Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople

Short description: First among equals of leaders in the Eastern Orthodox Church

"Ecumenical patriarch" redirects here. For the current patriarch, see Bartholomew I of Constantinople. For a list, see List of bishops and Ecumenical Patriarchs of Constantinople.

Archbishop of Constantinople, New Rome and
Ecumenical Patriarch

Archbishopric
Orthodox
Incumbent:
Bartholomew I
Since 2 November 1991
Style| His All Holiness
Location
Country| Turkey
Territory| Istanbul
Information
First holder| Andrew the Apostle (as bishop); Alexander (as archbishop); Anatolius (as patriarch)
Established| 38 (founded); 451 (granted title of patriarch)
Cathedral| St. George's Cathedral, Istanbul
Language| Greek
Website
Official website

The Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople (Greek: Οἰκουμενικός Πατριάρχης, romanized: Oikoumenikós Patriárchēs) is the archbishop of Constantinople and primus inter pares (first among equals) among the heads of the several autocephalous churches that comprise the Eastern Orthodox Church. The ecumenical patriarch is regarded as the representative and spiritual leader of the Eastern Orthodox Christians worldwide.[1][2][3] The term ecumenical in the title is a historical reference to the Ecumene, a Greek designation for the civilised world, i.e. the Roman Empire, and it stems from Canon 28 of the Council of Chalcedon.

The patriarch's see, the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, is one of the most enduring institutions in the world and has had a prominent part in world history. The ecumenical patriarchs in ancient times helped in the spread of Christianity and the resolution of various doctrinal disputes. In the Middle Ages, they played a major role in the affairs of the Eastern Orthodox Church, as well as in the politics of the Orthodox world, and in spreading Christianity among the Slavs. Currently, in addition to the expansion of the Christian faith and the Eastern Orthodox doctrine, the patriarchs are involved in ecumenism and interfaith dialogue, charitable work, and the defense of Orthodox Christian traditions.

Within the five apostolic sees of the Pentarchy, the ecumenical patriarch is regarded as the successor of Andrew the Apostle. The current holder of the office is Bartholomew I, the 270th bishop of that see.[4]

## Contents

* 1 Status in the Orthodox Church
* 1.1 History
* 1.2 Mount Athos
* 2 Episcopacy role
* 3 Title
* 4 Early history
* 5 Ottoman ethnarchy
* 6 Relationship with the Republic of Turkey
* 7 See also
* 8 References
* 9 External links

## Status in the Orthodox Church

Double-headed eagle emblem atop the entrance of the Patriarchate of Constantinople. Part of a series on the

Eastern Orthodox Church

Mosaic of Christ Pantocrator, Hagia Sophia

Overview

* Structure
* Theology (History of theology)
* Liturgy
* Church history
* Holy Mysteries
* View of salvation
* View of Mary
* View of icons

Background

* Crucifixion / Resurrection / Ascension
of Jesus

* Christianity
* Christian Church
* Apostolic succession
* Four Marks of the Church
* Orthodoxy

Organization

* Autocephaly
* Patriarchate
* Ecumenical Patriarch
* Episcopal polity
* Clergy
* Bishops
* Priests
* Deacons
* Monasticism
* Degrees of monasticism

Autocephalous jurisdictions

Autocephalous Churches who are officially part of the communion:

* Constantinople
* Alexandria
* Antioch
* Jerusalem
* Russia
* Serbia
* Romania
* Bulgaria
* Georgia
* Cyprus
* Greece
* Poland
* Albania
* Czech Lands and Slovakia

Autocephaly recognized universally de facto, by some Autocephalous Churches de jure:

* America

Autocephaly recognized by Constantinople and 3 other Autocephalous Churches:

* Ukraine

Noncanonical jurisdictions

* Old Believers
* Spiritual Christianity
* True Orthodoxy
* Catacomb Church
* Old Calendarists
* American Orthodox Catholic Church
* American World Patriarchs

* National churches:

*     * Abkhazia
* Belarus
* Italy
* Montenegro
* North Macedonia
* Turkey
* Russian Orthodox Church in America

* Syncretic churches:

* Evangelical Orthodox
* Western Orthodoxy

*     * Celts
* France
* Gaul

Ecumenical councils

* First Seven Ecumenical Councils:

* First
* Second
* Third
* Fourth
* Fifth
* Sixth
* Seventh

* Other Ecumenical Councils:

* Eighth
* Ninth

* Other important councils:

* Quinisext Council
* Jassy
* Moscow
* Jerusalem

History

* Church Fathers
* Pentarchy
* Byzantine Empire
* Christianization of Bulgaria
* Christianization of Kievan Rus'
* Great Schism
* Russia
* Ottoman Empire
* North America
* Moscow–Constantinople schism
* 15th–16th c.
* 1996
* 2018

Theology

* History of Eastern Orthodox theology
* (20th century (Neo-Palamism))

* Apophaticism
* Chrismation
* Contemplative prayer
* Essence vs. Energies
* Hesychasm
* Holy Trinity
* Hypostatic union
* Icons
* Metousiosis
* Mystical theology
* Nicene Creed
* Nepsis
* Oikonomia vs Akribeia
* Ousia
* Palamism
* Philokalia
* Phronema
* Sin
* Theosis
* Theotokos

* Differences from the Catholic Church
* Opposition to the Filioque
* Opposition to papal supremacy

Liturgy and worship

* Divine Liturgy
* Divine Services

* Akathist
* Apolytikion
* Artos
* Ectenia
* Euchologion
* Holy Water
* Iconostasis
* Jesus Prayer
* Kontakion
* Liturgical entrances
* Liturgical fans
* Lity
* Memorial service
* Memory Eternal
* Omophorion
* Orthodox bowing
* Orthodox marriage
* Praxis
* Paraklesis
* Paschal greeting
* Paschal Homily
* Paschal troparion
* Prayer rope
* Prosphora
* Russian bell ringing
* Semantron
* Sign of the cross
* Sticheron
* Troparion
* Vestments
* Use of incense

Liturgical calendar

* Paschal cycle
* 12 Great Feasts
* Other feasts:

* Feast of Orthodoxy
* Intercession of the Theotokos

* The four fasting periods:

* Nativity Fast
* Great Lent
* Apostles' Fast
* Dormition Fast

Major figures

* Athanasius of Alexandria
* Ephrem the Syrian
* Basil of Caesarea
* Cyril of Jerusalem
* Gregory of Nazianzus
* Gregory of Nyssa
* John Chrysostom
* Cyril of Alexandria
* John Climacus
* Maximus the Confessor
* John of Damascus
* Theodore the Studite
* Kassiani
* Cyril and Methodius
* Photios I of Constantinople
* Gregory Palamas

Other topics

* Architecture
* Encyclical of the Eastern Patriarchs
* Orthodox cross
* Saint titles
* Statistics by country

* v
* t
* e

Template:Infobox manner of address

The ecumenical patriarch of Constantinople is first among equals, or first in honor among all Eastern Orthodox bishops, who presides in person--or through a delegate--over any council of Orthodox primates or bishops in which he takes part and serves as primary spokesman for the Orthodox communion especially in ecumenical contacts with other Christian denominations. He has no direct jurisdiction over the other patriarchs or the other autocephalous Orthodox churches, but he, alone among his fellow primates, enjoys the right of convening extraordinary synods consisting of them or their delegates to deal with ad hoc situations and has also convened well-attended pan-Orthodox synods in the last 40 years. His unique role often sees the ecumenical patriarch referred to as the spiritual leader[5][6] of the Orthodox Church in some sources, though this is not an official title of the patriarch nor is it usually used in scholarly sources on the patriarchate. The Orthodox Church is entirely decentralized: it has no central authority, earthly head, or single bishop in a leadership role. Because it has a synodical system canonically, it is significantly distinguished from the hierarchically organized Catholic Church, whose doctrine is papal supremacy and whose head is the pope. His titles primus inter pares. 'first among equals', and "ecumenical patriarch" are of honor rather than authority, and in fact the ecumenical patriarch has no real authority over churches other than the Constantinopolitan.[7][8][9]

The ecumenical patriarch of Constantinople is the direct administrative superior of dioceses and archdioceses serving millions of Greek, Ukrainian, Rusyn and Albanian believers in North and South America, Western Europe, Australia and New Zealand, South Korea, as well as parts of modern Greece which, for historical reasons, do not fall under the jurisdiction of the Church of Greece.[10][11]

His actual position is patriarch of the Orthodox Church of Constantinople, one of the fourteen autocephalous and several autonomous churches and the most senior (though not oldest) of the four orthodox ancient primatial sees among the five patriarchal Christian centers comprising the ancient Pentarchy of the undivided Church. In his role as head of the Orthodox Church of Constantinople, he is known as the "archbishop of Constantinople, New Rome".[12]

The Ecumenical Patriarchate is also sometimes called the Greek Patriarchate of Constantinople to distinguish it from the Armenian Patriarchate and the extinct Latin Patriarchate, which was created after the Latin capture of Constantinople in 1204, during the Fourth Crusade.

### History

The see of Byzantium, whose foundation was later ascribed to Andrew the Apostle, was originally a common bishopric. It gained importance when Emperor Constantine elevated Byzantium to a second capital alongside Rome and named it Constantinople. The see's ecclesiastical status as the second of five patriarchates was developed by the Ecumenical Councils of Constantinople in 381 and Chalcedon in 451.

The Turkish government recognizes him as the spiritual leader of the Greek minority in Turkey, but does not recognize the title "Ecumenical Patriarch", instead referring to him as the Roman (literally Rûm) Orthodox patriarch of Fener (Turkish: Fener Rum Ortodoks Patriği).[13] The patriarch was subject to the authority of the Ottoman Empire after the conquest of Constantinople in 1453, until the declaration of Turkish Republic in 1923. Today, according to Turkish law, he is subject to the authority of the state of Turkey and is required to be a citizen of Turkey to be patriarch.

The patriarch of Constantinople has been dubbed the ecumenical patriarch since the sixth century.[14] The exact significance of the style, which has been used occasionally for other prelates since the middle of the fifth century, is nowhere officially defined but, according to the Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, the title has been criticized in the Catholic Church as incompatible with the claims of the Holy See.[14]

### Mount Athos

The monastic communities of Mount Athos are stauropegic and they are directly under the jurisdiction of the ecumenical patriarch, the only bishop who has jurisdiction over them. Athos, officially the "Autonomous Monastic State of the Holy Mountain" (Ancient Greek: Αυτόνομη Μοναστικὴ Πολιτεία Ἁγίου Ὄρους), is a self-governed polity within the Greek state subject to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in its political aspect and to the ecumenical patriarch of Constantinople as regards its religious aspect.[15] It is home to 20 monasteries and numerous other monastic communities.

## Episcopacy role

The ecumenical patriarch has a unique role among Eastern Orthodox bishops, though it is not without controversy. He is primus inter pares ("first among equals"), as he is senior among all Orthodox bishops. This primacy, expressed in canonical literature as presbeia ("prerogatives", literally: "seniorities"), grants to the ecumenical patriarch the right to preside at pan-Orthodox synods.

Additionally, the canonical literature of the Orthodox Church grants to the ecumenical patriarch the right to hear appeals in cases of dispute between bishops. However, whether these canonical rights are limited only to his own patriarchate or are universal throughout the Orthodox Church is the subject of debate, especially between the Ecumenical Patriarchate and the Russian Orthodox Church.

Historically, the ecumenical patriarch has heard such appeals and sometimes was invited to intervene in other churches' disputes and difficulties. Even as early as the fourth century, Constantinople was instrumental in the deposition of multiple bishops outside its traditional jurisdiction.[16] This still occurs today, as when in 2006 the patriarchate was invited to assist in declaring Chrysostomos I of Cyprus, the archbishop of the Church of Cyprus, incompetent due to his having Alzheimer's disease.[17] Additionally, in 2005, the Ecumenical Patriarchate convoked a pan-Orthodox synod to express the Orthodox world's confirmation of the deposition of Patriarch Irenaios of Jerusalem.[18] In 2006, the patriarchate was invited to hear the appeal of a Russian Orthodox bishop in the United Kingdom in a dispute with his superior in Moscow, though the result of that appeal – and the right to make it – were both rejected by the latter.[19]

The ecumenical patriarch has no direct jurisdiction outside the Patriarchate of Constantinople granted to him in Orthodox canonical literature, but his primary function regarding the whole Orthodox Church is one of dealing with relations between autocephalous and autonomous churches. That is, his primary role is one of promoting and sustaining Church unity.

This unique role often sees the ecumenical patriarch referred to as the "spiritual leader" of the Orthodox Church in some sources, though this is not an official title of the patriarch nor is it usually used in scholarly sources on the patriarchate. Such a title is acceptable if it refers to this unique role, but it sometimes leads to the mistaken belief that the office is thus the equivalent of an Orthodox pope. There is, however, no Orthodox notion equivalent to the papacy: the Orthodox churches operate in the synodical system, whereby ecclesiastical matters are settled by the competent synod of bishops, in which each bishop has one vote. The five patriarchs of the ancient Pentarchy (Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem, in that order) are to be given the seniority of honour, but have no actual power over other bishops other than the power of the synod they are chairing (and in which they also wield one vote).

In 2007, the patriarch gave his approval to the Ravenna Document, a Catholic–Orthodox document re-asserting that the bishop of Rome is indeed the prōtos ("first") of the Church, as in "first among equals", although future discussions are to be held on the concrete ecclesiological exercise of papal primacy.[20] According to Lumen Gentium, the patriarch is a validly consecrated bishop in Roman ecclesiology, and there is merely an imperfect ecclesial communion between Constantinople and Rome, which exists nevertheless and which may be improved at some point in history.

## Title

The Ecumenical Patriarch bears the name: "(name), by the grace of God Archbishop of Constantinople, New Rome and Ecumenical Patriarch".[21]

## Early history

The (arch)bishopric of Constantinople has had a continuous history since the founding of the city in AD 330 by Constantine the Great. After Constantine the Great had enlarged Byzantium to make it into a second capital city in 330, it was thought appropriate that its bishop, once a suffragan of the Exarch of Thrace and Macedonia, the Metropolitan of Heraclea, should be elevated to an archbishopric.[22] For many decades, the heads of the church of Rome opposed this ambition, due to their existing papal claims, and because they defended the 'Petrine principle' by which all Patriarchates were derived from Saint Peter and were unwilling to violate the old order of the hierarchy for political reasons.[23]

Throne room inside the Patriarchate of Constantinople. The Gospel is enthroned on the dais; the patriarch sits on the lower throne in front.

In 381, the First Council of Constantinople declared that "The Bishop of Constantinople shall have the primacy of honour after the Bishop of Rome, because it is New Rome" (Canon III). The prestige of the office continued to grow not only because of the obvious patronage of the Byzantine Emperor but because of its overwhelming geographical importance.

The Council of Chalcedon in 451 established Constantinople as a patriarchate with ecclesiastical jurisdiction over Asia Minor (the dioceses of Asiane and Pontus) and Thrace as well as over the barbaric territories, non-converted lands outside the defined area of the Western Patriarchate (Old Rome) and the other three patriarchates, Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem, gave it appellate jurisdiction extraterritorially over canon law decisions by the other patriarchs and granted it honours equal to those belonging to the first Christian see, Rome, in terms of primacy, Rome retaining however its seniority (Canon XXVIII). Leo I refused to accept this canon, basing himself on the fact that it was made in the absence of his legates. In the sixth century, the official title became that of "archbishop of Constantinople, New Rome, and ecumenical patriarch".[22]

The current patriarch (since 1991) is Bartholomew I who has become better-known than any of his predecessors in modern times as a result of his numerous pastoral and other visits to numerous countries in five continents and his setting up of a permanent representative to the European Union, in addition to enhancing the long-established Patriarchal Centre in Pregny-Chambésy, Switzerland, and also his ecological pursuits which have won him the epithet of "the Green Patriarch".[24][25]

## Ottoman ethnarchy

When the Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople in 1453, the patriarchate ceased to function. The Patriarchate was restored by the conquering ruler, Sultan Mehmed II, who wished to establish his dynasty as the direct heirs of the Eastern Roman emperors, and who adopted the imperial title Kayser-i-Rûm "caesar of the Romans", one of his subsidiary titles but a significant one. In 1454 he bestowed the office upon an illustrious Byzantine scholar-monk who was well known for his opposition to union with the Latin West, Gennadius Scholarius, who became Patriarch Gennadius II.

The patriarch was designated millet-başı (ethnarch) of the Millet of Rum, which included all Orthodox Christians under Ottoman rule, regardless of their ethnicity in the modern sense. This role was carried out by ethnic Greeks at their great peril, in the midst of enormous difficulties and traps and inevitably with mixed success. Several patriarchs were summarily executed by the Ottoman authorities, most notably Gregory V, who was lynched on Easter Monday 1821 in revenge for the outbreak of the Greek Revolution.[26]

In the 19th century, the rising tide of nationalism and secularism among the Balkan Christian nations led to the establishment of several autocephalous national churches, generally under autonomous patriarchs or archbishops, leaving the ecumenical patriarch only direct control over the ethnically Greek-originated Orthodox Christians of Turkey, parts of Greece and the archdioceses in North America, Asia, Africa and Oceania where growing Greek and other migrant communities have gradually constituted a significant orthodox diaspora.

## Relationship with the Republic of Turkey

After the proclamation of the Republic of Turkey on 29 October 1923, the Turkish state only recognises the patriarch as the spiritual leader of the Greek minority in Turkey, and officially refers to him as the "Greek Orthodox Patriarch of the Phanar" or "Roman Orthodox Patriarch of Constantinople" (Turkish: Fener Rum Ortodoks Patriği; Phanar is the neighbourhood in Istanbul where the patriarchate is located). According to Turkish law, still in force today, he is subject to the authority of the Republic of Turkey; however, Turkey allows the Standing Synod of Metropolitan Bishops to elect the patriarch.[27] To be electable, Turkish law requires the candidates to be Turkish citizens. Since the establishment of modern Turkey, the position of the ecumenical patriarch has been filled by Turkish-born citizens of Greek ethnicity. As nearly all Greek Orthodox have left Turkey (see Population exchange between Greece and Turkey and Istanbul Pogrom), this considerably narrows the field of candidates for succession.

Human rights groups have long protested against conditions placed by the secular government of Turkey on the ecumenical patriarch, a religious office.[28] The same policy also applied to the institution of the Islamic Caliphate, which was abolished by Turkey. For example, the ecumenical status accorded him traditionally within Eastern Orthodoxy, and recognized previously by the Ottoman governments, has on occasion been a source of controversy within the Republic of Turkey. This policy results in problems in the function of the patriarchate, since clergy coming from abroad are not eligible to apply for residence and work permits.[29] In its early days the Turkish state promoted a rival Turkish Orthodox Patriarchate, whose congregation, however, has remained limited.[30]

Expropriation of Church property and the conditions of state control imposed on the Orthodox Theological School of Halki that have led to its closure by the Patriarchate, are also cited by human rights groups. However, in 2004 Patriarch Bartholomew, with the help of the Turkish government, succeeded, after eighty years, in altering the composition of the twelve-member Standing Synod of Metropolitan Bishops in Constantinople so that it can include six bishops from outside Turkey. He has also been convening biennially in Constantinople convocations of all bishops in his jurisdiction.

The Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople has suffered attacks from 1993 to 2004, including desecration of patriarchal cemeteries as well as assaults on the ecumenical patriarch.[31]

After the protests from Turkey, the signature of the Ecumenical Patriarchate was removed from the statement of the June 2024 Ukraine peace summit.[32]

## See also

* Archons of the Ecumenical Patriarchate
* Church of St. George, Istanbul
* Eastern Christianity
* Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople
* History of the Eastern Orthodox Church
* List of bishops and Ecumenical Patriarchs of Constantinople
* Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople
* Latin Patriarchate of Constantinople

## References

1. ↑ The Orthodox Church. Greenwood. 1998. p. 117. ISBN 978-0275964382. https://books.google.com/books?id=_F5yntZocGIC&pg=PA117. Retrieved 2017-06-14. "…he is viewed as the first bishop of the Orthodox Church. As such, the Ecumenical Patriarch is frequently looked upon as the spiritual leader of the 300 million Orthodox Christians throughout the world."
2. ↑ Competing Voices from the Crusades. Greenwood World. 2008. p. xiv. ISBN 978-1846450112. https://archive.org/details/competingvoicesf00andr. "…Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I, the spiritual leader of the world's 300 million Orthodox Christians…"
3. ↑ Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature. A&C Black. 2008. p. 158. ISBN 978-1441122780. https://books.google.com/books?id=i4mvAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA158. Retrieved 2017-06-14. "The spiritual leader of the over 300 million Orthodox Christians worldwide, Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew…"
4. ↑ Chryssavgis, John. "Turkey: Byzantine Reflections". World Policy Journal (Winter 2011/2012). http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/winter2011/faiths-fault-lines. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
5. ↑ "The Patriarch Bartholomew". 60 Minutes. CBS. 20 December 2009. http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=6001717n.
6. ↑ "Quick facts about the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople". Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople. http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=6001717n. "His All Holiness Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew serves as the spiritual leader and representative worldwide voice of some 300 million Orthodox Christians throughout the world"
7. ↑ "Eastern Orthodoxy". Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Eastern-Orthodoxy#toc59581.
8. ↑ "Eastern Orthodox Church". BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/subdivisions/easternorthodox_1.shtml.
9. ↑ "Eastern Orthodoxy". about.com. http://christianity.about.com/od/easternorthodoxy/p/orthodoxprofile.htm.
10. ↑ "The Ecumenical Patriarchate". https://archons.org/the-ecumenical-patriarchate/.
11. ↑ "Ecumenical Patriarchate". https://www.oikoumene.org/member-churches/ecumenical-patriarchate.
12. ↑ Website of Bartholomew, Archbishop of Constantinople New Rome and Ecumenical Patriarch, Ec-patr.org .
13. ↑ Yıldırım, Mine (20 January 2017) (in en). The Collective Dimension of Freedom of Religion: A Case Study on Turkey. Taylor & Francis. p. 236. ISBN 978-1-315-53576-0. https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Collective_Dimension_of_Freedom_of_R/FColDwAAQBAJ.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "Oecumenical Patriarch." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005.
15. ↑ "Mount Athos Home Page – Athos Map – Political Situation". http://www.mount-athos.eu/athos/en/.
16. ↑ Chadwick, Henry (1993). The Early Church. Penguin Books. pp. 202–205.
17. ↑ Constantine Markides: AG investigates church sex scandal . Retrieved on 2006-11-28.
18. ↑ BBC Online: Orthodox leader demoted to monk . Retrieved on 2006-11-28.
19. ↑ Ecumenical Patriarchate: Press Release for the election of Bishop Basil of Amphipolis . Retrieved on 2006-11-28.
20. ↑ AsiaNews.it. "Turkey Divided in Ravenna, Russian and Estonian Orthodox to talk". http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&art=11385.
21. ↑ Rodopoulos, Panteleimon (2007). "Institutions of the Ecumenical Patriarchate". An overview of Orthodox canon law. Rollinsford, N.H.: Orthodox Research Institute. pp. 213. ISBN 978-1-933275-15-4. OCLC 174964244.
22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 "Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople", Encyclopædia Britannica 2005 Deluxe ed. CD-ROM.
23. ↑ Francis Dvorník, Byzantium and the Roman Primacy (New York: Fordham University Press, 1966), p. 50.
24. ↑ Simons, Marlise (3 December 2012). "Bartholomew I of Constantinople's Bold Green Stance". https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/04/science/bartholomew-i-of-constantinoples-bold-green-stance.html.
25. ↑ "The Green Patriarch – Apostolic Pilgrimage of Pope Francis and Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew to Jerusalem". http://www.apostolicpilgrimage.org/the-green-patriarch.
26. ↑ Mazower, Mark (2021) (in en). The Greek Revolution: 1821 and the Making of Modern Europe. New York City: Penguin Books. pp. 33–34. ISBN 9781591847335. OCLC 1246726205.
27. ↑ Ecumenical Patriarchate: Biography of Patriarch Bartholomew I . Retrieved on 2006-11-28.
28. ↑ EU Turkey Civic Commission: EU Draft Report on Turkey's Progress Towards Accession 2006/2118 (INI) . Retrieved on 2006-11-28
29. ↑ "Ecumenical Patriarchate". Greek Foreign Ministry. http://www.mfa.gr/www.mfa.gr/en-US/Policy/Geographic+Regions/South-Eastern+Europe/Turkey/International+Obligations+for+Turkey/Ecumenical+Patriarchate/.
30. ↑ Eligür, Banu (2020). "The 1964 Expulsion of Greek Citizens from Turkey: Economic and Demographic Turkification Under Ethnocultural Nationalism". The Journal of the Middle East and Africa 11 (4): 319–340. doi:10.1080/21520844.2020.1830606. ISSN 2152-0844. https://doi.org/10.1080/21520844.2020.1830606.
31. ↑ Human Rights Internet: The United Nations Human Rights System, Volume 6: Western Europe and Other, pp. 80–81. Retrieved on 2013-10-07
32. ↑ "Orthodox patriarchate removed from Ukraine statement after Turkey protests". 26 June 2024. https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/orthodox-patriarchate-removed-ukraine-communique-after-turkey-protests.

## External links

* Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople
* Vice President Al Gore welcomes the "Green Patriarch" to the Vice Presidential Residence in Washington, DC.
* Patriarchs of Constantinople
* A repository with scientific papers on various aspects of the history of the Patriarchate in Byzantine times (in English and German)

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