic universalism

Purgatorial universalism was the belief of some of the early Church Fathers, especially Greek-speaking ones such as Clement of Alexandria,[12] Origen,[13] and Gregory of Nyssa.[14] It asserts that the unsaved will undergo hell but that hell is remedial (neither everlasting nor purely retributive) according to key scriptures and that after purification or conversion all will enter heaven.[15]

Fourth-century Christian theologian and bishop Diodorus of Tarsus wrote: "For the wicked there are punishments, not perpetual, however, lest the immortality prepared for them should be a disadvantage, but they are to be purified for a brief period according to the amount of malice in their works. They shall therefore suffer punishment for a short space, but immortal blessedness having no end awaits them... the penalties to be inflicted for their many and grave sins are very far surpassed by the magnitude of the mercy to be shown to them."[16]

Ilaria Ramelli, a scholar of the early Patristic history writes, "In the minds of some, universal salvation is a heretical idea that was imported into Christianity from pagan philosophies by Origen" (

Short description: Latin loanword meaning "approximately, around"

CA|other uses of "Cca"|CCA (disambiguation)|CCA|other uses of "Circa"|Circa (disambiguation)}}Template:TWCleanup2Circa (from la 'around, about, roughly, approximately') - frequently abbreviated ca. or c. and less frequently circ., cca. or cc. - signifies "approximately" in several European languages and is used as a loanword in English, usually in reference to a date.[17] Circa is widely used in historical writing when the dates of events are not accurately known.

When used in date ranges, circa is applied before each approximate date, while dates without circa immediately preceding them are generally assumed to be known with certainty.

## Examples

* 1732–1799: Both years are known precisely.
* c. 1732 – 1799: The beginning year is approximate; the end year is known precisely.
* 1732 – c. 1799: The beginning year is known precisely; the end year is approximate.
* c. 1732 – c. 1799: Both years are approximate.

## See also

* Floruit

## References

1. ↑ MacDonald, Gregory (2011). All Shall Be Well. p. 1. "At the most simple level Christian universalism is the belief that God will (or, in the case of "hopeful universalism", might) redeem all people through the saving work of Christ."
2. ↑ Hughes, Peter (2002-02-19). "The Restorationist Controversy". https://www.uudb.org/articles/restorationist.html.
3. ↑ Russell Streeter 1835, Familiar conversations: in which the salvation of all mankind is…, page 266: "We now come to those distinguished men, Murray and Winchester, who, as our opposers would have people believe, were the inventors and first preachers of Christian Universalism."
4. ↑ The Christian repository: volume 9, page 218 Church of the United Brethren in Christ (1800–1889), 1829 "In a piece entitled Christian Universalism, in the Christian Intelligencer, volume 3d, page 4, he wrote the following: "The Editor," speaking of himself, "deems it a solemn obligation to protest against proceedings calculated to make an…"
5. ↑ The journal of Unitarian Universalist history: volumes 26–28 Unitarian Universalist Historical Society, 1999 "The adoption of the name Christian Universalist can, nevertheless, be explained plausibly in the context of Dean's debate with Aesop."
6. ↑ Hanson, John Wesley (2008), Universalism: The Prevailing Doctrine of the Christian Church During its First Five Hundred Years, Biblio bazaar, ISBN 978-0-55956315-7, http://www.tentmaker.org/books/Prevailing.html
7. ↑ Briscoe, Natalie (2023-05-02). "Happy May! Let's Celebrate Consolidation Day!". https://www.uua.org/southern/blog/happy-may-lets-celebrate-consolidation-day.
8. ↑ "2". Plain Guide to Universalism. Auburn university. Paragraph 1. http://www.auburn.edu/~allenkc/univ2.html. Retrieved 2017-03-14.
9. ↑ Hanson, J.W. (1888). "Destroy Soul and Body in Hell". The Bible Hell (4th ed.). Boston: Universalist Publishing House. http://www.tentmaker.org/books/TheBibleHell.html. "The immortal soul is not meant, but the life. As though Jesus had said: 'Fear Not those who can only kill the body, but rather him, who if he chose could annihilate the whole being.'"
10. ↑ "Five Principles of Faith". Historic and Universalist Professions of Faith. Auburn University. http://www.auburn.edu/~allenkc/prof.html.
11. ↑ Plain Guide to Universalism Chapter 2, Section III, Auburn: "There are some Universalists who hold to punishment after death, nevertheless, we are glad to hail them as Universalists. They agree with us in our views of the great consummation, – all punishment, in their view, is disciplinary, and they denounce punishment, either in this world or the next, having any other object, as cruel and unjust."
12. ↑ Brian E. Daley, The Hope of the Early Church: A Handbook of Patristic Eschatology (Cambridge University Press, 1991), 46-47.
13. ↑ Brian E. Daley, The Hope of the Early Church: A Handbook of Patristic Eschatology (Cambridge University Press, 1991), 57–58.
14. ↑ Brian E. Daley, The Hope of the Early Church: A Handbook of Patristic Eschatology (Cambridge University Press, 1991), 88–89.
15. ↑ Moreira, Isabel (2010-11-17). "1 Purgatory in Early Christian and Patristic Thought". Heaven's Purge: Purgatory in Late Antiquity Get access Arrow. Oxford University Press. pp. 15–38. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199736041.003.0001. ISBN 9780199894628. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199736041.003.0001.
16. ↑ J. W. Hanson, citing Assemani, Bibliotheca Orientalis, III, p. 324.
17. ↑ "circa". Dictionary.com. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/circa.

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).[1] Ramelli argues that this view is mistaken and that Christian theologians were the first people to proclaim that all will be saved and that their reasons for doing so were rooted in their faith in Christ.

Eastern Orthodox theologian David Bentley Hart makes the case on the basis of the earliest Christian writings, theological tradition, scripture, and logic, that if God is the good creator of all, he is the savior of all, without fail. In his book, That All Shall Be Saved, he calls opponents of the school, who believe that some or all people are condemned to eternal damnation, "infernalists".[2][3] However, it has been argued that this term is pejorative.[4]

#### The Restorationist Controversy

In 1803, to fulfill State requirements on their churches' legal status, the Universalist General Convention adopted the Winchester Profession. So long as one believed in an all-powerful and all-loving God who could and would save all of humankind, that was enough to be a universalist.[5]

These vague guidelines led to the Restorationist Controversy, a de facto schism within the convention from the 1810s to 1840s.[6] Ultra-universalists believed everyone experienced immediate salvation after death. However, the majority of Christian universalists, the universal restorationists[7] believed that finite postmortem punishment exists after death with verses such as 1 Peter 3:18-20. As a result, the first Christian Universal Restorationist denomination, the Massachusetts Association of Universal Restorationists (MAUR) was formed in 1831, lasting until around 1841. Since then, universal restorationism has remained the majority belief among Christian universalists across centuries.[5]

### Eternal hell in Christian history

Christian universalists assert that the doctrine of eternal Hell was not a part of Christ's teachings nor even the early church, and that it was added in.[8][self-published source?] According to Christian annihilationist theologian Edward Beecher,[9] in the first four centuries there were six main theological schools, and only one of them advocated the idea of eternal hell, while another believed in the absolute annihilation of the wicked.[10]

#### Origins of the idea of hell as eternal

Christian universalists point towards mistranslations of the Greek word αιών (aion – an epoch of time), as giving rise to the idea of eternal hell.[11] Dr. Ken Vincent writes "When it (aion) was translated into Latin Vulgate, aion became aeternam which means 'eternal'." He also states that the first written record of the idea of an eternal hell comes from Tertullian, who wrote in Latin. However, the first person to explicitly advocate for an eternal hell had actually been Greek-writing Tatian, not Tertullian.[12]

The second major source of the idea of hell as eternal was the 4th-century theologian Augustine. According to author Steve Gregg, it was Tertullian's writings, plus Augustine's views and writings on eternal hell, which "overwhelmed" the other views of a temporary hell. First Augustine's views of hell were accepted in the early Latin Church, up until the Reformation Augustine's view of hell as eternal was not questioned.[13]

#### Mistranslation of the Greek word aion

About the word aion as having connotations of "age" or "temporal", the 19th-century theologian Marvin Vincent wrote:

> Aion, transliterated aeon, is a period of longer or shorter duration, having a beginning and an end, and complete in itself. Aristotle (peri ouranou, i. 9,15) says: "The period which includes the whole time of one's life is called the aeon of each one." Hence it often means the life of a man, as in Homer, where one's life (aion) is said to leave him or to consume away (Iliad v. 685; Odyssey v. 160). It is not, however, limited to human life; it signifies any period in the course of events, as the period or age before Christ; the period of the millennium; the mythological period before the beginnings of history.

> The adjective aionios in like manner carries the idea of time. Neither the noun nor the adjective, in themselves, carry the sense of endless or everlasting. They may acquire that sense by their connotation, as, on the other hand, aidios, which means everlasting, has its meaning limited to a given point of time in Jude 6. Aionios means enduring through or pertaining to a period of time. Both the noun and the adjective are applied to limited periods.

> Words which are habitually applied to things temporal or material cannot carry in themselves the sense of endlessness. Even when applied to God, we are not forced to render aionios everlasting. Of course the life of God is endless; but the question is whether, in describing God as aionios, it was intended to describe the duration of his being, or whether some different and larger idea was not contemplated.[14]

More recently, universalist theologian David Bentley Hart has undertaken a study of the term, noting how aionios has a wide number of meaning: in addition to the traditional rendering of "eternal" and "age-lasting", it can also mean "of the Age to Come" or "having its source in Eternity", with Eternity intended not simply as something which never ends, but as the perfect, unchanging and always-existing trascendental reality which lies beyond the cosmos, which the Greeks called the "Aion" and the Christians identified with God.[15]

For instance Hart's translation renders Matthew 25:46 as:[16]

> And these will go to the chastening of that Age, but the just to the life of that Age.

#### Arguments against the idea of eternal hell

Author Thomas Talbott states that if one believes in the idea of eternal hell or that some souls will be destroyed, one must either let go of the idea that it is God's wish and desire to save all beings, or accept the idea that God wants to, but will not "successfully accomplish his will and satisfy his own desire in this matter".[17]

Author David Burnfield defends the postmortem view[18] that God continues to evangelize to people even after they die (1 Chronicles 16:34; Isaiah 9:2; Romans 8:35–39; Ephesians 4:8–9; 1 Peter 3:18–20; 1 Peter 4:6).

## History

See also: Religion:History of Christian universalism

According to the New Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge (1912), over the first five hundred years of Christian history there are records of at least six theological schools: four of these schools were Universalist (one each in Alexandria, Antioch, Caesarea, and Edessa–Nisibis), one taught conditional immortality (in Ephesus), and the last taught eternal Hell (in Carthage or Rome). However, the Encyclopedia also notes that most contemporary scholars would take issue with classifying these early schools as Universalist.[19] An important figure in early American Christian Universalism was George de Benneville, a French Huguenot preacher and physician who was imprisoned for advocating Universalism and later emigrated to Pennsylvania where he continued preaching on the subject. De Benneville was noted for his friendly and respectful relationship with Native Americans and his pluralistic and multicultural view of spiritual truth which was well ahead of his time. One of his most significant accomplishments was helping to produce the Sauer Bible, the first German language Bible printed in America. In this Bible version, passages teaching universal reconciliation were marked in boldface.[20]

Other significant early modern Christian universalist leaders include Elhanan Winchester, a Baptist preacher who wrote several books promoting the universal salvation of all souls after a period in Purgatory, who founded the first Universalist church in Philadelphia, and founded a church that ministered to enslaved African Americans in South Carolina;[21][22] Hosea Ballou, a Christian ultra-universalist preacher and writer in New England,[23] his relative Adin Ballou, a Christian universal restorationist who founded the first Christian socialist community in America and Hannah Whitall Smith, a writer and evangelist from a Quaker background who was active in the Holiness movement as well as the women's suffrage and temperance movements.[24]

The Unity School of Christianity, founded in 1889 by Charles and Myrtle Fillmore, has taught some Universalist beliefs such as God's total goodness, the divine nature of human beings, and the rejection of the traditional Christian belief that God condemns people to Hell.[25]

In the early 20th century, some Primitive Baptists in Appalachia started espousing Universalist ideas. By 1924, these churches branched off to form the Primitive Baptist Universalists. They are often known as "No Hellers" and believe that temporal punishment and separation from God during life is the only hell.[26]

The logo of Universalist Church of America

The Universalist Church of America gradually declined in the early to mid 20th century and merged with the American Unitarian Association in 1961, creating the modern-day Unitarian Universalist Association, which does not officially subscribe to exclusively Christian theology. Christian universalism largely passed into obscurity for the next few decades with the end of the Universalist Church as a separate denomination. However, the Unitarian Universalist Christian Fellowship remains as an organization for Christians from the Unitarian Universalist tradition and liberal Christians interested in Unitarianism and Universalism.[27]

In May 2007 the Christian Universalist Association was founded at the Universalist National Memorial Church. The founding board of directors included thirteen ministers from diverse denominational backgrounds such as Quaker and Eastern Orthodox as an ecumenical organization promoting a revival of Christian universalism.[28]

### Universal reconciliation and pre-modern Christianity

Yale Professor of Philosophy Keith DeRose points out that in the Christian Scriptures there are verses which point to universal reconciliation and verses which point to destruction or eternal punishment for some. If looking only to scripture, he argues that Universalism is not only based in scripture, but has a stronger scriptural backing than the position of destruction or eternal damnation. Like early Christians, he points to Purgatorial Hell, a temporary place of cleansing of sin that will be necessary for some as a way to reconcile these seeming differences.[29]

## Modern types

There are three general types of Christian universalism today – Evangelical Universalism, Charismatic Universalism, and Liberal Christian Universalism – which by themselves or in combination with one another describe the vast majority of currently existing and identifiable versions of Christian universalist belief and practice.

### Evangelical Universalism

The type of Christian universalism that departs the least from orthodox or traditional Protestant Christian doctrine is Evangelical (Christian) Universalism, also called Biblical or Trinitarian Universalism. Evangelical Universalists hold to conservative positions on most theological or doctrinal issues except for the doctrine of hell, in which case they assert universal reconciliation instead of eternal torment.[30] They tend to emphasize the substitutionary atonement of Jesus Christ for the sins of all humanity as the basis for their Universalism.

In 2006 a mainstream evangelical writer, revealed[31] as Robin Parry in 2009, under the pseudonym of "Gregory MacDonald" (taken from the names, Gregory of Nyssa and George MacDonald) released a book, The Evangelical Universalist.[32] In 2008 this inspired the creation of a forum,[33] featuring "Gregory MacDonald" and Thomas Talbott, to discuss Evangelical Universalism and related topics. Evangelical Universalists derive a large part of their beliefs from Evangelicalism and Reformed theology. Many of them come from an Evangelical Christian background, but they may or may not identify with this movement and seek to remain with it.

Some Evangelical Universalists avoid using the word "Universalism" to describe their beliefs, perhaps because of the negative connotations of this word among conservative Christians. Alternative terms that are in use among Evangelical Universalists include the "Larger Hope[34]" or "Blessed Hope" and the "Victorious Gospel".[35]

### Charismatic Universalism

Some Christians with a background in the Charismatic movement or Pentecostalism have developed a version of Universalism which could be called Charismatic (Christian) Universalism. Charismatic universalists usually do not call their theology "Universalism" but commonly refer to their specific beliefs by the terms "Reconciliation" (shorthand for universal reconciliation, the doctrine of apocatastasis) and "Sonship" (shorthand for "Manifest Sonship" which is a variant of the doctrine of theosis).[36] The term "Feast of Tabernacles" is used by some Charismatic Universalists as a term for their post-Pentecostal spiritual tradition, reflecting a symbolic interpretation of this Jewish festival as an entrance into a fuller knowledge and relationship with God and understanding of God's plan for humanity.[37][38]

Charismatic universalism is marked by its emphasis on theosis; the idea that the return of Christ is a body of perfected human beings who are the "Manifested Sons of God" instead of a literal return of the person of Jesus;[39] the idea that these Sons will reign on the earth and transform all other human beings from sin to perfection during an age that is coming soon (a version of millennialism);[40] and the absolute sovereignty of God, the nonexistence or severe limitation of human free will, and the inevitable triumph of God's plan of universal reconciliation.[41][42]

Many Charismatic Universalists meet in house churches or do not belong to a church at all. Most of the evidence of Universalism existing as a school of thought within the Charismatic movement is found in a large number of internet-based ministries that are informally networked with one another.[43]

### Liberal Christian Universalism

Liberal Christian universalists include some members of mainline Protestant denominations, some people influenced by the New Age and New Thought movements, some people in the emerging church movement, some Unitarian Universalists who continue to follow Jesus as their primary spiritual teacher, and some Christians from other religious backgrounds.

Liberal Christian universalism emphasizes the all-inclusive love of God and tends to be more open to finding truth and value in non-Christian spiritual traditions compared to the attitude of other forms of Christian universalism, while remaining generally Christ-centered.[44] In contrast to Evangelical Universalism, Liberal Christian universalism views the Bible as an imperfect human document containing divine revelations, is not necessarily Trinitarian, and often downplays or rejects blood atonement theology in its view of the crucifixion of Jesus.[45][46] Some Liberal Christian universalists believe in mystical philosophies such as panentheism and process theology, Gnostic or New Age ideas such as the preexistence and reincarnation of the soul,[47][48] and New Thought ideas such as the law of attraction.[49][50]

The Unitarian Universalist Christian Fellowship is an organization for Liberal Christian universalists, especially those who belong to the Unitarian Universalist Association. The Unity Church is a liberal Christian denomination which teaches some Universalist beliefs.[51][52]

The Liberal Catholic Church believes in Universal Salvation.[53] Within its articles of faith it declares: "We believe that God is Love and Power and Truth and Light; that perfect justice rules the world; that all His sons shall one day reach His feet, however far they stray."[54][55]

### Hybrid types

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Prior to his death in November 2023, former Pentecostal Bishop Carlton Pearson promoted his "Gospel of Inclusion" with his teachings and beliefs being a hybrid between Charismatic and Liberal Christian universalism. A minister in the liberal Christian denomination of the United Church of Christ, Pearson continued to believe in ideas and practices of Pentecostal or Charismatic forms of Christianity. Pearson incorporated New Age and New Thought teachings into his message.[56] Pearson was declared a heretic by his Christian Pentecostal and Charismatic peers in 2004.[57]

Brian McLaren is a Christian leader in the emerging church movement who is sympathetic to the idea of Universalism but does not embrace it.[58][59][60]

A number of ministers and evangelists connected with Restoration Nation conferences are Universalists who draw from both the Evangelical and Charismatic traditions.[61] One notable example is Robert Rutherford, a minister from Georgia (USA) who was a finalist on The Learning Channel's 2006 reality TV series The Messengers.[62][63] Another example is Dick King, an independent Charismatic Baptist pastor in North Little Rock, Arkansas, whose church left the Southern Baptist Convention in 2004.[64]

### Modern proponents

The conversion of Bishop Carlton Pearson to a form of Universalism and his subsequent excommunication by the Joint College of African-American Pentecostal Bishops in 2004 caused Christian universalism to gain increased media attention because of Pearson's popularity and celebrity status.[65]

Since 2007, the Christian Universalist Association has ordained more than 30 ministers in the United States and other countries who believe in Christian universalism.[66]

In 2024, Pope Francis said that "What I am going to say is not a dogma of faith but my own personal view: I like to think of hell as empty; I hope it is."[67] A proponent of the idea of universal salvation is also the Polish Cardinal Grzegorz Ryś, who in an interview on September 26, 2024, claimed that "[...] all people, regardless of which religion they profess, OR WHETHER THEY PROFESS NONE AT ALL, are saved through the death, resurrection, and ascension of the Lord Jesus".[68]

### Disagreements

There are many religious issues on which Christian universalists disagree with each other, depending on their theological background and denominational tradition. Some examples include:

* Disagreements on if the concept of the Trinity is true (Trinitarian universalism, held by Edward Turner) or not (Unitarian universalism, held by Bernard Whitman).

* Debate on if Christian universalism is fulfilled through God's predetermined divine sovereignty to save all (divine sovereignty universalism, held by David Bentley Hart[6]), each person's free will to eventually decide they want to be saved (free will universalism) or both (compatibilism universalism).

* If universal salvation is equivalent to universal reconciliation (held by David Bentley Hart)[69] or not (held by John Murray).[5]

* Various views of atonement, such as whether postmortem punishment exists (universal restorationism, held by Adin Ballou, Hosea Ballou II) or not (ultra-universalism, held by Hosea Ballou, Thomas Whittemore).[5]
* Whether non-Christians need to have belief in Jesus Christ as their savior to be saved (exclusivism via free grace or lordship salvation or etc.), or whether salvation is possible through other means (inclusivism).

## See also

* Annihilationism
* Apokatastasis
* Catechetical School of Alexandria
* Divinization (Christian)
* Essence–energies distinction
* Hypothetical universalism
* List of Christian Universalists
* Love of Christ
* Love of God in Christianity
* Omnibenevolence
* Primitive Baptist Universalist
* Problem of Hell
* Salvation (Christianity)
* School of Antioch
* Schools of Nisibis and Edessa
* Trinitarian Universalism
* Unconditional love
* Unlimited atonement
* "Unto the ages of ages"

## References

1. ↑ Ramelli, Ilaria (2019). A Larger Hope?. 1\. Universal Salvation from Christian Beginnings to Julian of Norwich. Cascade Books. ISBN 978-1-61097-884-2.
2. ↑ Kilby, Karen (16 March 2020). "Against the Infernalists". Commonweal. https://www.commonwealmagazine.org/against-infernalists.
3. ↑ Hart, David Bentley (September 24, 2019). That All Shall Be Saved. United States: Yale University Press. pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-0300246223.
4. ↑ Flynn, Pat (2022-12-06). "You Can't Have an All-Good God Without Hell". https://www.catholic.com/magazine/online-edition/you-cant-have-an-all-good-god-without-hell.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `:0`
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 McClymond, Michael J. (2019-12-02). "The Many Fish that Swim in the Universalist Pond". https://credomag.com/article/the-many-fish-that-swim-in-the-universalist-pond/.
7. ↑ Winchester, Elhanan (1831). "Dialogues on Universal Restoration". https://www.mercyuponall.org/pdfs-click-to-download/elhanan-winchester-dialogues-on-universal-restoration/.
8. ↑ McMillen, Jacob (January 2, 2016). "Hell, Part 3: How & When The Idea of Eternal Torment Invaded Church Doctrine". https://brazenchurch.com/how-hell-invaded-church-doctrine/#_edn2.
9. ↑ Beecher, Edward (1858). Death Not Life, or, The Destruction of the Wicked (Commonly Called Annihilation) Established and Endless Misery Disproved by a Collection and Explanation of all Passages on Future Punishment (8th ed.). John P. Jewett. https://archive.org/details/deathnotlifeorde00blai/page/n7/mode/2up.
10. ↑ Beecher, Edward. "22. Early Theological Seminaries and Retribution". History of Opinions on the Scriptural Doctrine of Retribution. New York: D. Appleton and Company. http://www.tentmaker.org/books/Retribution/retribution22.htm. "What, then, was the state of facts as to the leading theological schools of the Christian world, in the age of Origen, and some centuries after? It was, in brief, this: There were at least six theological schools in the Church at large. Of these six schools, one, and only one, was decidedly and earnestly in favor of the doctrine of future eternal punishment. One was in favor of the annihilation of the wicked. Two were in favor of the doctrine of universal restoration on the principles of Origen, and two in favor of universal restoration on the principles of Theodore of Mopsuestia."
11. ↑ Nungesser, Tony; Amirault, Gary. "'Eternal' Punishment (Matthew 25:46) Is NOT Found In The Greek New Testament". https://www.tentmaker.org/articles/EternalPunishmentNotTrueToGreek.html.
12. ↑ Oratio Ad Graecos, Chapter XIV
13. ↑ Gregg, Steve. All You ever Wanted to Know about Hell. pp. 130–31
14. ↑ Vincent, Marvin. "Note on Olethron Aionion (eternal destruction)". Word Studies in the New Testament. Auburn. http://www.auburn.edu/~allenkc/vincent.html.
15. ↑ David Bentley Hart. The New Testament. A Translation. Yale University Press. pp. 536-550.
16. ↑ David Bentley Hart. The New Testament. A Translation. Yale University Press. pp. 53.
17. ↑ Talbott, Thomas (Spring 2017). "The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy". in Zalta, Edward N.. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2017/entries/heaven-hell/. "Theists who accept the traditional idea of everlasting punishment, or even the idea of an everlasting separation from God, must either reject the idea that God wills or desires to save all humans and thus desires to reconcile them all to himself (see proposition (1) in section 1 above) or reject the idea that God will successfully accomplish his will and satisfy his own desire in this matter". .
18. ↑ Burnfield, Patristic Universalism, 107–149.
19. ↑ "Christian Universalism". The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge (New York, London: Funk & Wagnalls) 12: 96. http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc12.u.ii.html.
20. ↑ "George de Benneville". UUA. http://www25-temp.uua.org/uuhs/duub/articles/georgedebenneville.html.
21. ↑ "Elhanan Winchester" . UUA.
22. ↑ "Biographies: Elehan Winchester". TentMaker.
23. ↑ "Hosea Ballou". UUA. http://www25-temp.uua.org/uuhs/duub/articles/hoseaballou.html.
24. ↑ "Hannah Whitall Smith". Tentmaker. http://www.tentmaker.org/biographies/hannah-smith.htm.
25. ↑ "Frequently Asked Questions". Unity online. http://www.unityonline.org/aboutunity/whoWeAre/faq.html#teachings.
26. ↑ Dorgan, Howard (1997). In the Hands of a Happy God: The "No-Hellers" of Central Appalachia. Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press. ISBN 0-87049-962-9.
27. ↑ "Who Are The UU Christians?". UU Christian fellowship. http://www.uuchristian.org/S_Who.html.
28. ↑ Stetson, Eric (23 May 2022). "The Origin of the CUA". Christian Universalist Association. https://christianuniversalist.org/2022/05/the-origin-of-the-cua/.
29. ↑ DeRose, Keith. "Universalism and the Bible". Yale. http://campuspress.yale.edu/keithderose/1129-2/#11.
30. ↑ "Evangelical Universalism – Oxymoron" . Jason Clark church, February 25, 2008.
31. ↑ Parry, Robin (2009-08-29). "I am the Evangelical Universalist". Theological scribbles. Google Blogspot. https://theologicalscribbles.blogspot.com/2009/08/i-am-evangelical-universalist.html.
32. ↑ MacDonald, Gregory (a pseudonym). 2006. The Evangelical Universalist. ISBN 1-59752-365-8
33. ↑ "Forum". Evangelical universalist. http://evangelicaluniversalist.com/.
34. ↑ Ramelli, Ilaria (2019-07-15). A Larger Hope?, Volume 1: Universal Salvation from Christian Beginnings to Julian of Norwich. Wipf and Stock. ISBN 9781610978842. https://books.google.com/books?id=RNmjDwAAQBAJ.
35. ↑ Amirault, Gary. "Tentmaker Ministries battles for the Victorious Gospel of Jesus Christ". Tentmaker Ministries. http://www.tentmaker.org/feuds/feuds_index.html.
36. ↑ "From The Candlestick to the Throne, Part 33, The Church in Ephesus" (section "I Will Remove Your Candlestick"). Kingdom Bible studies. "the teaching or doctrine of reconciliation, sonship and the kingdom".
37. ↑ "Chapter 7 The Feast of Tabernacles" . God's kingdom ministries.
38. ↑ "Coming into Light prt 1". To Seek The Light blog.
39. ↑ "ID69" and "ID349" . Hearing the truth of God.
40. ↑ "ID269" Hearing the Truth of God.
41. ↑ "Free Moral Agent-Eby", Tentmaker.
42. ↑ "ID116" . Hearing the truth of God.
43. ↑ "Kingdom". Sigler. http://sigler.org/kingdom/page1.html.
44. ↑ Non-Christian. Savior of the world.
45. ↑ "Theology". Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080509093547/http://www.universalist-herald.net/Theology.html.
46. ↑ "Metaphysical Bible" , New Beginning Ministries.
47. ↑ "Oneness". Archived from the original on September 10, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080910053949/http://www.newbeginningministries.com/articles/Oneness_True_Spiritual_Life.html.
48. ↑ "Conclusion" and "Reincarnation". Savior of the World.
49. ↑ "Pastor compares church". SPTimes, July 14, 2007.
50. ↑ "You are not your DNS" . New beginnings ministries.
51. ↑ "Unity". Bible.ca
52. ↑ "Who we are: Teachings". Unity Online.
53. ↑ "Catholic Universalist Church of Asia Pacific" (in en). https://catholicuniversalistchurch-apac.weebly.com/.
54. ↑ "What We Believe". 16 March 2021. https://churchofsaintfrancis.org/what-we-believe/.
55. ↑ "The Liberal Catholic Act of Faith". Liberal Catholic. Tripod. http://members.tripod.com/~LiberalCatholic/tenets.htm.
56. ↑ "New Thought Ministries of Oregon". http://www.ntmo.org/?content=pearson.php?PHPSESSID=0f1e95c29d11ac1558ac58469d358842.
57. ↑ Anton (2023-11-20). "Carlton Pearson's Gospel of Inclusion" (in en-US). https://www.apologeticsindex.org/36-carlton-pearson.
58. ↑ "Brian's rejection that he is a Universalist", Out of Ur, Christianity today, 2006 May, .
59. ↑ "Mark Driscoll criticizes fellow Evangelical Brian McLaren for his "denial of hell" and other liberal theological ideas." The resurgence.
60. ↑ "McLaren discusses his struggle" with the doctrine of eternal hell and his unwillingness to embrace and preach it. Belief net.
61. ↑ "Videos of many conference speakers". Restoration nation TV.
62. ↑ "Meet the Messengers" . Discovery.
63. ↑ Robert Rutherford blog.
64. ↑ "Our Journey" . Indian Hills Church.
65. ↑ "'Inclusionism' deemed heresy". The Washington Times. 2004-04-20. http://www.washtimes.com/news/2004/apr/20/20040420-104557-5370r/.
66. ↑ "Ministers > Christian Universalist Association". 22 February 2013. https://christianuniversalist.org/ministers/.
67. ↑ CNA. "Pope Francis: 'I like to think of hell as empty'" (in en). https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/256542/pope-francis-i-like-to-think-of-hell-as-empty.
68. ↑ „Spór o tradycję. Między słowami św. Łukasza i św. Jana” | kard. Grzegorz Ryś. Dostemp: 09.10.2024 (1:03:33—1:03:57) [1]
69. ↑ Bentley Hart, David (September 24, 2019). That All Shall Be Saved. United States: Yale University Press. pp. 66. doi:10.2307/j.ctvnwbzd4. ISBN 978-0300246223. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvnwbzd4.

## Further reading

* Bell, Rob ‘’Love Wins: A Book About Heaven, Hell, and the Fate of Every Person Who Ever Lived.’’ 2011, New York City, Harper-one, ISBN 9780062049643
* Bressler, Ann Lee (2001). The Universalist Movement in America, 1770–1880. New York: Oxford University Press.
* Burnfield, David "Patristic Universalism" An Alternative to the Traditional View of Divine Judgment Paperback – January 28, 2016
* Ezekiel Stone Wiggins Universalism unfounded being a complete analysis and refutation of the system Published 1867 in Nepean, Ontario Universalism unfounded
* Cassara, Ernest, ed (1971). Universalism in America: A Documentary History of a Liberal Faith. Skinner House Books.
* Smith, Graeme (2004) Oxford 1937: the Universal Christian Council for Life and Work Conference. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang ISBN 3631522320

## External links

* Recommended Authors and Books about Universal Ultimate Reconciliation – A new hub for Christian universalist authors and resources.
* The Christian Universalist Association – Ecumenical organization teaching Christian universalism and providing ministerial ordination for pastors and chaplains who believe in it.
* Christianity as the Universal Religion, Chapter Eight in Stephen Palmquist, Kant's Critical Religion (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2000) – Demonstrates that the 18th century philosopher, Immanuel Kant, regarded the Christian religion as the only "natural religion" that has the potential to be spread to all human beings.(403 Forbidden)
* Evangelical Universalism – A website with articles, books, and other materials promoting the biblical doctrine of Evangelical Universalism.
* Eclectic Orthodoxy – A blog with resources and discussions centering on Universal Reconciliation from an Eastern Orthodox standpoint.
* Evangelical Universalist Forum[Usurped!] – Evangelical Universalism Discussion Forum.
* Patristic Universalism, Questions and Answers website www.patristicuniversalism.com
* A Case for Christian Universalism – A website devoted to supporting Christian universalism biblically.
* The Sanctuary Downtown Church – Peter Hiett as Pastor / a Church that celebrates God's relentless love.
* Tentmaker Ministries – A large website full of articles, online books, and other resources promoting Christian universalism.
* Universalism and the Bible – Keith DeRose, Professor of Philosophy at Yale University, defends universalism on biblical grounds.

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