Communicatio in sacris

Short description: Concept in Catholic liturgy

Part of a series on the
Canon law of the
Catholic Church

Ius vigens (current law)

* 1983 Code of Canon Law
* Omnium in mentem
* Magnum principium
* Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches
* Ad tuendam fidem
* Ex corde Ecclesiae
* Indulgentiarum Doctrina
* Pastor bonus
* Pontificalis Domus
* Veritatis gaudium
* Custom
* Matrimonial nullity trial reforms of Pope Francis
* Documents of the Second Vatican Council
* Christus Dominus
* Lumen gentium
* Optatam totius
* Orientalium ecclesiarum
* Presbyterorum ordinis
* Sacrosanctum concilium
* Precepts of the Church

Legal history

Jus antiquum (c. 33-1140)

* Ancient Church Orders
* Didache
* The Apostolic Constitutions
* Canons of the Apostles
* Collections of ancient canons
* Collectiones canonum Dionysianae
* Collectio canonum quadripartita
* Collectio canonum Quesnelliana
* Collectio canonum Wigorniensis
* Decretum Gelasianum
* Symmachian forgeries
* Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals
* Donation of Constantine
* Gregorian Reform
* Lay investiture controversy
* Dictatus papae
* Libertas ecclesiae
* Plenitudo potestatis

Jus novum (c. 1140-1563)

* Corpus Juris Canonici
* Decretum Gratiani
* Decretist
* Canon Episcopi
* Margaritae
* Jus commune
* Decretals of Gregory IX
* Decretalist
* Regulæ Juris
* Extravagantes
* Liber Septimus

Jus novissimum (c. 1563-1918)

* Council of Trent
* Benedictus Deus (Pius IV)
* Tametsi
* Apostolicae Sedis moderationi

Jus codicis (1918-present)

* 1917 Code of Canon Law
* Ecclesiae Sanctae
* 1983 Code of Canon Law

Other

* Contractum trinius
* Papal judge-delegate
* Right of option

Oriental law

* Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches
* Eastern Canonical Reforms of Pius XII
* Nomocanon
* Archeparchy
* Eparchy
* Exarchate
* Ordinariate for Eastern Catholic faithful
* Protosyncellus
* Territory dependent on the Patriarch

Liturgical law

Latin Church

* General Roman Calendar
* Ranking of liturgical days in the Roman Rite
* General Instruction of the Roman Missal
* Code of Rubrics
* Magnum principium
* Liturgiam authenticam
* Mysterii Paschalis
* Sacrosanctum concilium
* Tra le sollecitudini
* Musicam sacram
* Summorum Pontificum
* Quattuor abhinc annos
* Ecclesia Dei
* Red Mass
* Holy Day of Obligation

Sacramental law

* Communicatio in sacris
* Ex opere operato
* Omnium in mentem
* Valid but illicit

Sacraments

* Holy Orders
* Impediment (canon law)
* Abstemius
* Defect of birth
* Obligation of celibacy
* Nullity of Sacred Ordination
* Apostolicae curae
* Dimissorial letters
* Episcopal Co-Consecrators
* Approbation
* Confession
* Penitential canons
* Paenitentiale Theodori
* Seal of the Confessional
* Internal forum
* Note on the importance of the internal forum and the inviolability of the Sacramental Seal
* Apostolic Penitentiary
* Canon penitentiary
* Complicit absolution
* Sacramentum Poenitentiae
* Eucharist
* Eucharistic discipline
* Canon 915
* Celebret
* Mass stipend

Sacramentals

* Indulgence
* Indulgentiarum doctrina

Sacred places

* Altars
* Major basilica
* Minor basilica
* Oratory (chapel)

Sacred times

* Feast days
* Fast days and abstinence
* Paenitemini
* Holy day of obligation

Matrimonial law

* Canonical form (Latin Church)
* Tametsi
* Ne Temere
* Banns of Marriage
* Declaration of Nullity
* Dignitas connubii
* Matrimonial Nullity Trial Reforms of Pope Francis
* Vetitum
* Defender of the Bond
* Impediments to Marriage
* Affinity
* Bigamy
* Clandestinity
* Impediment of crime
* Disparity of Cult
* Ligamen
* Public propriety
* Matrimonial Dispensation
* Ratum sed non consummatum
* Sanatio in radice
* Natural marriage
* Pauline privilege
* Petrine privilege

Supreme authority, particular
churches, & canonical structures

Supreme authority of the Church

* Roman Pontiff
* College of Bishops

Supra-diocesan/eparchal structures

* College of Cardinals

* Conference of bishops
* Synod of Bishops

Particular churches

* Churches sui juris
* Latin Church
* Eastern Catholic Churches
* Local particular churches
* Appointment of bishops
* Abbacy nullius
* Apostolic vicariate
* Apostolic vicar
* Apostolic administration
* Apostolic administrator
* Diocese/Archdiocese
* Aeque principaliter
* Cathedraticum
* In persona episcopi
* Diocesan Curia
* Moderator of the Curia
* Chancery
* Deanery
* Vicar forane
* Archeparchy
* Eparchy
* Eparchal curia
* Territory dependent on the Patriarch
* Military ordinariate
* Mission sui juris
* Personal ordinariate
* Anglicanorum Coetibus

Juridic persons

* Parish
* Team of priests in solidum
* Collegiate church
* Register
* Lay trusteeism
* Roman Curia
* Dicastery
* Congregation
* Pontifical council
* Personal Prelature
* Types of membership of Opus Dei
* Association of the Christian faithful
* Vicar general
* Quinquennial visit ad limina

Jurisprudence

* Canonical coronation
* Canonically crowned images
* Computation of time
* Custom
* Delegata potestas non potest delegari
* Derogation
* Dispensation
* Taxa Innocentiana
* Faculty
* Indult
* Impediment
* Interpretation
* Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts
* Jurisdiction
* Peritus
* Obreption & subreption
* Obrogation
* Promulgation
* Resignation of the Roman Pontiff
* Sede vacante
* Simony
* Vacatio legis
* Valid but illicit
* Visitation
* Apostolic visitor

Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of canon law

* Theology
* Ecclesiology
* Treatise on Law
* Determinatio

Temporal goods (property)

* Benefice
* Cathedraticum
* Contract law
* Mass stipend
* Stole fee
* Temporalities

Law of persons

* Person (canon law)
* Formal act of defection from the Catholic Church
* Canonical age
* Emancipation
* Exemption

Clerics

* Secular clergy
* Regular clergy
* Obligation of celibacy
* Clerics and public office
* Incardination and excardination
* Laicization (dispensation)
* Canonical faculties

Office

* Canonical provision
* Canonical election

Juridic and physical persons

* Jus patronatus

Associations of the faithful

Consecrated life

Canonical documents

* Acta Apostolicae Sedis
* Acta Sanctae Sedis
* Censor librorum
* Imprimatur
* Imprimi potest
* Notary (canon law)
* Protonotary apostolic
* Apostolic constitution
* Canon
* Concordat
* Decree
* Decretal
* Encyclical
* Motu proprio
* Ordinance
* Papal brief
* Papal bull
* Penitential
* Positive law
* Rescript
* Parish register
* Ecclesiastical Latin

Penal law

* Canon 1324
* Canon 1398
* Censure (canon law)
* De delictis gravioribus
* Complicit absolution
* Crimen sollicitationis
* Excommunication
* List of excommunicable offences in the Catholic Church
* List of people excommunicated by the Catholic Church
* List of excommunicated cardinals
* Interdict
* Internal forum
* Laicization (penal)
* Latae sententiae
* Lifetime of prayer and penance
* Canonical admonitions
* Ecclesiastical prison

Procedural law

Pars statica (tribunals & ministers/parties)

* Tribunals
* Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura
* Tribunal of the Roman Rota
* Apostolic Penitentiary
* Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith
* Ministers of Justice
* Judicial Vicar/Officialis
* Auditor
* Parties
* Defender of the Bond
* Procurator

Pars dynamica (trial procedure)

* Dignitas connubii (matrimonial causes)
* Appeal as from an abuse
* Presumption
* Penal procedure
* Vos estis lux mundi

Canonization

* Congregation for the Causes of Saints
* Maiorem hac dilectionem
* Advocatus Diaboli
* Oblatio vitae
* Positio
* Beatification and canonization process in 1914

Election of the Roman Pontiff

* Current law
* Universi Dominici gregis
* Papal renunciation
* Reforms of Pope Benedict XVI
* Historical
* Cum proxime
* Jus exclusivae
* Papal appointment
* Aeterni Patris Filius
* Romano Pontifici eligendo
* Ingravescentem aetatem
* Ubi periculum
* Quia propter

Legal practice and scholarship

* List of legal abbreviations

Academic degrees

* Licentiate of Canon Law
* Doctor of Canon Law
* Doctor of both laws

Journals and Professional Societies

* Canon Law Society of America
* The Jurist

Faculties of canon law

* School of Canon Law

Canonists

* Medieval
* Gratian
* Hostiensis
* Jean Lemoine
* Raymond of Penyafort
* Rufinus
* Johannes Teutonicus
* Geoffrey of Trani
* Burchard of Worms
* Brocard
* Modern & Contemporary
* Eugenio Corecco
* John D. Faris
* Pietro Gasparri
* Ladislas Orsy
* Edward N. Peters

Law of consecrated life

* Solemn vow
* Exclaustration
* Manifestation of Conscience
* Canonical erection of a house of religious
* Pontifical right
* Diocesan right
* Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life

Institute of consecrated life

* Religious institute
* Congregation
* Order
* Monasticism
* Canons regular
* Mendicant orders
* Clerics regular
* Secular institute
* Cum Sanctissimus
* Primo Feliciter
* Provida Mater Ecclesia

Society of apostolic life

* Decretum laudis

* v
* t
* e

In the Catholic Church, communicatio in sacris ("communion in sacred [things]"; also translated as "worship in common"[1](n.8)), also called communicatio in divinis ("communion in divine [things]") or communicatio in ritibus ("communion in rites"), designates the regulations for the partaking of a Catholic person to a non-Catholic sacrament or liturgical celebration, or for the partaking of a non-Catholic person to a Catholic sacrament or liturgical celebration.[2] The expression is also used to refer to said acts of partaking themselves.[3]

Communicatio in sacris is legislated mainly by two canons: canon 844 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law, and canon 671 of the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches.[3]

## Contents

* 1 Canon 844
* 1.1 Structure
* 1.1.1 Principle
* 1.1.2 Exception one
* 1.1.3 Exception two
* 1.1.4 Exception three
* 1.1.5 Exception four
* 1.1.6 Regulation
* 2 Notes
* 3 See also
* 4 References
* 5 Further reading

## Canon 844

Canon 844 is a canon contained within the 1983 Code of Canon Law (1983 CIC) of the Catholic Church,[lower-alpha 1] which defines the licit administration and reception of certain sacraments of the Catholic Church in normative and in particular exceptional circumstances, known in Catholic canonical theory as communicatio in sacris.

Thomas Condon wrote that this canon "empowers the bishop to regulate sacramental sharing for Catholics who might need to approach a non-Catholic minister; [...] the canon enjoins the bishop to prevent a spirit of indifferentism from emerging because of sacramental sharing".[6](p248) Condon wrote that Frederick R. McManus "noted that 'the intent of the canon is clear, namely to define the outer limits of permissible sharing of sacraments, aside from any question of validity or invalidity'".[6](p251) The Second Vatican Council's decree on ecumenism, Unitatis Redintegratio (UR), states that "worship in common (communicatio in sacris) is not to be considered as a means to be used indiscriminately for the restoration of Christian unity".[1](n.8) In that context, John Beal et al.'s New commentary on the Code of Canon Law notes that this canon does not address the specific question of "the seriousness of the need" on occasions of worship in common such as a marriage or funeral or similar ecumenical activities,[7] though individual Catholic theologians, such as Kevin Considine, have interpreted canon 844 as allowing for intercommunion in these cases.[8]

### Structure

The structure of canon 844 is that the "general principle is established" first, then this canon "considers three situations of facts" which are exceptions, and finally this canon "regulates the lawful exercise of the normative activity in a particular area".[9]

In Ecclesia de Eucharistia (EE), Pope John Paul II asked the Roman Curia "to prepare a more specific document, including prescriptions of a juridical nature",[10] which Daniel Merz wrote, in The Liturgy Documents, were "in light of liturgical abuses in violation of liturgical norms".[11] Within several months, in 2004, the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments (CCDDS) gave those instructions in Redemptionis Sacramentum (RS).[12] Merz made clear that RS "should be understood as binding norms for interpreting and carrying out the liturgical laws" and "is intended to be read as a companion to" EE.[11] The instruction, in RS pertaining to this canon, is that "Catholic ministers licitly administer the Sacraments only to the Catholic faithful, who likewise receive them licitly only from Catholic ministers, except for those situations for which provision is made in" canon 844 §§2-4, and Canon 861 §2.[12][lower-alpha 2] Furthermore, "the conditions comprising" canon 844 §4, "from which no dispensation can be given,[lower-alpha 3] cannot be separated; thus, it is necessary that all of these conditions be present together".[12]

#### Principle

The principle found in section one of canon 844 is that "Catholic ministers administer the sacraments licitly to Catholic members of the Christian faithful alone".[4](can.844§1) "Paragraph one governs the licit, rather than the valid administration of sacraments to Catholics", according to Condon.[6](p251) This principle covers all sacraments of the Catholic Church. "The general principle is clear" as Caparros et al. describes that "Catholic ministers may lawfully administer the sacraments to Catholic faithful, who in their turn may only receive them lawfully from Catholic ministers".[9]

#### Exception one

The first exception is cited in section one. Baptism, according to the 1983 CIC, "is necessary for salvation" and is "the gateway to the sacraments"; through it, the recipient is "configured to Christ" by a sacramental character and "incorporated into the Church".[4](can.849)[13](n123) The first exception to canon 844 is that if "an ordinary minister is absent or impeded, a catechist or another person designated for this function by the local ordinary, or in a case of necessity any person with the right intention, confers baptism licitly".[4](can.844§1, can.861§2)[lower-alpha 4] So, for the §1 exception all of these conditions must be present together for licitness:

* A case of necessity.[lower-alpha 5]
* Any administrant, whether Catholic or non-Catholic or non-Christian, with the right intention.
* Any recipient who is "not yet baptized".[4](can.864)
* Only for reception of the sacrament of Christian baptism.

#### Exception two

The second exception is found in section two. "Whenever necessity requires it or true spiritual advantage suggests it, and provided that danger of error or of indifferentism is avoided, the Christian faithful for whom it is physically or morally impossible to approach a Catholic minister are permitted to receive the sacraments of penance, Eucharist, and anointing of the sick from non-Catholic ministers in whose Churches these sacraments are valid".[4](can.844§2)[lower-alpha 6]

"The most important document that clarifies the mind and intention of the legislator", wrote Vere, is the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity's (PCPCU) Directory for the application of principles and norms on ecumenism (1993 ED) which contains "parallel laws" that "clarify the intention of the legislator with regards to" this canon.[13] So, for the §2 exception all of these conditions must be present together for licitness:

* A case of necessity,[lower-alpha 7] or a case of true spiritual advantage. Caparros et al. quoting from In quibus rerum circumstantiis remarked that, "It must be remembered that the sacraments 'are not mere instruments for satisfying individual desires only'".[9][lower-alpha 8]

* The minister is of a non-Catholic Eastern Church in which these sacraments are valid,[13](n123) or the minister is of a non-Catholic Western Church in which these sacraments are valid or "who is known to be validly ordained according to the Catholic teaching on ordination".[13](n.132) The Catholic Church does not recognize the ordination of women, and believes specifically that Anglican ordinations are invalid.

* Error and indifferentism are avoided. Caparros et al. comments that, "this is a basic criterion, expressed in OE 26" which states that participation in worship "which harms the unity of the Church or involves formal acceptance of error or the danger of aberration in the faith, of scandal and indifferentism, is forbidden".[9][15] In cases of doubt, the recipient should seek references elsewhere.[4](can.17) A Catholic recipient who manifests indifference could not apply the provisions of this canon to licitly receive a sacrament from a non-Catholic minister.
* The recipient is Catholic for whom access to a Catholic minister is physically or morally impossible.[13](n131) Beal et al. recognized this to include a limitation "such as serious inconvenience".[7]
* Only for reception of three sacraments: Penance, Eucharist, and Anointing of the Sick.[4](can.844§2)
* Within the prescribed limits regulated by the diocesan bishop and conference of bishops.[4](can.844§5)[13](n.130) So to licitly apply the provisions of canon 844 § 2, a Catholic recipient must, if possible, contact the Catholic diocese in which the sacrament might potentially be received, to understand the established norms and prohibitions of the diocesan bishop as well as about specific heretical or schismatic groups and ministers that may be operating in the area. If there is a prohibition, a Catholic recipient engaged in it could be "guilty of prohibited participation in sacred rites (communicatio in sacris)".[4](can.1365)
* Practiced according to the norm that a recipient "who legitimately wishes to communicate with Eastern Christians must respect the Eastern discipline as much as possible and refrain from communicating if that Church restricts sacramental communion to its own members to the exclusion of others".[13](n.124)

#### Exception three

The third exception is found in section three. "Catholic ministers administer the sacraments of penance, Eucharist, and anointing of the sick licitly to members of Eastern Churches which do not have full communion with the Catholic Church if they seek such on their own accord and are properly disposed. This is also valid for members of other Churches which in the judgment of the Apostolic See are in the same condition in regard to the sacraments as these Eastern Churches".[4](can.844§3)[lower-alpha 9] So, for the §3 exception all of these conditions must be present together for licitness:

* A case when the sacrament is requested. Caparros et al. comments that, "any prior pressure by the Catholic minister is clearly forbidden".[9]
* The minister is Catholic.
* The recipient is a baptized properly disposed Eastern non-Catholic. Caparros et al. elucidates that, because "the word Oriental is very general, it is advisable to verify in each case that the subject fulfills the faith requirements laid down by ecclesiastical authority. This applies with equal strictness to members of other Churches that, in the opinion of the" Apostolic See, "are in a similar situation to the Oriental ones".[9] In the United States, this includes Christians of the Eastern Orthodox Churches, the Assyrian Church of the East, and the Polish National Catholic Church.[16]
* Only for reception of three sacraments: penance, Eucharist, and anointing of the sick.[4](can.844§3)
* Within the prescribed limits regulated by the diocesan bishop and conference of bishops.[4](can.844§5)
* Practiced according to the norm that "due consideration should be given to the discipline of the Eastern Churches for their own faithful".[13](n.125)
* Practiced according to the norm that "any suggestion of proselytism should be avoided".[13](n.125)

#### Exception four

The fourth exception is found in section four. "If the danger of death is present or if, in the judgment of the diocesan bishop or conference of bishops, some other grave necessity urges it, Catholic ministers administer these same sacraments licitly also to other Christians not having full communion with the Catholic Church, who cannot approach a minister of their own community and who seek such on their own accord, provided that they manifest Catholic faith in respect to these sacraments and are properly disposed".[4](can.844§4)[lower-alpha 10] So, for the §4 exception all of these conditions must be present together for licitness:

* A case of a danger of death, or

a case of a grave necessity, in the judgment of the diocesan bishop or conference of bishops.

* The minister is Catholic who "will judge individual cases and administer these sacraments only in accord with [...] established norms, where they exist" or "the norms of" 1993 ED.[13](n.130)
* The recipient is a baptized properly disposed Western non-Catholic with "manifest Catholic faith in this sacrament".[13](n.131)
* Only for reception of three sacraments: penance, Eucharist, and anointing of the sick.[4](can.844§4)
* Within the prescribed limits regulated by the diocesan bishop and conference of bishops.[4](can.844§5)
* Practiced according to the norm that the recipient is "unable to have recourse for the sacrament desired to a minister of his or her own Church or ecclesial Community".[13](n.131)
* Practiced according to the norm that the recipient "ask for the sacrament of his or her own initiative".[13](n.131)

#### Regulation

The regulation is found in section five. "For the cases mentioned in §§2, 3, and 4, the diocesan bishop or conference of bishops is not to issue general norms except after consultation at least with the local competent authority of the interested non-Catholic Church or community".[4](can.844§5) 1993 ED states that "it is strongly recommended that the diocesan Bishop, taking into account any norms which may have been established for this matter by the Episcopal Conference or by the Synods of Eastern Catholic Churches, establish general norms for judging situations of grave and pressing need and for verifying the conditions"[13](n.130) Beal et al. elaborated that in consideration of the ethic of reciprocity, "the underlying purpose" in §5 is "not to act unilaterally" but the language "is carefully constructed to leave the diocesan bishop" or conference of bishops "free to act in individual cases" or issue norms regardless of any consultation with another Church or Ecclesial Community.[7] "The course to be adopted, with due regard to all the circumstances of time, place, and persons", UR states, "is to be decided by local episcopal authority, unless otherwise provided for by the Bishops' Conference according to its statutes, or by the Holy See".[1](n.8)

## Notes

1. ↑ The canons pertain only to the Latin Church.[4](can.1) The parallel law which pertains to the other sui iuris Churches which collectively make up the Eastern Catholic Churches in the Catholic Church is Canon 671 contained within the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches.[5]
2. ↑ According to RS, see 1983 CIC, n. 844 §1;[4](can.844§1) EE, nn. 45-46; 1993 ED, nn. 130-131.[12]
3. ↑ According to RS, see EE, n. 46.[10][12]
4. ↑ Baptism "is validly conferred only by a washing of true water with the proper form of words."[4](can.849) For the essential rite of the sacrament see  Catechism of the Catholic Church (2nd ed.). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 2019. Paragraphs 1239–1240. [4](can.850, can.853)
5. ↑ In case of "danger of death" specifically, other canons state that, an infant recipient "of Catholic parents or even of non-Catholic parents is baptized licitly [...] even against the will of the parents" and "without delay;"[4](can.868§2, 867§2) while an adult recipient in such a case "can be baptized if, having some knowledge of the principal truths of the faith, the person has manifested in any way at all the intention to receive baptism and promises to observe the commandments of the Christian religion."[4](can.865§2)
6. ↑ See  Catechism of the Catholic Church (2nd ed.). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 2019. Paragraphs 1400.
7. ↑ In case of "danger of death" specifically, a different canon states that, a priest without the faculty to hear confessions "absolves validly and licitly any penitents whatsoever [...] from any censures and sins, even if an approved priest is present."[4](can.976) In case of "danger of death" specifically, the 1993 ED states that a Catholic recipient "may ask for" penance, Eucharist, and anointing of the sick "only from a minister in whose Church these sacraments are valid or from one who is known to be validly ordained according to the Catholic teaching on ordination."[13](n.130-132)
8. ↑ The Caparros et al. commentary is an English language translation of a Spanish language edition. The published English language translation of the quoted excerpt is "far from being simply a means of satisfying exclusively personal aspirations"[14]
9. ↑ See  Catechism of the Catholic Church (2nd ed.). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 2019. Paragraphs 1399.
10. ↑ See  Catechism of the Catholic Church (2nd ed.). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 2019. Paragraphs 1401.

## See also

* Canon 915

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Catholic Church. Second Vatican Council; Pope Paul VI (1964-11-21). Unitatis Redintegratio (Conciliar decree). https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_decree_19641121_unitatis-redintegratio_en.html.
2. ↑ Santus, Cesare (2019). "Introduzione generale" (in it). Trasgressioni necessarie : Communicatio in sacris, coesistenza e conflitti tra le comunità cristiane orientali. Bibliothèque des Écoles françaises d’Athènes et de Rome. Rome: Publications de l’École française de Rome. pp. 1–27. doi:10.4000/books.efr.31792. ISBN 978-2-7283-1369-3. https://books.openedition.org/efr/31847. Retrieved 2023-02-23. "Communicatio in sacris (o in divinis o anche in ritibus) è il termine con cui la Chiesa di Roma ha inteso definire e contestualmente limitare o vietare qualunque genere di partecipazione di un cattolico alle celebrazioni liturgiche e ai sacramenti di un culto non cattolico. Lo stesso termine è usato, meno frequentemente, anche per il fenomeno inverso. Nel suo Dictionnaire de droit canonique Raoul Naz definisce il primo caso come communicatio in sacris «positiva» e il secondo come «negativa», distinguendo inoltre tra una pratica «attiva e formale», svolta cioè con l’intenzione di rendere un reale culto a Dio, ed una invece puramente «passiva e materiale», fatta solamente per ragioni di convenienza sociale o come manifestazione di buoni costumi tra le due parti13."
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Ruyssen, Georges-Henri (2010). "Normativité particulière sur la communicatio in sacris" (in fr). L'Année canonique LII: 99–133. doi:10.3917/cano.052.0099. https://www.cairn.info/revue-l-annee-canonique-2010-1-page-99.htm.
4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.20 4.21 4.22 Catholic Church (1999). Code of canon law: new English translation. Washington, DC: Canon Law Society of America. ISBN 0-943616-79-4. https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/_INDEX.HTM.
5. ↑ Catholic Church (2007). "TITLE 16 Divine Worship and Especially the Sacraments". Code of canons of Oriental Churchs. Rome: Èulogos. http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/__PIN.HTM.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Condon, Thomas M (2009). The sanctifying function of the diocesan bishop especially in relationship with pastors: a canonical analysis of liturgical developments with special reference to the Eucharist (J.C.D.). Canon law studies (Catholic University of America: doctoral dissertations). 567. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America. pp. 247–260. OCLC 520861705. Retrieved 2014-01-23.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Beal, John P; Coriden, James A; Green, Thomas J, eds (2000). "Canon 844". New commentary on the Code of Canon Law (study ed.). New York: Paulist Press. pp. 1024-1027. ISBN 0809105020. https://books.google.com/books?id=6YCpraE-7xcC&pg=PA1024.
8. ↑ Considine, Kevin P. (31 August 2011). "Can a Catholic receive communion in a Protestant church?" (in English). U.S. Catholic. https://uscatholic.org/articles/201108/can-a-catholic-receive-communion-in-a-protestant-church/.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Caparros, Ernest; Thériault, Michel; Thorn, Jean, eds (1993). "Canon 844". Code of Canon Law annotated: Latin-English edition of the Code of Canon Law and English-language translation of the 5th Spanish-language edition of the commentary prepared under the responsibility of the Instituto Martín de Azpilcueta. Montréal: Wilson & Lafleur. pp. 555-557. ISBN 2891272323. https://books.google.com/books?id=8mgmAQAAMAAJ.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Pope John Paul II (2003-04-17). Ecclesia de Eucharistia (Papal encyclical letter). nn. 45-46. https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_20030417_eccl-de-euch_en.html.
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Merz, Daniel J (2012). "An overview of Redemptionis sacramentum: on certain matters to be observed or to be avoided regarding the most holy Eucharist". The Liturgy documents. 1 (5th ed.). Chicago, IL: Liturgy Training Publications. p. 262. ISBN 9781616710620. https://books.google.com/books?id=-5fVwLRZSr0C&pg=PA262.
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 Catholic Church. Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments (2004-03-25). Redemptionis sacramentum: on certain matters to be observed or to be avoided regarding the most holy Eucharist (Instruction). Vatican City. n. 85. https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccdds/documents/rc_con_ccdds_doc_20040423_redemptionis-sacramentum_en.html. Retrieved 2014-01-23.
13. ↑ 13.00 13.01 13.02 13.03 13.04 13.05 13.06 13.07 13.08 13.09 13.10 13.11 13.12 13.13 13.14 Catholic Church. Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity (1993-03-25). Directory for the application of principles and norms on ecumenism. https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/general-docs/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_19930325_directory_en.html. Retrieved 2014-01-23.
14. ↑ Catholic Church. Secretariat for Promoting Christian Unity (1972). "In quibus rerum circumstantiis: concerning cases when other Christians may be admitted to Eucharistic Communion in the Catholic Church". Information Service 18: 3-6. OCLC 3574014. http://www.ewtn.com/library/CURIA/PCCUCOM2.HTM. Retrieved 2014-01-23.
15. ↑ Catholic Church. Second Vatican Council; Pope Paul VI (1964-11-24). Orientalium Ecclesiarum (Conciliar decree). https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_decree_19641121_orientalium-ecclesiarum_en.html.
16. ↑ Catholic Church. United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (1996-11-14). "Guidelines For The Reception Of Communion". http://www.usccb.org/prayer-and-worship/the-mass/order-of-mass/liturgy-of-the-eucharist/guidelines-for-the-reception-of-communion.cfm.

## Further reading

* Sheehy, Gerard; Brown, Ralph, eds (1999). "Canon 844". Canon law: letter and spirit. London: Geoffrey Chapman. ISBN 0225668815. https://books.google.com/books?id=8PslAQAAIAAJ.
* Gerosa, Libero (2002). Canon law. AMATECA, handbooks of Catholic theology. London; New York: Continuum. ISBN 0826413919. https://books.google.com/books?id=nsBnB7weKmsC.
* Prah, John (2012). "Communicatio in Sacris: present trends" (in en). Proceedings of the Catholic Theological Society of America (19): 41–60. ISSN 2328-9902. https://ejournals.bc.edu/index.php/ctsa/article/view/2560.

* The Roman Catholic-Polish National Catholic Dialogue (2006-05-17). "Joint Declaration on Unity". http://www.usccb.org/seia/jointdeclaration.shtml.

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