Hercules

Hercules (/ˈhɜːrkjʊˌliːz/, US: /-kjə-/)[1] is the Roman equivalent of the Greek divine hero Heracles, son of Jupiter and the mortal Alcmena. In classical mythology, Hercules is famous for his strength and for his numerous far-ranging adventures.

The Romans adapted the Greek hero's iconography and myths for their literature and art under the name Hercules. In later Western art and literature and in popular culture, Hercules is more commonly used than Heracles as the name of the hero. Hercules is a multifaceted figure with contradictory characteristics, which enabled later artists and writers to pick and choose how to represent him.[2] This article provides an introduction to representations of Hercules in the later tradition.

## Contents

* 1 Mythology
* 1.1 Birth and early life
* 1.2 Death
* 2 Roman era
* 2.1 Germanic association
* 3 Late ancient and medieval mythography
* 4 Renaissance mythography
* 5 Worship
* 5.1 Road of Hercules
* 5.2 Worship from women
* 5.3 Worship in myth
* 5.4 Hercules and the Roman triumph
* 5.5 In art
* 5.6 Roman era
* 5.7 Modern era
* 5.8 In numismatics
* 5.9 Military
* 5.10 Other cultural references
* 5.11 In films
* 6 See also
* 7 References
* 8 External links

## Mythology

### Birth and early life

In Roman mythology, although Hercules was seen as the champion of the weak and a great protector, his personal problems started at birth. Juno sent two witches to prevent the birth, but they were tricked by one of Alcmene's servants and sent to another room. Juno then sent serpents to kill him in his cradle, but Hercules strangled them both. In one version of the myth, Alcmene abandoned her baby in the woods in order to protect him from Juno's wrath, but he was found by the goddess Minerva who brought him to Juno, claiming he was an orphan child left in the woods who needed nourishment. Juno suckled Hercules at her own breast until the infant bit her nipple, at which point she pushed him away, spilling her milk across the night sky and so forming the Milky Way. She then gave the infant back to Minerva and told her to take care of the baby herself. In feeding the child from her own breast, the goddess inadvertently imbued him with further strength and power.

### Death

Main article: Heracles § Death

## Roman era

Main article: Religion:Hercules in ancient Rome

The Latin name Hercules was borrowed through Etruscan, where it is represented variously as Heracle, Hercle, and other forms. Hercules was a favorite subject for Etruscan art, and appears often on bronze mirrors. The Etruscan form Herceler derives from the Greek Heracles via syncope. A mild oath invoking Hercules (Hercule! or Mehercle!) was a common interjection in Classical Latin.[3]

Baby Hercules strangling a snake sent to kill him in his cradle (Roman marble, 2nd century CE, in the Capitoline Museums of Rome, Italy).

Though not native to Italic religion, Hercules had become a popular god amongst various Italic cultures, primarily in the south and center of Italy.[4] Dionysius of Halicarnassus, a 1st-century BCE Greek historian, testifies to the popularity of Hercules, stating that "one could scarcely find any place in Italy in which the god is not honored."[4][5] Bronze statuettes dedicated to Hercules have been uncovered from sanctuaries throughout Samnium and the Apennines,[6] with over a hundred such bronzes surfacing near a 3rd-century BCE sanctuary in Corfinium—a Paelignian territory.[4] The popularity of these bronzes may have stemmed from the supposedly militaristic cultures of the Samnites and the Marsi and perhaps mercenaries serving under Hippocrates of Gela. However, the classicist Karl Galinsky suggests that these statuettes may instead continue an earlier "Mars" type, which also depicted a warrior figure.[7]

Amongst the hundreds of known Sabellic votive statues of Hercules, a particularly common type—referred to as "Hercules in assault"—portrays a beardless Hercules posed in a manner akin to other warrior statuettes.[8] Hercules is varyingly depicted with certain accompanying accoutrements—in some figurines he is portrayed wielding a club, whereas others depict the hero holding the apples of the Hesperides.[7] Depictions specifically of Hercules are distinguished by the presence of a lion skin on the figure. The "Rorschach Hercules," a subtype of the aforementioned "Hercules in assault," portrays the lion skin as a geometric shape resemblant of an ink blot. According to Karl Galinsky, it is likely that the "Rorschach" style derives from local Italic artistic customs, in contrast to an alternative Hellenized style, in which the distinct muscles of the body were emphasized and the lion skin was depicted in a less abstract manner.[8]

According to Macrobius, a 5th-century CE Roman historian, the earlier author Varro—who lived in the 1st-century BCE—had claimed the Hercules was the same as Mars.[9] Confusion between the two deities may have resulted from the agrarian associations of both gods.[4] In the Oscan Agnone tablet, Hercules is mentioned with the epithet Keriiúí, equivalent to Latin Cerealis, itself a reference to Ceres—the Roman goddess of agriculture.[10] Certain places dedicated to Hercules across southern Italy may be associated with prominent agricultural and transhumance routes, such as in Alba Fucens,[11] where a deity referred to as Hercules Salarius ("Hercules of Salt") was honored.[12] According to the archaeologist Annalisa Marzano, the connection with salt may have itself related to the importance of salt in cheese production and food preservation, both of which are themselves vital for animal husbandry.[13]

However, the archaeologist Tesse Stek notes that various sanctuaries of Hercules are not easily connectable with transhumance routes. For instance, a sanctuary of Hercules in Campochiaro is located 300 metres (980 ft) above the Boiano basin on the side of a mountain and is therefore—according to Stek—not easily accessible to any pastoralists.[14] Stek further notes that the primary archaeological evidence for a relationship between Hercules and transhumance dates to the 2nd-century BCE—after Hercules had already become a prominent deity in Italic religions. It is perhaps possible that these 2nd-century BCE sites could preserve the functions of older religious sanctuaries, though Stek states that there is no "self-evident" justification for asserting such continuity.[15] Likewise, the classicist Guy Bradley doubts the supposed pastoralist role of these sanctuaries, noting that these sanctuaries could easily have served the needs of any of the other traders, artisans, or travelers who utilized these roads, not exclusively farmers.[16] Additionally, Bradley argues that the monumentalization of these temples required a level of financial power that was likely unavailable to Samnite shepherds.[17]

### Germanic association

A fresco from Herculaneum depicting Heracles and Achelous from Greco-Roman mythology, 1st century CE.

Tacitus records a special affinity of the Germanic peoples for Hercules. In chapter 3 of his Germania, Tacitus states:

> ... they say that Hercules, too, once visited them; and when going into battle, they sang of him first of all heroes. They have also those songs of theirs, by the recital of this barditus[18] as they call it, they rouse their courage, while from the note they augur the result of the approaching conflict. For, as their line shouts, they inspire or feel alarm.

Some have taken this as Tacitus equating the Germanic Þunraz with Hercules by way of interpretatio romana.[19]

In the Roman era Hercules' Club amulets appear from the 2nd to 3rd century, distributed over the empire (including Roman Britain, cf. Cool 1986), mostly made of gold, shaped like wooden clubs. A specimen found in Köln-Nippes bears the inscription "DEO HER[culi]", confirming the association with Hercules.

In the 5th to 7th centuries, during the Migration Period, the amulet is theorized to have rapidly spread from the Elbe Germanic area across Europe. These Germanic "Donar's Clubs" were made from deer antler, bone or wood, more rarely also from bronze or precious metals. The amulet type is replaced by the Viking Age Thor's hammer pendants in the course of the Christianization of Scandinavia from the 8th to 9th century.

## Late ancient and medieval mythography

Hercules and the Nemean lion in the 15th-century Histoires de Troyes

After the Roman Empire became Christianized, mythological narratives were often reinterpreted as allegory, influenced by the philosophy of late antiquity. In the 4th century, Servius had described Hercules's return from the underworld as representing his ability to overcome earthly desires and vices, or the earth itself as a consumer of bodies.[20] In some early patristic texts, Hercules was identified with the biblical figure Samson.[21]

In medieval mythography, Hercules was one of the heroes seen as a strong role model who demonstrated both valor and wisdom, while the monsters he battles were regarded as moral obstacles.[22] One glossator noted that when Hercules became a constellation, he showed that strength was necessary to gain entrance to Heaven.[23]

Medieval mythography was written almost entirely in Latin, and original Greek texts were little used as sources for Hercules's myths.

## Renaissance mythography

King Henry IV of France depicted as Hercules vanquishing the Lernaean Hydra (i.e. the Catholic League), by Toussaint Dubreuil, c. 1600

The Renaissance and the invention of the printing press brought a renewed interest in and publication of Greek literature. Renaissance mythography drew more extensively on the Greek tradition of Heracles, typically under the Romanized name Hercules, or the alternate name Alcides. In a chapter of his book Mythologiae (1567), the influential mythographer Natale Conti collected and summarized an extensive range of myths concerning the birth, adventures, and death of the hero under his Roman name Hercules. Conti begins his lengthy chapter on Hercules with an overview description that continues the moralizing impulse of the Middle Ages:

> Hercules, who subdued and destroyed monsters, bandits, and criminals, was justly famous and renowned for his great courage. His great and glorious reputation was worldwide, and so firmly entrenched that he'll always be remembered. In fact the ancients honored him with his own temples, altars, ceremonies, and priests. But it was his wisdom and great soul that earned those honors; noble blood, physical strength, and political power just aren't good enough.[24]

In 1600, the citizens of Avignon bestowed on Henry of Navarre (the future King Henry IV of France) the title of the Hercule Gaulois ("Gallic Hercules"), justifying the extravagant flattery with a genealogy that traced the origin of the House of Navarre to a nephew of Hercules's son Hispalus.[25]

## Worship

### Road of Hercules

The Road of Hercules is a route across Southern Gaul that is associated with the path Hercules took during his 10th labor of retrieving the Cattle of Geryon from the Red Isles.[26] Hannibal took the same path on his march towards Italy and encouraged the belief that he was the second Hercules.[26] Primary sources often make comparisons between Hercules and Hannibal.[26] Hannibal further tried to invoke parallels between himself and Hercules by starting his march on Italy by visiting the shrine of Hercules at Gades. While crossing the alps, he performed labors in a heroic manner. A famous example was noted by Livy, when Hannibal fractured the side of a cliff that was blocking his march.[26]

### Worship from women

In ancient Roman society women were usually limited to two types of cults: those that addressed feminine matters such as childbirth, and cults that required virginal chastity.[27] However, there is evidence suggesting there were female worshippers of Apollo, Mars, Jupiter, and Hercules.[27] Some scholars believe that women were completely prohibited from any of Hercules's cults. Others believe it was only the "Ara Maxima" at which they were not allowed to worship.[27] Macrobius in his first book of Saturnalia paraphrases from Varro: "For when Hercules was bringing the cattle of Geryon through Italy, a woman replied to the thirsty hero that she could not give him water because it was the day of the Goddess Women and it was unlawful for a man to taste what had been prepared for her. Hercules, therefore, when he was about to offer a sacrifice forbid the presence of women and ordered Potitius and Pinarius who were in charge of his rites, not to allow any women from taking part".[27] Macrobius states that women were restricted in their participation in Hercules cults, but to what extent remains ambiguous. He mentions that women were not allowed to participate in Sacrum which is general term used to describe anything that was believed to have belonged to the gods. This could include anything from a precious item to a temple. Due to the general nature of a Sacrum, we can not judge the extent of the prohibition from Macrobius alone.[27] There are also ancient writings on this topic from Aulus Gellius when speaking on how Romans swore oaths. He mentioned that Roman women do not swear on Hercules, nor do Roman men swear on Castor.[27] He went on to say that women refrain from sacrificing to Hercules.[27] Propertius in his poem 4.9 also mentions similar information as Macrobius. This is evidence that he was also using Varro as a source.[27]

### Worship in myth

There is evidence of Hercules worship in myth in the Latin epic poem, the Aeneid. In the 8th book of the poem Aeneas finally reaches the future site of Rome, where he meets Evander and the Arcadians making sacrifices to Hercules on the banks of the Tiber river.[28] They share a feast, and Evander tells the story of how Hercules defeated the monster Cascus, and describes him as a triumphant hero.[28] Translated from the Latin text of Vergil, Evander stated: "Time brought to us in our time of need the aid and arrival of a god. For there came that mightiest avenger, the victor Hercules, proud with the slaughter and the spoils of threefold Geryon, and he drove the mighty bulls here, and the cattle filled both valley and riverside.[28]

Hercules was also mentioned in the Fables of Gaius Julius Hyginus. For example, in his fable about Philoctetes he tells the story of how Philoctetes built a funeral pyre for Hercules so his body could be consumed and raised to immortality.[29]

### Hercules and the Roman triumph

According to Livy (9.44.16) Romans were commemorating military victories by building statues to Hercules as early as 305 BCE. Also, philosopher Pliny the Elder dates Hercules worship back to the time of Evander, by accrediting him with erecting a statue in the Forum Boarium of Hercules.[30] Scholars agree that there would have been 5–7 temples in Augustan Rome.[30] There are believed to be related Republican triumphatores, however, not necessarily triumphal dedications. There are two temples located in the Campus Martius. One, being the Temple of Hercules Musarum, dedicated between 187 and 179 BCE by M. Fulvius Nobilior.[30] And the other being the Temple of Hercules Custos, likely renovated by Sulla in the 80s BCE.[30]

### In art

In Roman works of art and in Renaissance and post-Renaissance art, Hercules can be identified by his attributes, the lion skin and the gnarled club (his favorite weapon); in mosaic he is shown tanned bronze, a virile aspect.[31]

In the twentieth century, the Farnese Hercules has inspired artists such as Jeff Koons, Matthew Darbyshire and Robert Mapplethorpe to reinterpret Hercules for new audiences.[32] The choice of deliberately white materials by Koons and Darbyshire has been interpreted as perpetuation of colourism in how the classical world is viewed.[32] Mapplethorpe's work with black model Derrick Cross can be seen as a reaction to Neo-classical colourism, resisting the portrayal of Hercules as white.[32]

### Roman era

* Hercules of the Forum Boarium (Hellenistic, 2nd century BCE)

* Hercules drunk and Omphale. Fresco from House of the Prince of Montenegro, Pompeii, 25–35 CE

* Hercules carrying his son Hyllus looks at the centaur Nessus, who is about to carry Deianira across the river on his back. Fresco from Pompeii, 30–45 CE

* Hercules in Olympus with Juno and Minerva, fresco from Herculaneum, 1st century CE

* Hercules and Iolaus (1st century CE mosaic from the Anzio Nymphaeum, Rome)

* Hercules (Hatra, Iraq, Parthian period, 1st–2nd century CE)

* Hercules bronze statuette, 2nd century CE (museum of Alanya, Turkey)

* Hercules and the Nemean Lion (detail), silver plate, 6th century (Cabinet des Médailles, Paris)

* Heracles and Omphale, Roman fresco, Pompeian Fourth Style (45–79 CE), Naples National Archaeological Museum, Italy

* A Roman gilded silver bowl depicting the boy Hercules strangling two serpents, from the Hildesheim Treasure, 1st century CE, Altes Museum

* Head from statue of Herakles (Hercules) Roman 117–188 CE from villa of the emperor Hadrian at Tivoli, Italy at the British Museum

* Hercules (Herakles) with the Apples of the Hesperides Roman 1st century CE from a temple at Byblos, Lebanon at the British Museum

* Hercules from Cappadocia or Caesarea 1st century BCE – 1st century CE, Walters Art Museum

* Hercules slaying the Hydra Roman copy of 4th century BCE original by Lysippos, Capitoline Museum

* Hercules Roman 1st century BCE – 1st century CE, Walters Art Museum

* Herakles and Telephos Louvre MR219

* Hercules, 50 BCE – 50 CE, MAN Florence

### Modern era

* The Giant Hercules (1589) by Hendrik Goltzius

* Lucas Faydherbe, Bust of Hercules – collection King Baudouin Foundation

* The Drunken Hercules (1612–1614) by Rubens

* Hercules and Deianira (18th century copy of a lost original), from I Modi

* Hercules in the Augean stable (1842, Honoré Daumier)

* Comic book cover (c. 1958)

* Hercules, Deianira and the Centaur Nessus, by Bartholomäus Spranger, 1580–1582

* Henry IV of France, as Hercules vanquishing the Lernaean Hydra (i.e. the Catholic League), by Toussaint Dubreuil, c. 1600. Louvre Museum

* Hercules on the Pyre by Guillaume Coustou The Elder, 1704, Louvre MR1809

### In numismatics

Hercules was among the earliest figures on ancient Roman coinage, and has been the main motif of many collector coins and medals since. One example is the Austrian 20 euro Baroque Silver coin issued on September 11, 2002. The obverse side of the coin shows the Grand Staircase in the town palace of Prince Eugene of Savoy in Vienna, currently the Austrian Ministry of Finance. Gods and demi-gods hold its flights, while Hercules stands at the turn of the stairs.

* Juno, with Hercules fighting a Centaur on reverse (Roman, 215–15 BCE)

* Club over his shoulder on a Roman denarius (c. 100 BCE)

* Maximinus II and Hercules with club and lionskin (Roman, 313 CE)

* Commemorative 5-franc piece (1996), Hercules in center

* Hercules, as seen on a Denarius of the Roman Emperor Caracalla. Dated 212 CE

### Military

Six successive ships of the British Royal Navy, from the 18th to the 20th century, bore the name HMS Hercules.

In the French Navy, there were no less than nineteen ships called Hercule, plus three more named Alcide which is another name of the same hero.

Hercules's name was also used for five ships of the US Navy, four ships of the Spanish Navy, four of the Argentine Navy and two of the Swedish Navy, as well as for numerous civilian sailing and steam ships.

In modern aviation a military transport aircraft produced by Lockheed Martin carries the title Lockheed C-130 Hercules.

Operation Herkules was the German code-name given to an abortive plan for the invasion of Malta during the Second World War.

### Other cultural references

* Pillars of Hercules, representing the Strait of Gibraltar (19th-century conjecture of the Tabula Peutingeriana)

* The Cudgel of Hercules, a tall limestone rock formation, with Pieskowa Skała Castle in the background

* Hercules as heraldic supporters in the royal arms of Greece, in use 1863–1973. The phrase "Ηρακλείς του στέμματος" ("Defenders of the Crown") has pejorative connotations ("chief henchmen") in Greek.

### In films

A series of nineteen Italian Hercules movies were made in the late 1950s and early 1960s. The actors who played Hercules in these films were Steve Reeves, Gordon Scott, Kirk Morris, Mickey Hargitay, Mark Forest, Alan Steel, Dan Vadis, Brad Harris, Reg Park, Peter Lupus (billed as Rock Stevens) and Michael Lane. A number of English-dubbed Italian films that featured the name of Hercules in their title were not intended to be movies about Hercules.

## See also

* Hercules (comics)
* Hercules in popular culture of the 20th and 21st centuries
* Sword-and-sandal
* Hercules: The Legendary Journeys
* Strength (tarot card)
* Samson
* Gilgamesh
* Melqart
* Cú Chulainn
* Demigod

## References

Notes

1. ↑ "Hercules". CollinsDictionary.com. HarperCollins. https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/Hercules.
2. ↑ "Hercules," in The Classical Tradition (Harvard University Press, 2010), p. 426.
3. ↑ W. M. Lindsay, "Mehercle and Herc(v)lvs. [Mehercle and Herc(u)lus]" The Classical Quarterly 12.2 (April 1918:58).
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Bradley & Glinister 2013, p. 182.
5. ↑ Dionysius of Halicarnassus. Roman Antiquities. 1.40.
6. ↑ Bradley & Glinister 2013, p. 183.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Galinsky 2018, p. 194.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Galinsky 2018, p. 193.
9. ↑ Macrobius. Saturnalia. 3.6.
10. ↑ Spaeth 1996, p. 2-3.
11. ↑ Stek 2018, p. 161.
12. ↑ Fazio 2017, p. 163.
13. ↑ Marzano 2009, p. 55.
14. ↑ Stek 2009, p. 56.
15. ↑ Stek 2009, p. 57.
16. ↑ Galinsky 2018, p. 195.
17. ↑ Fazio 2024, p. 303.
18. ↑ or, baritus, there being scribal variants. In the 17th century, the word entered the German language as barditus and was associated with the Celtic bards.
19. ↑ Simek, Rudolf (2007:140–142) translated by Angela Hall. Dictionary of Northern Mythology. D.S. Brewer. ISBN 0-85991-513-1
20. ↑ Servius, note to Aeneid 6.395 ; Jane Chance, Medieval Mythography: From Roman North Africa to the School of Chartres, A.D. 433–1177 (University Press of Florida, 1994), p. 91.
21. ↑ Dayan, Ayelet (2025). Christian settlements and monasteries in the Northern Judaean Shephelah and the Western Samaria hills during the Byzantine period. Bicester: Archaeopress Archaeology. pp. 72. ISBN 978-1-80327-941-1.
22. ↑ Chance, Medieval Mythography, pp. 168, 218, 413.
23. ↑ Chance, Medieval Mythography, p. 219.
24. ↑ Natale Conti, Mythologiae Book 7, Chapter 1, as translated by John Mulryan and Steven Brown (Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 2006), vol. 2, p. 566.
25. ↑ The official account, Labyrinthe royal... quoted in Jean Seznec, The Survival of the Pagan Gods, (B.F. Sessions, tr., 1995) p. 26
26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 Dewitt, Norman (February 22, 2020). "Rome and the 'Road of Hercules'". Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association 72: 59–69. doi:10.2307/283041.
27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 27.5 27.6 27.7 Schultz, Cecelia (February 22, 2020). "Modern Prejudice and Ancient Praxis: Female Worship of Hercules at Rome". Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 133: 291–97.
28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 Loar, Matthew (February 23, 2020). "Hercules, Mummius, and the Roman Triumph in Aeneid 8". Classical Philology 112: 45–62. doi:10.1086/689726. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1139&context=classicsfacpub.
29. ↑ Grant, Mary. "Hyginus, Fabulae, 100–49". https://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae3.html.
30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 Loar, Matthew (February 23, 2020). "Hercules, Mummius, and the Roman Triumph in Aeneid 8". Classical Philology 112: 45–62. doi:10.1086/689726. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1139&context=classicsfacpub.
31. ↑ Hercules almost suggests "Hero". The Classical and Hellenistic convention in frescoes and mosaics, adopted by the Romans, is to show women as pale-skinned and men as tanned dark from their outdoor arena of action and exercising in the gymnasium.(See also Reed.edu , jpg file. Reed.edu , subject).
32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 Hinds, Aimee (23 June 2020). "Hercules in White: Classical Reception, Art and Myth" (in en-US). https://www.thejugaadproject.pub/home/hercules-in-white-classical-reception-art-and-myth.

Sources

* Charlotte Coffin. "Hercules" in Peyré, Yves (ed.) A Dictionary of Shakespeare's Classical Mythology (2009)
* Bertematti, Richard (2014). "The Heracliad: The Epic Saga of Hercules" (Tridium Press). ISBN 0990302717
* Bradley, Guy; Glinister, Fay (2013), Warburton, David A.; Bredholt Christensen, Lisbeth; Hammer, Olav, eds., "Italic religion", The Handbook of Religions in Ancient Europe (Acumen Publishing): pp. 173–191, ISBN 978-1-84465-709-4, https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/handbook-of-religions-in-ancient-europe/italic-religion/DF5D6AE73E0FFE585A56DD98C6D0CB48, retrieved 2025-11-01
* Galinsky, Karl 1942-2024 (2018). "The Popularity of Hercules in Pre-Roman Central Italy" (in English). At the crossroads of Greco-Roman history, culture, and religion: 191. https://ixtheo.de/Record/1728858933/Details.
* Fazio, Massimiliano Di (2017-11-20), Farney, Gary D.; Bradley, Guy, eds., "Religions of Ancient Italy" (in en), The Peoples of Ancient Italy (De Gruyter): pp. 149–172, doi:10.1515/9781614513001-009/html, ISBN 978-1-61451-300-1, https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781614513001-009/html, retrieved 2025-11-01
* Fazio, Massimiliano Di (2024-10-21). Bentz, Martin; Zeidler, Patrick. eds (in en). Dependency and Social Inequality in Pre-Roman Italy. De Gruyter. doi:10.1515/9783111558417/html. ISBN 978-3-11-155841-7. https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783111558417/html.
* Marzano, Annalisa (2009), Antela-Bernárdez, Borja; Ñaco del Hoyo, Toni, eds., "Hercules and the triumphal feast for the Roman people", Transforming historical landscapes in the Ancient Empires, British Archeological Reports, International Series (Oxford: Oxford: John and Erica Hedges Ltd.): p. 87, ISBN 978-1-4073-0460-1, https://centaur.reading.ac.uk/6929/, retrieved 2025-11-01
* Spaeth, Barbette Stanley (1996) (in en). The Roman Goddess Ceres. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-78577-9. https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Roman_Goddess_Ceres/QOtlAwAAQBAJ?hl=en.
* Stek, Tesse D. (2009). Cult Places and Cultural Change in Republican Italy: A Contextual Approach to Religious Aspects of Rural Society after the Roman Conquest. Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 978-90-8964-177-9. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt46mtf2.
* Stek, Tesse D. (2018), Düring, Bleda S.; Stek, Tesse D., eds., "Early Roman Colonisation beyond the Romanising Agrotown: Village Patterns of Settlement and Highland Exploitation in the Abruzzi Mountains, Central Italy", The Archaeology of Imperial Landscapes: A Comparative Study of Empires in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press): pp. 145–172, ISBN 978-1-107-18970-6, https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/archaeology-of-imperial-landscapes/early-roman-colonisation-beyond-the-romanising-agrotown/920BC4B041DFDBECC53127C194B41201, retrieved 2025-11-02

## External links

* Texts on Wikisource:
* "Hercules". The Nuttall Encyclopædia. 1907.
* "Hercules". The New Student's Reference Work. 1914.
* "Hercules and the Wagoner," by Aesop
* "Hercules," from Heroes Every Child Should Know by H. W. Mabie
* Hercules discovery in Israel
* Etruscan mirror illustrated Uni and Hercle
* Hercle and Menerva on an Etruscan mirror from Città di Castello, c. 300 BCE: Badisches
* The Apples of the Hesperides
* Images of Hercules
* Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (c. 2,950 images of Hercules)

Template:Labours of Heracles

* v
* t
* e

Hercules (Heracles)

* Hercle
* Ercole
* Hercule
* Alcide

Family|

* Zeus (father)
* Alcmene (mother)
* Megara, Omphale, Deianira, and Hebe (wives)
* Heracleidae (children)

Events|

* Hercules at the crossroads
* Labours of Hercules
* Hercules in ancient Rome
* Shirt of Nessus

Literature|

| Poems|

* Heracles Papyrus
* Shield of Heracles
* Catalogue of Women
* L'Atlàntida

|

Plays|

* Herakles
* Women of Trachis
* Hercules Furens
* Hercules Oetaeus

Other|

* The Labours of Hercules
* Hercules and the Wagoner

Art|

* Hercules and the lion of Nemea (5th century BCE)
* Hercules of the Forum Boarium (2nd century BCE)
* Lansdowne Heracles (c. 125)
* Statue of Hercules, Dura-Europos (c. 150–256)
* Farnese Hercules (216)
* Hercules slaying Antaeus (c. 1460)
* Hercules and Deianira (c. 1470)
* Hercules and the Hydra (c. 1475)
* Hercules and Antaeus (c. 1500–1510)
* The Choice of Hercules (c. 1520–1525)
* Hercules and Antaeus (1531)
* Hercules and Cacus (1534)
* The Origin of the Milky Way (1575–1580)
* The Choice of Hercules (1596)
* Hercules and Omphale (1603)
* Hercules fighting Nemean lion (1634)
* Hercules and the Hydra (1634)
* Hercules separating the mounts Calpe And Abyla (1634)
* The Death of Hercules (1634)
* Hercules' Dog Discovers Purple Dye (1636)
* The Origin of the Milky Way (1637)
* Hercules in the Garden of the Hesperides (1638)
* Hercules and Omphale (1732–1734)
* Libertas Americana (1783)
* The Sanctuary of Hercules (1884)
* Hercules the Archer (1909)
* Achelous and Hercules (1947)
* The Twelve Labors of Hercules (1981)
* The Labors of Herakles (2006–2008)
* Hercules and the Erymanthian Boar
* Hercules and the Nemean Lion

Opera|

* Ercole amante (1662)
* Alcide (1693)
* Ercole su'l Termodonte (1723)
* Admeto (1727)
* Laßt uns sorgen, laßt uns wachen, BWV 213 (1733)
* Hercules (1744)
* Le nozze d'Ercole e d'Ebe (1747)
* The Choice of Hercules (1750)
* Hercule mourant (1761)
* Le Rouet d'Omphale (1871)
* Déjanire (1911)
* Atlántida (1962)
* Hercules vs. Vampires (2010)

Films|

| Italian series|

* Hercules (1957)
* Hercules Unchained (1959)
* Goliath and the Dragon (1960)
* The Loves of Hercules (1960)
* Hercules and the Conquest of Atlantis (1961)
* Hercules in the Haunted World (1961)
* Hercules in the Valley of Woe (1961)
* The Fury of Hercules (1962)
* Hercules, Samson and Ulysses (1963)
* Hercules vs. Moloch (1963)
* Hercules the Invincible (1964)
* Hercules Against Rome (1964)
* Hercules Against the Sons of the Sun (1964)
* The Triumph of Hercules (1964)
* Samson and His Mighty Challenge (1964)
* Hercules and the Tyrants of Babylon (1964)
* Hercules and the Princess of Troy (1965)
* Hercules the Avenger (1965)

|

Other European
live-action|

* Herakles (1962)
* Hercules Against the Moon Men (1964)

American films
live-action|

* The Warrior's Husband (1933)
* The Three Stooges Meet Hercules (1962)
* Jason and the Argonauts (1963)
* Hercules in New York (1970)
* Hercules (1983)
* The Adventures of Hercules (1985)
* Jason and the Argonauts (2000)
* Immortals (2011)
* The Legend of Hercules (2014)
* Hercules (2014)

Animated films|

* Hercules (1995)
* Hercules (1997)
* Hercules: Zero to Hero (1998)
* Hercules and Xena – The Animated Movie: The Battle for Mount Olympus (1998)

Television|

* The Mighty Hercules
* The Sons of Hercules
* Mole Men Against the Son of Hercules (1961)
* Fire Monsters Against the Son of Hercules (1962)
* Ulysses Against the Son of Hercules (1962)
* Hercules: The Legendary Journeys (1995)
* Hercules and the Amazon Women (1994)
* Hercules and the Lost Kingdom (1994)
* Hercules and the Circle of Fire (1994)
* Hercules in the Underworld (1994)
* Hercules in the Maze of the Minotaur (1994)
* Hercules: The Animated Series (1998)
* "Hercules and the Arabian Night" (1999)
* Young Hercules (1998)
* Hercules (2005 miniseries)
* Atlantis (2013)

Comics|

* Hercules (Marvel Comics)
* Hercules (DC Comics)
* Hercules (Radical Comics)

Games|

* The Return of Heracles (1983)
* Hercules (1984)
* Disney's Hercules (1997)
* Herc's Adventures (1997)
* Hercules: The Legendary Journeys (2000)
* Heracles Chariot Racing (2007)
* Glory of Heracles (2008)

Other|

* Hercules in popular culture
* Hercules (franchise)
* Hercules (2019 musical)
* Pillars of Hercules
* Maczuga Herkulesa
* Hercules' Club
* Xena: Warrior Princess

Template:Roman myth (mortal)

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