Immaculate Conception

Short description: Teaching that Mary was conceived free from original sin

Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see Immacolata (disambiguation), Immaculata (disambiguation), Immaculate (disambiguation) and Mary Immaculate (disambiguation).

Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception

The Immaculate Conception (1767–1769)
by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo

Venerated in| Catholic Church
Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church
Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church
Major shrine| Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception
Feast| December 8 (Latin liturgical rites)
December 9 (Byzantine Rite)
August 13 (Alexandrian Rite)
Attributes|

* Crescent moon
* halo of twelve stars
* blue robe
* putti
* serpent underfoot
* Assumption into heaven

Patronage| See Patronages of the Immaculate Conception

Template:Catholic marian prayers sidebar

The Immaculate Conception is the doctrine that the Virgin Mary was free of original sin from the moment of her conception.[1] It is one of the four Marian dogmas of the Catholic Church.[2] Debated by medieval theologians, it was not defined as a dogma until 1854,[3] by Pope Pius IX in the papal bull Ineffabilis Deus.[4] While the Immaculate Conception asserts Mary's freedom from original sin, the Council of Trent, held between 1545 and 1563, had previously non-dogmatically affirmed her freedom from personal sin.[5]

While they have different theological emphases, the Eastern Catholic Churches, just like the Latin Church, fully affirm the dogma.[6][7][8]

The Immaculate Conception became a popular subject in literature,[9] but its abstract nature meant it was late in appearing as a subject in works of art.[10] The iconography of Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception shows Mary standing, with arms outstretched or hands clasped in prayer. The feast day of the Immaculate Conception is December 8.[11]

Many Protestant churches rejected the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception as unscriptural,[12] though some Anglicans accept it as a pious devotion.[13]

The Eastern Orthodox Church rejects the doctrine.[14] The teaching on the Immaculate Conception among the Oriental Orthodox churches varies: Shenouda III, Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church,[15] and the Patriarch Ignatius Zakka I of the Syriac Orthodox Church[16] opposed the teaching, while the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church and Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church accept it.[17][1]

## Contents

* 1 History
* 1.1 Anne, mother of Mary, and original sin
* 1.2 Church Fathers
* 1.3 Medieval formulation
* 1.4 Popular devotion and Ineffabilis Deus
* 2 Feast, patronages and disputes
* 3 Prayers and hymns
* 4 Artistic representation
* 5 Other denominations
* 5.1 Oriental Orthodoxy
* 5.2 Eastern Orthodoxy
* 5.3 Old Catholics
* 5.4 Protestantism
* 6 See also
* 7 References
* 7.1 Citations
* 7.2 Bibliography
* 8 External links

## History

### Anne, mother of Mary, and original sin

Main article: Religion:Original sin

Anne, the mother of Mary, first appears in the 2nd-century apocryphal Gospel of James. The author of the gospel borrowed from Greek tales of the childhood of heroes. For Jesus' grandmother the author drew on the more benign biblical story of Hannah—hence Anna—who conceived Samuel in her old age, thus reprising the miraculous birth of Jesus with a merely remarkable one for his mother.[18] Anne and her husband, Joachim, are infertile, but God hears their prayers and Mary is conceived.[19] According to Stephen J. Shoemaker, within the Gospel of James, the conception occurs without sexual intercourse between Anne and Joachim, which fits well with the Gospel of James' persistent emphasis on Mary's sacred purity, but the story does not advance the idea of an immaculate conception.[20] The author of the Gospel of James may have based this account of Mary's conception on that of John the Baptist as recounted in the Gospel of Luke.[21] The Eastern Orthodox Church holds that "Mary is conceived by her parents as we are all conceived".[22]

### Church Fathers

According to church historian Frederick Holweck, writing in the Catholic Encyclopedia, Justin Martyr, Irenaeus, and Cyril of Jerusalem developed the idea of Mary as the New Eve, drawing comparison to Eve, while yet immaculate and incorrupt - that is to say, not subject to original sin. Holweck adds that Ephrem the Syrian said she was as innocent as Eve before the Fall.[23][24]

Ambrose asserted Mary's incorruptibility, attributing her virginity to grace and immunity from sin. Severus, Bishop of Antioch, concurred affirming Mary's purity and immaculateness.[25] John Damascene extended the supernatural influence of God to Mary's parents, suggesting they were purified by the Holy Spirit during her generation. According to Damascene, even the material of Mary's origin was deemed pure and holy. This perspective, which emphasized an immaculate active generation and the sanctity of the conceptio carnis, found resonance among some Western authors. Notably, the Greek Fathers did not explicitly discuss the Immaculate Conception.[23]

### Medieval formulation

Altar of the Immaculata by Joseph Lusenberg, 1876, representing Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception, at Saint Antony's Church, Urtijëi, Italy

By the 4th century the idea that Mary was free from sin was generally more widespread,[26] but original sin raised the question of whether she was also free of the sin passed down from Adam.[27] The question became acute when the feast of her conception began to be celebrated in England in the 11th century,[28] and the question of inherited sin was raised in regard to Mary's state.[29] The feast of Mary's conception originated in the Eastern Church in the 7th century, reached England in the 11th, and from there spread to Europe, where it was given official approval in 1477 and extended to the whole church in 1693; the word "immaculate" was not officially added to the name of the feast until 1854.[28]

The doctrine of the Immaculate Conception caused a virtual civil war between Franciscans and Dominicans during the Middle Ages, with Franciscan 'Scotists' in its favour and Dominican 'Thomists' against it.[30][31] The English ecclesiastic and scholar Eadmer (c. 1060 – c. 1126) reasoned that it was possible that Mary was conceived without original sin in view of God's omnipotence, and that it was also appropriate in view of her role as Mother of God: Potuit, decuit, fecit, "it was possible, it was fitting, therefore it was done".[27] Others, including Bernard of Clairvaux (1090–1153) and Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274), objected that if Mary were free of original sin at her conception then she would have no need of redemption, making Christ's saving redemption superfluous; they were answered by Duns Scotus (1264–1308), who "developed the idea of preservative redemption as being a more perfect one: to have been preserved free from original sin was a greater grace than to be set free from sin".[32]

In 1439, the Council of Basel, in schism with Pope Eugene IV who resided at the Council of Florence,[33] declared the Immaculate Conception a "pious opinion" consistent with faith and Scripture; the Council of Trent, held in several sessions in the early 1500s, made no explicit declaration on the subject but exempted her from the universality of original sin, affirming she remained during all her life free from all stain of sin, even the venial one;[34] by 1571 the revised Roman Breviary set out an elaborate celebration of the Feast of the Immaculate Conception on 8 December.[35]

### Popular devotion and Ineffabilis Deus

According to Patrizia Granziera, the creation of the dogma was slow and elaborate and it was more the fruit of popular devotion than scholarly.[36] The Immaculate Conception became a popular subject in literature and art,[9] and some devotees went so far as to hold that Anne had conceived Mary by kissing her husband Joachim, and that Anne's father and grandmother had likewise been conceived without sexual intercourse, although Bridget of Sweden (c. 1303–1373) told how Mary herself had revealed to her that Anne and Joachim conceived their daughter through a sexual union which was sinless because it was pure and free of sexual lust.[37]

In the 16th and especially the 17th centuries there was a proliferation of Immaculatist devotion in Spain, leading the Habsburg monarchs to demand that the papacy elevate the belief to the status of dogma.[38] In France in 1830 Catherine Labouré (May 2, 1806 – December 31, 1876) saw a vision of Mary standing on a globe while a voice commanded her to have a medal made in imitation of what she saw.[39] The medal said "O Mary, conceived without sin, pray for us who have recourse to thee", which was a confirmation from Mary herself that she was conceived without sin. Labouré's vision marked the beginning of a great 19th-century Marian revival.[40]

In 1849 Pope Pius IX issued the encyclical Ubi primum soliciting the bishops of the church for their views on whether the doctrine should be defined as dogma; ninety percent of those who responded were supportive, although the Archbishop of Paris, Marie-Dominique-Auguste Sibour, warned that the Immaculate Conception "could be proved neither from the Scriptures nor from tradition".[41] In 1854 the Immaculate Conception dogma was proclaimed with the bull Ineffabilis Deus.[42][4]

> We declare, pronounce, and define that the doctrine which holds that the most Blessed Virgin Mary, in the first instance of her conception, by a singular grace and privilege granted by Almighty God, in view of the merits of Jesus Christ, the Saviour of the human race, was preserved free from all stain of original sin, is a doctrine revealed by God and therefore to be believed firmly and constantly by all the faithful.[43]

Dom Prosper Guéranger, Abbot of Solesmes Abbey, who had been one of the main promoters of the dogmatic statement, wrote Mémoire sur l'Immaculée Conception, explaining what he saw as its basis:

> For the belief to be defined as a dogma of faith [...] it is necessary that the Immaculate Conception form part of Revelation, expressed in Scripture or Tradition, or be implied in beliefs previously defined. Needed, afterward, is that it be proposed to the faith of the faithful through the teaching of the ordinary magisterium. Finally, it is necessary that it be attested by the liturgy, and the Fathers and Doctors of the Church.[44]

Our Lady of Lourdes's 9th apparition, 25 February 1858, by Virgilio Tojett (1877), after Bernadette Soubirous' description.[45] Soubirous claimed the Lady identified herself as the "Immaculate Conception".

Guéranger maintained that these conditions were met and that the definition was therefore possible. Ineffabilis Deus found the Immaculate Conception in the Ark of Salvation (Noah's Ark), Jacob's Ladder, the Burning Bush at Sinai, the Enclosed Garden from the Song of Songs, and many more passages.[46] From this wealth of support the pope's advisors singled out Genesis 3:15: "The most glorious Virgin ... was foretold by God when he said to the serpent: 'I will put enmity between you and the woman,'"[47] a prophecy which reached fulfilment in the figure of the Woman in the Revelation of John, crowned with stars and trampling the Dragon underfoot.[48] Luke 1:28, and specifically the phrase "full of grace" by which Gabriel greeted Mary, was another reference to her Immaculate Conception: "she was never subject to the curse and was, together with her Son, the only partaker of perpetual benediction".[49]

Ineffabilis Deus was one of the pivotal events of the papacy of Pius, pope from 16 June 1846 to his death on 7 February 1878.[50] Four years after the proclamation of the dogma, in 1858, the young Bernadette Soubirous said that Mary appeared to her at Lourdes in southern France, to announce that she was the Immaculate Conception; the Catholic Church later endorsed the apparition as authentic.[51] There are other (approved) Marian apparitions in which Mary identified herself as the Immaculate Conception, for example Our Lady of Gietrzwald in 1877, Poland.[52]

## Feast, patronages and disputes

The procession of the Quadrittu of the Immaculate Conception taken on December 7 in Saponara, Sicily

The feast day of the Immaculate Conception is December 8.[11] The Roman Missal and the Roman Rite Liturgy of the Hours include references to Mary's immaculate conception in the feast of the Immaculate Conception. Its celebration seems to have begun in the Eastern church in the 7th century and may have spread to Ireland by the 8th, although the earliest well-attested record in the Western church is from England early in the 11th.[53] It was suppressed there after the Norman Conquest (1066), and the first thorough exposition of the doctrine was a response to this suppression.[53] It continued to spread through the 15th century despite accusations of heresy from the Thomists and strong objections from several prominent theologians.[54]

Beginning around 1140 Bernard of Clairvaux, a Cistercian monk, wrote to Lyons Cathedral to express his surprise and dissatisfaction that it had recently begun to be observed there,[29] but in 1477 Pope Sixtus IV, a Franciscan Scotist and devoted Immaculist, placed it on the Roman calendar (i.e., list of church festivals and observances) via the bull Cum praexcelsa.[55] Thereafter in 1481 and 1483, in response to the polemic writings of the prominent Thomist, Vincenzo Bandello, Pope Sixtus IV published two more bulls which forbade anybody to preach or teach against the Immaculate Conception, or for either side to accuse the other of heresy, on pains of excommunication.

Pope Pius V kept the feast on the Tridentine calendar but suppressed the word "immaculate".[56] Gregory XV in 1622 prohibited any public or private assertion that Mary was conceived in sin. Urban VIII in 1624 allowed the Franciscans to establish a military order dedicated to the Virgin of the Immaculate Conception.[56] Following the promulgation of Ineffabilis Deus the typically Franciscan phrase "immaculate conception" reasserted itself in the title and euchology (prayer formulae) of the feast. Pius IX solemnly promulgated a mass formulary drawn chiefly from one composed 400 years earlier by a papal chamberlain at the behest of Sixtus IV, beginning "O God who by the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin".[57]

## Prayers and hymns

The venerated ivory image of the Immaculate Conception of Batangas City, Philippines, pontifically crowned on December 8, 2022

The Roman Rite liturgical books, including the Roman Missal and the Liturgy of the Hours, included offices venerating Mary's immaculate conception on the feast of the Immaculate Conception. An example is the antiphon that begins: "Tota pulchra es, Maria, et macula originalis non est in te" ("You are all beautiful, Mary, and the original stain [of sin] is not in you". It continues: "Your clothing is white as snow, and your face is like the sun. You are all beautiful, Mary, and the original stain [of sin] is not in you. You are the glory of Jerusalem, you are the joy of Israel, you give honour to our people. You are all beautiful, Mary".)[58] On the basis of the original Gregorian chant music,[59] polyphonic settings have been composed by Anton Bruckner,Cite error: Closing `</ref>` missing for `<ref>` tag G azy Gorczycki,[60] Ola Gjeilo AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3DKooq6HWDI| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/3DKooq6HWDI| archive-date=2021-12-11 | url-status=live|title=TOTA PULCHRA ES GREX VOCALIS|date=May 21, 2009|via=YouTube}}</ref> [[José Maurício Nunes Gar {cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gVH0fkNY-xA| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/gVH0fkNY-xA| archive-date=2021-12-11 | url-status=live|title=Tota pulchra es, Maria Canto gregoriano nella devozione mariana|date=September 21, 2008|via=YouTube}}</ref> and Nikolaus Schapfl (de).Cite error: Invalid parameter in `<ref>` tag A novena of prayers, with a specific prayer for each of the nine days has been composed under the title of the Immaculate Conception Novena.[61]

Ave Maris Stella is the vesper hymn of the feast of the Immaculate Conception.[62] The hymn Immaculate Mary, addressed to Mary as the Immaculately Conceived One, is closely associated with Lourdes.[63]

The Loreto Litanies included the official Latin Marian title of Regina sine labe originali concepta (Queen conceived without original sin), which had been granted by Pope Gregory XVI (1831-1846) from 1839 onwards to some dioceses, thus several years before the proclamation of the dogma.[64]

## Artistic representation

Main article: Religion:Marian art in the Catholic Church

Giotto, Meeting at the Golden Gate, 1304–1306

The Immaculate Conception became a popular subject in literature,[9] but its abstract nature meant it was late in appearing as a subject in art.[10] During the Medieval period it was depicted as "Joachim and Anne Meeting at the Golden Gate", meaning Mary's conception through the chaste kiss of her parents at the Golden Gate in Jerusalem;[65] the 14th and 15th centuries were the heyday for this scene, after which it was gradually replaced by more allegorical depictions featuring an adult Mary.[66]

The definitive iconography for the depiction of "Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception" seems to have been finally established by the painter and theorist Francisco Pacheco in his "El arte de la pintura" of 1649: a beautiful young girl of 12 or 13, wearing a white tunic and blue mantle, rays of light emanating from her head ringed by twelve stars and crowned by an imperial crown, the Sun behind her and the Moon beneath her feet.[67] Pacheco's iconography influenced other Spanish artists or artists active in Spain such as El Greco, Bartolomé Murillo, Diego Velázquez, and Francisco Zurbarán, who each produced a number of artistic masterpieces based on the use of these same symbols.[68] The popularity of this particular representation of The Immaculate Conception spread across the rest of Europe, and has since remained the best known artistic depiction of the concept: in a heavenly realm, moments after her creation, the spirit of Mary (in the form of a young woman) looks up in awe at (or bows her head to) God. The Moon is under her feet and a halo of twelve stars surround her head, possibly a reference to "a woman clothed with the sun" from Revelation 12:1–2. Additional imagery may include clouds, a golden light, and putti. In some paintings the putti are holding lilies and roses, flowers often associated with Mary.[69]

## Other denominations

### Oriental Orthodoxy

The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo and Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Churches believe in the Immaculate Conception of the Theotokos. The Ethiopic phrase used to express that the Blessed Virgin Mary is free from original sin is "መርገመ ስጋ መርገመ ነፍስ የሌለባት". The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church celebrates the Feast of the Immaculate Conception on Nehasie 7 (August 13).[17][70] The proposition of Ethiopian Orthodox reads: "Our Lady, the Virgin Mary, who conceived and gave birth to Jesus Christ in virginity is free from the original sin derived from the descendants of Adam, clean from any sins of the flesh and soul; embedded in the conscience of God before the time of her birth, free and protected from human desires and frailties, and the choicest from among the chosen. Such is the Virgin Mary – Pure and Holy of Holies. (Song 4.7)".[71] This is a synodal statement.

### Eastern Orthodoxy

Eastern Orthodoxy never accepted Augustine's specific ideas on original sin, and in consequence did not become involved in the later developments that took place in the Catholic Church, including the Immaculate Conception,[72][73] although Eastern Orthodoxy affirms Mary's purity and preservation from sin.

In 1894, when Pope Leo XIII addressed the Eastern church in his encyclical Praeclara gratulationis, Ecumenical Patriarch Anthimos, in 1895, replied with an encyclical approved by the Constantinopolitan Synod in which he stigmatised the dogmas of the Immaculate Conception and papal infallibility as "Roman novelties" and called on the Roman church to return to the faith of the early centuries.[74] Eastern Orthodox Bishop Kallistos Ware comments that "the Latin dogma seems to us not so much erroneous as superfluous".[75]

### Old Catholics

In the mid-19th century, some Catholics who were unable to accept the doctrine of papal infallibility left the Roman Church and formed the Old Catholic Church. This movement rejects the Immaculate Conception.[76][77]

### Protestantism

Protestants overwhelmingly condemned the promulgation of Ineffabilis Deus as an exercise in papal power, and the doctrine itself as unscriptural,[12] for it denied that all had sinned and rested on the Latin translation of Luke 1:28 (the "full of grace" passage) that the original Greek did not support.[78] Protestants, therefore, teach that Mary was a sinner saved through grace, like all believers.[49]

The Catholic–Lutheran dialogue's statement The One Mediator, the Saints, and Mary, issued in 1990 after seven years of study and discussion, conceded that Lutherans and Catholics remained separated "by differing views on matters such as the invocation of saints, the Immaculate Conception and the Assumption of Mary";[79] the final report of the Anglican–Roman Catholic International Commission (ARCIC), created in 1969 to further ecumenical progress between the Catholic Church and the Anglican Communion, similarly recorded the disagreement of the Anglicans with the doctrine, although Anglo-Catholics may hold the Immaculate Conception as an optional pious belief.[80]

## See also

* Feast of the Immaculate Conception
* Feast of the Conception of the Virgin Mary
* Act for the Immaculate Conception of Mary
* Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception (disambiguation)
* Church of the Immaculate Conception (disambiguation)
* Patronages of the Immaculate Conception
* Congregation of the Immaculate Conception
* Marian doctrines of the Catholic Church
* Marian Fathers of the Immaculate Conception
* Catholic Mariology
* Perpetual virginity of Mary

## References

### Citations

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Tinsley 2005, p. 286.
2. ↑ Collinge 2012, p. 133.
3. ↑ Wright 1992, p. 237.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Collinge 2012, p. 209.
5. ↑ Fastiggi 2019, p. 455.
6. ↑ Guy | 11/07/2023, That Eastern Catholic. "What does the Eastern Catholic Church believe?" (in en). https://www.catholic365.com/article/32281/what-does-the-eastern-catholic-church-believe.html.
7. ↑ Praem, Fr Hugh Barbour, O.. "East or West, No Denying the Immaculate Conception" (in en). https://www.catholic.com/magazine/online-edition/east-or-west-no-denying-the-immaculate-conception.
8. ↑ Guy | 10/31/2023, That Eastern Catholic. "Yes. Eastern Catholics Are Different…" (in en). https://www.catholic365.com/article/32187/yes-eastern-catholics-are-different.html.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Twomey 2008, p. ix.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Hall 2018, p. 337.
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Barrely 2014, p. 40.
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Herringer 2019, p. 507.
13. ↑ "Immaculate Conception". An Episcopal Dictionary of the Church, A User Friendly Reference for Episcopalians. https://www.episcopalchurch.org/glossary/immaculate-conception/. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
14. ↑ Andrew Louth (2019). "Mary in Modern Orthodox Theology". in Maunder, Chris. The Oxford handbook of Mary. OUP. p. 235,239.
15. ↑ "Lecture I: St. Mary's Perpetual Virginity & Immaculate Conception". Diocese of the Southern United States. https://www.suscopts.org/messages/lectures/marilecture1.pdf.
16. ↑ "The Holy Virgin Mary in the Syrian Orthodox Church". Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch, Archdiocese for the Eastern United States. https://syrianorthodoxchurch.org/2010/02/the-holy-virgin-mary-in-the-syrian-orthodox-church/.
17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "What is our position on St. Mary and Immaculate Conception and what is it?". Diocese of U.S.A. and Canada, Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church. January 19, 2016. https://english.eritreantewahdo.org/bwl-advanced-faq/what-is-our-position-on-st-mary-and-immaculate-conception-and-what-is-it/.
18. ↑ Nixon 2004, p. 11.
19. ↑ Nixon 2004, pp. 11–12.
20. ↑ Shoemaker 2016, p. 57.
21. ↑ The Immaculate Conception: The Conception of St Anne 'When She Conceived the Holy Mother of God' According to the Ruthenian Tradition. Byzantine Leaflet Series. Byzantine Catholic Archeparchy of Pittsburgh. https://archpitt.org/the-immaculate-conception-the-conception-of-st-anne-when-she-conceived-the-holy-mother-of-god-according-to-the-ruthenian-tradition/. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
22. ↑ "Hopko, Thomas. The Winter Pascha Chapter 9, Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America". http://ww1.antiochian.org/node/18597.
23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a work now in the public domain: Holweck, Frederick. "Immaculate Conception." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 11 May 2022
24. ↑ Mark Miravalle (2007). Meet Mary Getting to Know the Mother of God. Sophia Institute Press. p. 32. ISBN 9781933184326. OCLC 177062079. https://books.google.com/books?id=JXy9AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA32. "You and your mother are the only ones who are immune from all stain; for there is no spot in Thee, O Lord, not any taint in your mother."
25. ↑ Mark Miravalle (December 8, 2021). "What is the Dogma of the Immaculate Conception?". https://catholicexchange.com/what-is-the-dogma-of-the-immaculate-conception/.
26. ↑ Shoemaker 2016, p. 119.
27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Coyle 1996, pp. 36–37.
28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Collinge 2012, pp. 209–210.
29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Boss 2000, p. 126.
30. ↑ Cameron 1996, p. 335.
31. ↑ Kappes 2014, p. 13.
32. ↑ Coyle 1996, p. 38.
33. ↑ Kappes 2014, pp. 158–159.
34. ↑ Council of Trent, DG 1573. As quoted in John Paul II. "General Audience of 19th June 1996". https://www-vatican-va.translate.goog/content/john-paul-ii/it/audiences/1996/documents/hf_jp-ii_aud_19960619.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=it&_x_tr_pto=wapp. (at n°. 2)
35. ↑ Reynolds 2012, pp. 4–5, 117.
36. ↑ Granziera 2019, p. 469.
37. ↑ Solberg 2018, pp. 108–109.
38. ↑ Hernández 2019, p. 6.
39. ↑ Mack 2003.
40. ↑ Foley 2002, p. 29.
41. ↑ Schaff 1931, p. unpaginated.
42. ↑ Foley 2002, p. 153.
43. ↑ Sheed 1958, pp. 134–138.
44. ↑ "How Abbot of Solesmes Explained the Immaculate Conception", Zenit, December 9, 2004
45. ↑ "Virgilio Tojetti – Adoration of the Virgin Mary in the Grotto at Massabielle near Lourdes – Dorotheum" (in en-GB). 2014-04-08. https://www.dorotheum.com/en/l/3900127/, https://www.dorotheum.com/en/l/3900127/.
46. ↑ Manelli 2008, p. 35.
47. ↑ Manelli 1994, pp. 6–7.
48. ↑ Twomey 2008, pp. 73–74.
49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 German 2001, p. 596.
50. ↑ Hillerbrand 2012, p. 250.
51. ↑ Hammond 2003, p. 602.
52. ↑ Dabrowski, P.M. (2013). "Multiple visions, multiple viewpoints: apparitions in a Polish-German borderland, 1877–1880". The Polish Review 58 (3): 35–64. doi:10.5406/polishreview.58.3.0035. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/polishreview.58.3.0035.
53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 Boss 2000, p. 124.
54. ↑ Boss 2000, p. 128.
55. ↑ Manelli 2008, p. 643.
56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 Hernández 2019, p. 38.
57. ↑ Manelli 2008, pp. 643–644.
58. ↑ The text (in Latin) is given at Tota Pulchra Es – GMEA Honor Chorus.
59. ↑ Tota pulchra es Maria, Canto gregoriano nella devozione mariana, studio di Giovanni Vianini, Milano. November 6, 2008. Archived from the original on December 11, 2021 - via YouTube.
60. ↑ Tota pulchra es – Grzegorz Gerwazy Gorczycki. June 17, 2011. Archived from the original on December 11, 2021 - via YouTube.
61. ↑ "Nine Days Of Prayer – Immaculate Conception". http://www.ewtn.com/Devotionals/novena/immaculate.htm.
62. ↑ Sutfin, Edward J., True Christmas Spirit, Grail Publications, St. Meinrad, Indiana, 1955
63. ↑ "Immaculate Conception Prayers". https://www.churchyear.net/icprayers.html.
64. ↑ Giuseppe Besutti; Stefano De Fiores; Salvatore Meo (1985). "Litanie" in the Nuovo Dizionario di Mariologia. I dizionari (n°. 17). Cinisello Balsamo (Milano): San Paolo Edizioni. p. 764. ISBN 9788821513961.
65. ↑ Hall 2018, p. 175.
66. ↑ Hall 2018, p. 171.
67. ↑ Moffitt 2001, p. 676.
68. ↑ Katz & Orsi 2001, p. 98.
69. ↑ Jenner 1910, pp. 3–9.
70. ↑ "The Birth of the Blessed Virgin Mary – Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church Sunday School Department – Mahibere Kidusan". https://eotcmk.org/e/the-birth-of-the-blessed-virgin-mary-2/.
71. ↑ EOTC 2017, p. 51.
72. ↑ McGuckin 2010, p. 218.
73. ↑ Coyle 1996, p. 36.
74. ↑ Meyendorff 1981, p. 90.
75. ↑ Ware 1995, p. 77.
76. ↑ Hillerbrand 2012, p. 63.
77. ↑ Smit 2019, pp. 14, 53.
78. ↑ Hammond 2003, p. 601.
79. ↑ Stafford, J. Francis; Dulles, Avery; Eno, Robert B.; Fitzmyer, Joseph A; Johnson, Elizabeth; McDonnell, Killian; Peter, Carl J.; Principe, Walter et al. (23 February 1990). "Lutheran-Catholic Statement on Saints, Mary" (in en). USCCB. http://www.usccb.org/beliefs-and-teachings/ecumenical-and-interreligious/ecumenical/lutheran/upload/lu20.pdf.
80. ↑ Armentrout 2000, p. 260.

### Bibliography

* Armentrout, Don S. (2000). An Episcopal Dictionary of the Church: A User-Friendly Reference for Episcopalians. Church Publishing. ISBN 9780898697018. https://books.google.com/books?id=g4_P098HhHMC.
* Barrely, Christine (2014). The Little Book of Mary. Chronicle Books. ISBN 9781452135663. https://books.google.com/books?id=eGWeAgAAQBAJ.
* Boring, Eugene (2012). An Introduction to the New Testament: History, Literature, Theology. Westminster John Knox. ISBN 9788178354569. https://books.google.com/books?id=leFrgkyEtusC.
* Boss, Sarah Jane (2000). Empress and Handmaid: On Nature and Gender in the Cult of the Virgin Mary. A&C Black. ISBN 9780304707812. https://books.google.com/books?id=wPWd4hICgDcC.
* Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (1995). The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837851. https://books.google.com/books?id=Zkla5Gl_66oC.
* Brown, Raymond Edward (1978). Mary in the New Testament. Paulist Press. ISBN 9780809121687. https://books.google.com/books?id=ML1mnUBwmhcC.
* Buchanan, Colin (2015). Historical Dictionary of Anglicanism. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781442250161. https://books.google.com/books?id=mFCbCgAAQBAJ.
* Cameron, Euan (1996), "Cultural and Sociopolitical Context of the Reformation", in Sæbø, Magne; Brekelmans, Christianus; Haran, Menahem et al., Hebrew Bible, Old Testament: The History of Its Interpretation, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, ISBN 9783525539828, https://books.google.com/books?id=OMlT-FViF40C
* Carrigan, Henry L. (2000). "Virgin Birth". in Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C.. Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9789053565032. https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC.
* Collinge, William J. (2012). Historical Dictionary of Catholicism. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810879799. https://books.google.com/books?id=L8C3TKNdn5oC.
* Coyle, Kathleen (1996). Mary in the Christian Tradition: From a Contemporary Perspective. Gracewing Publishing. ISBN 9780852443804. https://books.google.com/books?id=5QCZlA_j3BcC.
* Elliott, J.K. (1993). The Apocryphal New Testament: A Collection of Apocryphal Christian Literature in an English Translation. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780191520327. https://books.google.com/books?id=TXMcJPy1axAC.
* EOTC (2017). The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church Faith, Order and Ecumenical Relation. Tensae Publishing House. https://books.google.com/books?id=ZU5yHAAACAAJ.

* Espín, Orlando O. (2007). "Immaculate Conception". in Espín, Orlando O.; Nickoloff, James B.. An Introductory Dictionary of Theology and Religious Studies. Liturgical Press. ISBN 9780814658567. https://books.google.com/books?id=k85JKr1OXcQC.
* Fastiggi, Robert (2019). "Mariology in the Counter-Reformation". in Maunder, Chris. The Oxford Handbook of Mary. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198792550. https://books.google.com/books?id=NgulDwAAQBAJ.
* Foley, Donal Anthony (2002). Marian Apparitions, the Bible, and the Modern World. Gracewing Publishing. ISBN 9780852443132. https://books.google.com/books?id=p3tChFOtAiwC.
* German, T.J. (2001). "Immaculate Conception". in Elwell, Walter A.. Evangelical Dictionary of Theology. Baker Academic. ISBN 9780801020759. https://books.google.com/books?id=yu846j61u0wC.
* Göle, Nilüfer (2016). Islam and Public Controversy in Europe. Routledge. ISBN 9781317112549. https://books.google.com/books?id=e0sfDAAAQBAJ.
* Granziera, Patrizia (2019). "Mary and Inculturation in Mexico and India". in Maunder, Chris. The Oxford Handbook of Mary. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198792550. https://books.google.com/books?id=NgulDwAAQBAJ.
* Hall, James (2018). Dictionary of Subjects and Symbols in Art. Routledge. ISBN 9780429962509. https://books.google.com/books?id=oR-yDwAAQBAJ.
* Hernández, Rosilie (2019). Immaculate Conceptions: The Power of the Religious Imagination in Early Modern Spain. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9781487504779. https://books.google.com/books?id=UWiwDwAAQBAJ.
* Herringer, Carol Engelhardt (2019). "Mary as Cultural Symbol in the Nineteenth Century". in Maunder, Chris. The Oxford Handbook of Mary. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198792550. https://books.google.com/books?id=NgulDwAAQBAJ.
* Hillerbrand, Hans J. (2012). A New History of Christianity. Abingdon Press. ISBN 9781426719141. https://books.google.com/books?id=pmBUIcGW4T4C&pg=PA63.
* Hammond, Carolyn (2003). "Mary". in Houlden, James Leslie. Jesus in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781576078563. https://books.google.com/books?id=17kzgBusXZIC.
* Jenner, Katherine Lee Rawlings (1910). Our Lady in Art. A.C. McClurg & Company. OCLC 903296042. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/5153827.html.
* Kappes, Christiaan (2014). "Immaculate Conception: Why Thomas Aquinas Denied, While Duns Scotus, Gregory Palamas, and Mark Eugenicus Professed Absolute Immaculate Existence of Mary". Academy of the Immaculate (New Bedford, MA). https://www.academia.edu/4375213.
* Katz, Melissa R.; Orsi, Robert A. (2001). Divine Mirrors: The Virgin Mary in the Visual Arts. Oxford University Press.
* Kritzeck, James Aloysius (2015). Peter the Venerable and Islam. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400875771. https://books.google.com/books?id=KhfWCgAAQBAJ.
* Lohse, Bernhard (1966). A Short History of Christian Doctrine. Fortress Press. ISBN 9781451404234. https://books.google.com/books?id=-_SAE5-K_l8C&pg=PA204.
* Mack, John (2003). The museum of the mind: art and memory in world cultures. British Museum.
* Manelli, Fr. Stephano (1994). All Generations Shall Call Me Blessed: Biblical Mariology. Academy of the Immaculate. ISBN 9781601140005. https://books.google.com/books?id=tUoXAgAAQBAJ.
* Manelli, Fr. Stephano (2008). "The Mystery of the Blessed Virgin Mary in the Old Testament". in Miravalle, Mark I.. Mariology: A Guide for Priests, Deacons, Seminarians, and Consecrated Persons. Seat of Wisdom Books. ISBN 9781579183554. https://books.google.com/books?id=ez0VRbQi1i4C.
* Maunder, Chris (2019). "Introduction". in Maunder, Chris. The Oxford Handbook of Mary. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198792550. https://books.google.com/books?id=NgulDwAAQBAJ.
* Meyendorff, Jean (1981). The Orthodox Church: Its Past and Its Role in the World Today. St Vladimir's Seminary Press. ISBN 9788178354569. https://books.google.com/books?id=E16XzwPdJtsC.
* McGuckin, John Anthony (2010). The Orthodox Church: An Introduction to its History, Doctrine, and Spiritual Culture. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781444393835. https://books.google.com/books?id=wMY5P4KSiM8C.
* Moffitt, John F. (2001), "Modern Extraterrestrial Portraiture", in Caron, Richard; Godwin, Joscelyn; Hanegraaff, Wouter J. et al., Esotérisme, gnoses & imaginaire symbolique: mélanges offerts à Antoine Faivre, Peeters Publishers, ISBN 9789042909557, https://books.google.com/books?id=rNF0O3K2EQEC
* Mullett, Michael A. (1999). The Catholic Reformation. Psychology Press. ISBN 9780415189149. https://books.google.com/books?id=1RRKrNCB5_8C.
* Nixon, Virginia (2004). Mary's Mother: Saint Anne in Late Medieval Europe. Penn State Press. ISBN 0271024666. https://books.google.com/books?id=37XJ2IKgPf0C.
* Norman, Edward R. (2007). The Roman Catholic Church: An Illustrated History. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520252516. https://books.google.com/books?id=XgIyOR8pCHMC.
* Obach, Robert (2008). The Catholic Church on Marital Intercourse: From St. Paul to Pope John Paul II. Lexington Books. ISBN 9780739130896. https://books.google.com/books?id=yP_Sbtq_XZgC.
* O'Collins, Gerald (1983), "Dogma", in Richardson, Alan; Bowden, John, The Westminster Dictionary of Christian Theology, Westminster John Knox Press, ISBN 9780664227487, https://books.google.com/books?id=PN7UMUTBBPAC
* Pies, Ronald W. (2000). The Ethics of the Sages: An Interfaith Commentary on Pirkei Avot. Jason Aronson. ISBN 9780765761033. https://books.google.com/books?id=hErhExBfZAMC.
* Reynolds, Brian (2012). Gateway to Heaven: Marian Doctrine and Devotion, Image and Typology in the Patristic and Medieval Periods, Volume 1. New City Press. ISBN 9781565484498. https://books.google.com/books?id=_yWVkCWe3n0C.
* Schaff, Philip (1931). Creeds of Christendom: Volume I (6th ed.). CCEL. ISBN 9781610250375. https://books.google.com/books?id=ICsleJlkc94C.
* Sheed, Frank J. (1958). Theology for Beginners. A&C Black. ISBN 9780722074251. https://books.google.com/books?id=Du8T-iKfou0C.
* Shoemaker, Stephen J. (2016). Mary in Early Christian Faith and Devotion. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300219531. https://books.google.com/books?id=Fa8ODAAAQBAJ.
* Smit, Peter-Ben (2019). Old Catholic Theology: An Introduction. Brill. ISBN 9789004412149. https://books.google.com/books?id=w8y8DwAAQBAJ.
* Solberg, Emma Maggie (2018). Virgin Whore. Cornell University Press. ISBN 9781501730344. https://books.google.com/books?id=6tpwDwAAQBAJ.
* Stortz, Martha Ellen (2001). "Where or When Was Your Servant Innocent?". in Bunge, Marcia J.. The Child in Christian Thought. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802846938. https://books.google.com/books?id=QBrHz8gRRowC&pg=PA93.
* Tinsley, E.J. (2005), "Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary", in Richardson, Alan; Bowden, John, The Westminster Dictionary of Christian Theology, Presbyterian Publishing House, ISBN 9780664227487, https://books.google.com/books?id=PN7UMUTBBPAC&pg=PA286
* Toews, John (2013). The Story of Original Sin. Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN 9781620323694. https://books.google.com/books?id=5JBNAwAAQBAJ.
* Twomey, Lesley K. (2008). The Serpent and the Rose: The Immaculate Conception and Hispanic Poetry in the Late Medieval Period. Brill. ISBN 9789047433200. https://books.google.com/books?id=Qz6wCQAAQBAJ.
* Ware, Bishop Kallistos (1995). The Orthodox Way. St Vladimir's Seminary Press. ISBN 9780913836583. https://books.google.com/books?id=HG8c-lUZIDEC.
* Wiley, Tatha (2002). Original Sin: Origins, Developments, Contemporary Meanings. Paulist Press. ISBN 9780809141289. https://books.google.com/books?id=eUVrj1R8f2oC.
* Williams, Paul (2019). "The Virgin Mary in the Eucharist". in Maunder, Chris. The Oxford Handbook of Mary. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198792550. https://books.google.com/books?id=NgulDwAAQBAJ.
* Wright, David F. (1992). "Mary". in McKim, Donald K.; Wright, David F.. Encyclopedia of the Reformed Faith. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664218829. https://books.google.com/books?id=MJPsgwN789gC.

## External links

* Ineffabilis Deus – encyclical defining the Immaculate Conception

* v
* t
* e

Mary, mother of Jesus

Family|

* Joseph (husband)
* Jesus (son)
* Joachim (father)
* Anne (mother)
* Elizabeth
* Brothers of Jesus
* Antidicomarianites

Life|

| Tradition: Early Life|

* Immaculate Conception
* Birth
* Presentation
* Marriage to Joseph
* Perpetual virginity

|

In the Bible|

* Annunciation
* Virginal motherhood
* Visitation
* Nativity of Jesus
* Presentation of Jesus
* Flight into Egypt
* Return to Nazareth
* Finding of Jesus in the Temple
* Miracle at the Wedding at Cana
* Passion of Jesus
* Crucifixion
* Deposition
* Resurrection
* Pentecost

Tradition: Later Life|

* Bilocation to St. James
* Dormition
* Assumption
* Coronation
* Queenship
* Woman of the Apocalypse

Apocryphal|

* Protoevangelium of James

Mariology|

| Christian|

* Anglican
* Catholic
* history
* Orthodox
* Protestant
* Lutheran

|

Other|

* Islamic

Veneration|

* Apparitions
* list
* Catholic churches
* Devotions
* month of May
* Feast days
* Patronage
* Shrines
* Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church

Titles|

* Christotokos
* Coredemptrix
* Help of Christians
* Immaculate Heart
* Life-giving Spring
* Mediatrix (of all graces)
* New Eve
* Panagia
* Our Lady of Sorrows
* Our Lady of Victory
* Star of the Sea
* Seat of Wisdom
* Theotokos

Prayers|

* Angelus
* Antiphons
* Alma Redemptoris Mater
* Ave Regina caelorum
* Salve Regina
* Regina caeli
* Hymns
* Akathist
* Magnificat
* Memorare
* Rosary

Art|

| West|

* Assumption
* Black Madonna
* Pietà
* Queen of Heaven
* Stabat Mater

|

East|

* Derzhavnaya
* Eleusa
* Theotokos of Vladimir
* Hodegetria

Related|

* Life of the Virgin

* Category
* Saints Portal

* v
* t
* e

Saints of the Catholic Church

Stages of canonization: Servant of God →  Venerable →  Blessed →  Saint

Virgin Mary|

* Mother of God (Theotokos)
* Immaculate Conception
* Perpetual virginity
* Assumption
* Marian apparition
* Titles of Mary
* Joseph (husband)

Apostles|

* Andrew
* Barnabas
* Bartholomew
* James of Alphaeus
* James the Great
* John
* Jude
* Matthew
* Matthias
* Paul
* Peter
* Philip
* Simon
* Thomas

Archangels|

* Gabriel
* Michael
* Raphael

Confessors|

* Anatolius
* Athanasius the Confessor
* Chariton the Confessor
* Dominic
* Edward the Confessor
* Francis of Assisi
* Francis Borgia
* Louis Bertrand
* Maximus the Confessor
* Michael of Synnada
* Paphnutius the Confessor
* Paul I of Constantinople
* Peter Claver
* Salonius
* Seraphim of Sarov
* Theophanes the Confessor

Disciples|

* Apollos
* Mary Magdalene
* Priscilla and Aquila
* Silvanus
* Stephen
* Timothy
* Titus
* Seventy disciples

Doctors|

* Gregory the Great
* Ambrose
* Augustine of Hippo
* Jerome
* John Chrysostom
* Basil of Caesarea
* Gregory of Nazianzus
* Athanasius of Alexandria
* Cyril of Alexandria
* Cyril of Jerusalem
* John of Damascus
* Bede the Venerable
* Ephrem the Syrian
* Thomas Aquinas
* Bonaventure
* Anselm of Canterbury
* Isidore of Seville
* Peter Chrysologus
* Leo the Great
* Peter Damian
* Bernard of Clairvaux
* Hilary of Poitiers
* Alphonsus Liguori
* Francis de Sales
* Peter Canisius
* John of the Cross
* Robert Bellarmine
* Albertus Magnus
* Anthony of Padua
* Lawrence of Brindisi
* Teresa of Ávila
* Catherine of Siena
* Thérèse of Lisieux
* John of Ávila
* Hildegard of Bingen
* Gregory of Narek

Evangelists|

* Matthew
* Mark
* Luke
* John

Church
Fathers|

* Alexander of Alexandria
* Alexander of Jerusalem
* Ambrose of Milan
* Anatolius
* Athanasius of Alexandria
* Augustine of Hippo
* Caesarius of Arles
* Caius
* Cappadocian Fathers
* Clement of Alexandria
* Clement of Rome
* Cyprian of Carthage
* Cyril of Alexandria
* Cyril of Jerusalem
* Damasus I
* Desert Fathers
* Desert Mothers
* Dionysius of Alexandria
* Dionysius of Corinth
* Dionysius
* Ephrem the Syrian
* Epiphanius of Salamis
* Fulgentius of Ruspe
* Gregory the Great
* Gregory of Nazianzus
* Gregory of Nyssa
* Hilary of Poitiers
* Hippolytus of Rome
* Ignatius of Antioch
* Irenaeus of Lyons
* Isidore of Seville
* Jerome of Stridonium
* John Chrysostom
* John of Damascus
* Maximus the Confessor
* Melito of Sardis
* Quadratus of Athens
* Papias of Hierapolis
* Peter Chrysologus
* Polycarp of Smyrna
* Theophilus of Antioch
* Victorinus of Pettau
* Vincent of Lérins
* Zephyrinus

Martyrs|

* Canadian Martyrs
* Carthusian Martyrs
* Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala
* Dismas the Good Thief
* Forty Martyrs of England and Wales
* Four Crowned Martyrs
* Gerard of Csanád
* Great Martyr
* The Holy Innocents
* Irish Martyrs
* Joan of Arc
* John Fisher
* Lübeck martyrs
* Luigi Versiglia
* Korean Martyrs
* Martyrology
* Martyrs of Albania
* Martyrs of China
* Martyrs of Japan
* Martyrs of Laos
* Martyrs of Natal
* Martyrs of Otranto
* Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War
* Maximilian Kolbe
* Óscar Romero
* Pedro Calungsod
* Perpetua and Felicity
* Peter Chanel
* Pietro Parenzo
* Philomena
* Saints of the Cristero War
* Stephen
* Teresa Benedicta of the Cross
* Thomas Becket
* Thomas More
* Three Martyrs of Chimbote
* Uganda Martyrs
* Vietnamese Martyrs
* Valentine of Rome
* Victor and Corona
* Lorenzo Ruiz

Missionaries|

* Augustine of Canterbury
* Boniface
* Damien of Molokai
* Francis Xavier
* François de Laval
* Gregory the Illuminator
* Junípero Serra
* Nico of Georgia
* Patrick of Ireland
* Remigius

Patriarchs|

* Adam
* Abel
* Abraham
* Isaac
* Jacob
* Joseph
* Joseph (father of Jesus)
* David
* Noah
* Solomon
* Matriarchs

Popes|

* Adeodatus I
* Adeodatus II
* Adrian III
* Agapetus I
* Agatho
* Alexander I
* Anacletus
* Anastasius I
* Anicetus
* Anterus
* Benedict II
* Boniface I
* Boniface IV
* Caius
* Callixtus I
* Celestine I
* Celestine V
* Clement I
* Cornelius
* Damasus I
* Dionysius
* Eleuterus
* Eugene I
* Eusebius
* Eutychian
* Evaristus
* Fabian
* Felix I
* Felix III
* Felix IV
* Gelasius I
* Gregory I
* Gregory II
* Gregory III
* Gregory VII
* Hilarius
* Hormisdas
* Hyginus
* Innocent I
* John I
* John XXIII
* John Paul II
* Julius I
* Leo I
* Leo II
* Leo III
* Leo IV
* Leo IX
* Linus
* Lucius I
* Marcellinus
* Marcellus I
* Mark
* Martin I
* Miltiades
* Nicholas I
* Paschal I
* Paul I
* Paul VI
* Peter
* Pius I
* Pius V
* Pius X
* Pontian
* Sergius I
* Silverius
* Simplicius
* Siricius
* Sixtus I
* Sixtus II
* Sixtus III
* Soter
* Stephen I
* Stephen IV
* Sylvester I
* Symmachus
* Telesphorus
* Urban I
* Victor I
* Vitalian
* Zachary
* Zephyrinus
* Zosimus

Prophets|

* Agabus
* Amos
* Anna
* Baruch ben Neriah
* David
* Dalua
* Elijah
* Ezekiel
* Habakkuk
* Haggai
* Hosea
* Isaiah
* Jeremiah
* Job
* Joel
* John the Baptist
* Jonah
* Judas Barsabbas
* Malachi
* Melchizedek
* Micah
* Moses
* Nahum
* Obadiah
* Samuel
* Seven Maccabees and their mother
* Simeon
* Zechariah (prophet)
* Zechariah (NT)
* Zephaniah

Virgins|

* Agatha of Sicily
* Agnes of Rome
* Angela of the Cross
* Æthelthryth
* Bernadette Soubirous
* Brigid of Kildare
* Catherine of Siena
* Cecilia
* Clare of Assisi
* Eulalia of Mérida
* Euphemia
* Genevieve
* Kateri Tekakwitha
* Lucy of Syracuse
* Maria Goretti
* Teresa of Calcutta
* Narcisa de Jesús
* Rose of Lima

See also|

* Calendar of saints
* Fourteen Holy Helpers
* Military saints
* Athleta Christi
* Miles Christianus
* Church Militant
* Virtuous pagan

*   *

Template:Liturgical year of the Catholic Church

* v
* t
* e

History of the Catholic Church

General|

* History of the Catholic Church
* By country or region
* Ecclesiastical history
* Timeline
* Papacy
* Papal primacy
* Catholic ecumenical councils
* First seven
* Catholic Bible
* Biblical canon
* Vulgate
* History of the Roman Curia
* Religious institutes
* Christian monasticism
* Catholic culture
* Art
* Role in civilization
* Papal States
* Latin Church
* Eastern Catholic Churches

Early Church
(30–325/476)|

| Origins and
Apostolic Age (30–100)|

* Jesus
* Ministry
* Crucifixion
* Resurrection
* Great Commission
* Holy Spirit
* Mary
* John the Baptist
* Apostles
* Commissioning
* Peter
* John
* Paul
* Stephen
* Council of Jerusalem
* Split with Judaism
* New Testament
* Background
* Gospels
* Acts
* Pauline epistles
* General epistles
* Revelation

|

Ante-Nicene period (100–325)|

* Persecution
* Church Fathers
* Apostolic Fathers
* Pope Clement I
* Polycarp
* Ignatius
* Irenaeus
* Justin Martyr
* Canon
* Tertullian
* Origen

Late antiquity
(313–476)|

| Great Church
(180–451)
Roman
state church
(380-451)|

* Constantine the Great
* Christianity
* Arian controversy
* Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
* Old St. Peter's Basilica
* First Council of Nicaea
* Pope Sylvester I
* First Council of Constantinople
* Biblical canon
* Jerome
* Vulgate
* Council of Ephesus
* Council of Chalcedon

|

Early Middle Ages|

* Benedict of Nursia
* Monasticism
* Second Council of Constantinople
* Pope Gregory I
* Gregorian chant
* Islamic conquests
* Third Council of Constantinople
* Saint Boniface
* Byzantine Iconoclasm
* Second Council of Nicaea
* Charlemagne
* Pope Leo III
* Fourth Council of Constantinople
* East–West Schism

High Middle Ages|

* Pope Urban II
* Investiture Controversy
* Crusades
* Northern
* States
* Military orders
* Universities
* Scholasticism
* First Council of the Lateran
* Second Council of the Lateran
* Third Council of the Lateran
* Pope Innocent III
* Latin Empire
* Francis of Assisi
* Fourth Council of the Lateran
* Inquisition
* First Council of Lyon
* Second Council of Lyon
* Bernard of Clairvaux

Late Middle Ages|

* Thomas Aquinas
* Pope Boniface VIII
* Western Schism
* Avignon Papacy
* Pope Clement V
* Council of Vienne
* Knights Templar
* Catherine of Siena
* Pope Alexander VI
* Age of Discovery

Reformation
Catholic Reformation

* Reformation
* Catholic Reformation
* Thomas More
* Pope Leo X
* Society of Jesus
* Ignatius of Loyola
* Francis Xavier
* Dissolution of the Monasteries
* Council of Trent
* Pope Pius V
* Tridentine Mass
* Teresa of Ávila
* John of the Cross
* Philip Neri
* Robert Bellarmine
* Thirty Years' War

Baroque Period to the
French Revolution

* Pope Innocent XI
* Pope Benedict XIV
* Suppression of the Society of Jesus
* Age of Enlightenment
* Anti-clericalism
* Pope Pius VI
* Shimabara Rebellion
* Edict of Nantes
* Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution

19th century|

* Pope Pius VII
* Pope Pius IX
* Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary
* Our Lady of La Salette
* Our Lady of Lourdes
* First Vatican Council
* Papal infallibility
* Pope Leo XIII
* Mary of the Divine Heart
* Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart
* Rerum novarum

20th century|

* Pope Pius X
* Our Lady of Fátima
* Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII
* Pope Pius XII
* Pope Pius XII Consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary
* Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary
* Lateran Treaty
* Nazism
* Pope John XXIII
* Second Vatican Council
* Pope Paul VI
* Pope John Paul I
* Mother Teresa
* Communism
* Pope John Paul II
* World Youth Day
* 1995

21st century|

* Sexual abuse scandal
* Islam
* World Youth Day
* 2000
* 2002
* 2005
* 2008
* 2011
* 2013
* 2016
* 2019
* Pope Benedict XVI
* Pope Francis

*   *

* v
* t
* e

Catholic Church

* Index
* Outline
* Glossary
* Lists of Catholics

History
Timeline
Ecclesiastical
Legal|

| Early Church|

* Jesus
* Ministry
* Crucifixion
* Resurrection
* Great Commission
* Apostles
* Succession
* Petrine primacy
* Church fathers
* Apostolic fathers
* History of the papacy
* Primacy

|

Great Church|

* Ante-Nicene Period
* Constantine
* First seven ecumenical councils
* Nicaea I
* Chalcedon
* Late antiquity
* Biblical canon
* Monasticism

Middle Ages|

* Islamic conquests
* Pope Gregory I
* Papal States
* Schism (1054)
* Investiture Controversy
* Crusades
* Schism (1378)
* Inquisition
* Universities
* Scholasticism
* Age of Discovery

Modern era|

* Protestant Reformation
* Catholic Reformation
* Trent
* Thirty Years' War
* Enlightenment
* French Revolution
* Nazism
* Vatican II
* Communism
* Sexual abuse scandal
* Islam

Theology
Bible
Tradition;
Catechism|

| General|

* God
* Trinity
* Kingdom
* Body and soul
* Divine grace
* Dogma
* Nicene Creed
* Original sin
* Saints
* Salvation
* Sermon on the Mount
* Ten Commandments
* Vulgate
* Official Bible
* Vulgata Sixtina
* Sixto-Clementine Vulgate
* Nova Vulgata
* Worship

|

Ecclesiology|

* Communitas perfecta
* Councils
* Ecumenism
* Four marks
* Catholic
* Infallibility
* Corporis Christi
* One true church
* People of God
* Three states
* Subsistit in
* In canon law

Sacraments|

* Baptism
* Confirmation
* Eucharist
* Penance
* Anointing of the Sick
* Last rites
* Holy orders
* Matrimony

Mariology|

* Assumption
* History
* Immaculate Conception
* Mariology of the popes
* Mariology of the saints
* Mother of God
* Perpetual virginity
* Veneration
* See also:
* Josephology

Philosophy|

* Natural law
* Moral theology
* Personalism
* Social teaching
* Philosophers
* Philosophy of canon law
* See also:
* Science
* Evolution
* Separation of church and state
* Relations
* Politics

Saints|

* Holy Family
* Mary
* Joseph
* Patriarchs
* Prophets
* Archangels
* Martyrs
* Doctors of the Church
* Evangelists
* Confessors
* Disciples
* Virgins

Organisation
Hierarchy
Canon law
Laity
Precedence
By country|

| Holy See
(List of popes)|

* Pope Francis
* Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI
* Ecumenical councils
* College of Cardinals
* List
* Advisers
* Roman Curia
* Dicasteries
* Synod of Bishops
* Properties

| Vatican City|

* Index
* Outline
* Apostolic Palace
* Lateran Treaty
* Roman Rota
* St. Peter's Basilica
* Swiss Guard
* Vatican Museums

|

Polity (Holy orders)|

* Diocese (Episcopal conference):
* Bishop
* Patriarch
* Major
* Primate
* Metropolitan
* Archbishop
* Diocesan
* Coadjutor
* Auxiliary
* Titular
* Emeritus
* Parish:
* Priest
* Deacon

Consecrated life|

* Religious:
* Superior
* Abbot/Abbess
* General
* Provincial
* Prior/Prioress
* Grand Master
* Brother
* Friar
* Monk
* Sister
* Nun
* Hermit
* Novice
* Master
* Oblate
* Postulant

Particular churches
sui iuris|

* Latin Church
* Eastern Catholic Churches:
* Albanian
* Armenian
* Belarusian
* Bulgarian
* Chaldean
* Coptic
* Croatian and Serbian
* Eritrean
* Ethiopian
* Georgian
* Greek
* Hungarian
* Italo-Albanian
* Macedonian
* Maronite
* Melkite
* Romanian
* Russian
* Ruthenian
* Slovak
* Syriac
* Syro-Malabar
* Syro-Malankara
* Ukrainian

Liturgical rites|

* Alexandrian
* Antiochian
* Armenian
* Byzantine
* East Syriac
* Latin
* Ambrosian
* Braga
* Mozarabic
* Roman
* Paul VI
* Tridentine
* Anglican
* Zaire
* West Syriac
* Malankara

Culture|

* Art
* Marian
* Artists
* Authors
* Church buildings
* Altarpieces
* Library
* Museums
* Music
* Distinctions
* Role in civilisation
* See also:
* Criticism of the Catholic Church
* Anti-Catholicism

Media|

* Holy See Press Office
* Vatican Media
* Vatican News
* Vatican Television Center
* Vatican Radio
* Vatican Polyglot Press
* L'Osservatore Romano
* Acta Apostolicae Sedis
* Annuario Pontificio

Religious orders,
institutes, societies|

* Assumptionists
* Annonciades
* Augustinians
* Basilians
* Benedictines
* Bethlehemites
* Blue nuns
* Camaldoleses
* Camillians
* Carmelites
* Carthusians
* Cistercians
* Clarisses
* Conceptionists
* Crosiers
* Dominicans
* Franciscans
* Good Shepherd Sisters
* Hieronymites
* Jesuits
* Mercedarians
* Minims
* Olivetans
* Oratorians
* Piarists
* Premonstratensians
* Redemptorists
* Servites
* Theatines
* Trappists
* Trinitarians
* Visitandines

Associations
of the faithful|

* Confraternities
* Movements
* Lay
* Marian
* Youth
* Workers
* Third orders
* Saint Dominic
* Lay Carmelites
* Discalced
* Saint Francis
* Secular
* Military orders
* Fimcap
* Catholic Action
* Charismatic Renewal
* Communion and Liberation
* Sant'Egidio
* Focolare
* International Alliance of Catholic Knights
* Scouting
* Legion of Mary
* Neocatechumenal Way
* Opus Dei
* Schoenstatt

Charities|

* Aid to the Church in Need
* Caritas
* Home Missions
* Relief Services
* CIDSE
* Pax Christi
* Society of Saint Vincent de Paul

* See also:
* Health care
* Schools
* Universities

*   * Book
* Category

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