Jubilee in the Catholic Church

Short description: Special year of remission of sins and universal pardon

For other uses, see Jubilee (disambiguation).

Vatican stamps of 1933 marking the holy year

A jubilee is a special year of remission of sins, debts and universal pardon. In the Book of Leviticus, a jubilee year is mentioned as occurring every 50th year (after 49 years, 7×7, as per Leviticus 25:8) during which slaves and prisoners would be freed, debts would be forgiven, and the mercies of God would be particularly manifest.

In Western Christianity, the tradition dates to 1300, when Pope Boniface VIII convoked a holy year, following which ordinary jubilees have generally been celebrated every 25 or 50 years, with additional "extraordinary" jubilees declared depending on the need. Catholic jubilees, particularly in the Latin Church, generally involve a pilgrimage to a sacred site, normally the city of Rome.

The most recent ordinary holy year was the Jubilee Year of Hope, which commenced on 24 December 2024 and ended on 6 January 2026. The present extraordinary holy year is the Jubilee of St. Francis, which commenced on 10 January 2026 and will be concluded on 10 January 2027.[1][2] It is planned to have an extraordinary jubilee in 2033 to commemorate the 2,000th anniversary of the death and resurrection of Jesus.[3]

## Contents

* 1 Biblical origins
* 2 Definition
* 3 History
* 3.1 First Christian jubilee
* 3.2 Jubilee of 1350
* 3.3 Jubilees of 1390 and 1423
* 3.4 15th century
* 3.5 16th to 17th centuries
* 3.6 18th to 19th centuries
* 3.7 20th-century jubilees
* 3.8 "Great Jubilee" of 2000
* 3.9 Extraordinary Jubilee of Mercy, 2016
* 3.10 2025 Jubilee
* 3.11 Extraordinary Jubilee of St. Francis
* 4 Ceremonial of the jubilee
* 5 Jubilee "in Perpetuum"
* 6 Miscellaneous jubilee events
* 7 Jubilee indulgence
* 8 List of Roman Catholic jubilee years
* 8.1 Ordinary jubilees
* 8.2 Extraordinary jubilees
* 9 See also
* 10 Notes
* 11 References
* 12 External links

## Biblical origins

Main article: History:Jubilee (biblical)

In Jewish tradition, the jubilee year was a time of joy, the year of remission or universal pardon. Leviticus 25:10 reads "Thou shalt sanctify the fiftieth year, and shalt proclaim remission to all the inhabitants of thy land: for it is the year of jubilee."[4]

The same concept forms the fundamental idea of the Christian jubilee. The number 50 was specially associated in the early 13th century with the idea of remission. The translation of the body of Thomas Becket took place in the year 1220, 50 years after his martyrdom. The sermon on that occasion was preached by Cardinal Stephen Langton, who told his hearers that this coincidence was meant by Providence to recall "the mystical virtue of the number fifty, which, as every reader of the sacred page is aware, is the number of remission."[4]

In the Chronicle of Alberic of Three Fountains, under the year 1208 (rather than 1200), is this brief entry: "It is said that this year was celebrated as the fiftieth year, or the year of jubilee and remission, in the Roman Court."[4] In Ancient Rome, it was said the jubilee was the celebration coinciding with the centenaries since the founding of Rome; this pagan celebration was co-opted into the tradition of the jubilee.[5]

## Definition

In Roman Catholic tradition, a jubilee or Holy Year is a year of forgiveness of sins and also the punishment due to sin. It is a year of reconciliation between adversaries, of conversion and receiving the Sacrament of Reconciliation, "... and consequently of solidarity, hope, justice, commitment to serve God with joy and in peace with our brothers and sisters".[6] A jubilee can be ordinary if it falls after the set period of years or extraordinary if it is proclaimed for some outstanding event.

## History

### First Christian jubilee

In the face of great suffering caused by wars and diseases such as the plague, thousands of pilgrims came to Rome at Christmas in 1299. Cardinal Giacomo Gaetani Stefaneschi, the contemporary and counsellor of Pope Boniface VIII, and author of a treatise on the first Christian jubilee, noted that the proclamation of the jubilee owed its origin to the statements of certain aged pilgrims who persuaded Boniface that great indulgences had been granted to all pilgrims in Rome about a hundred years before.[4]

On 22 February 1300, Boniface published the bull "Antiquorum habet fida relatio",[7] in which, appealing vaguely to the precedent of past ages, he declared "...the most full, pardon of all their sins", to those who fulfill certain conditions. These are, first, that being truly penitent they confess their sins, and secondly, that they visit the basilicas of St. Peter and St. Paul in Rome, at least once a day for a specified time—in the case of the inhabitants of the city for 30 days, in the case of strangers for 15 days.[4]

The word "jubilee" does not occur in the bull. The pope speaks rather of a celebration which is to occur every 100 years, but writers both Roman and foreign described this year as annus jubileus, and the name "jubilee" (though others, such as the "holy year" or "the golden year", have been used, as well) has been applied to such celebrations ever since.[4] Among those who are recorded as among the pilgrims of that first jubilee are Cimabue, Giotto, Charles, Count of Valois, the chronicler Giovanni Villani, and Dante Alighieri, who mentions it in the Divine Comedy in Canto XVIII of "Inferno" and canto XXXI of "Paradiso".

### Jubilee of 1350

Boniface VIII had intended that the jubilee should be celebrated only once in 100 years. Before the middle of the 14th century, Bridget of Sweden and the poet Petrarch (among others) urged Pope Clement VI,[8] then residing at Avignon, to change this. In 1343, Clement VI assented and issued the bull "Unigenitus", and set the time frame for every 50 years.[8] In 1350, a jubilee was held, and although the pope did not return to Rome, Cardinal Gaetani Ceccano was dispatched to represent him. On this occasion, daily visits to the Archbasilica of St. John Lateran were enjoined, besides those to the basilicas of St. Peter and St. Paul outside the Walls.[6][4]

### Jubilees of 1390 and 1423

In virtue of an ordinance of Pope Urban VI, it was proposed to hold a jubilee every 33 years as representing the period of the sojourn of Christ upon earth and also the average span of human life.[4] The next jubilee was held in 1390, and the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore was added to the list. The visits to these four churches has remained as one of the conditions for gaining the Roman jubilee indulgence.[4]

In 1400 so many people came to Rome that Pope Boniface IX granted the indulgence again, though he had not decreed a jubilee year previously. One of the most severe occurrences of plague during the Second plague pandemic was exacerbated by the many pilgrims making their way to and from Rome; in the city itself 600–800 of the faithful died daily.[9]

Another jubilee was proclaimed by Pope Martin V in 1423 (33 years after the last proclaimed jubilee in 1390), but Pope Nicholas V, in 1450, reverted to the quinquagesimal period, while in 1470 Pope Paul II decreed that the jubilee should be celebrated every 25 years, and this has been the normal rule ever since.[4] Paul also permitted foreigners to visit some specified church in their own country, and contribute towards the expense of the Holy Wars, as a substitute for the pilgrimage to Rome.Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; refs with no name must have content

### 15th century

The jubilees of 1450 and 1475 were attended by vast crowds of pilgrims, and that of 1450 was unfortunately made famous by a terrible accident in which nearly 200 people were trampled to death in a panic which occurred on the bridge of Sant' Angelo. Following this disaster, great pains were taken to widen the thoroughfares and to provide for the entertainment and comfort of the pilgrims by numerous charitable organizations, of which the Archconfraternity of the Holy Trinity, founded by Saint Philip Neri, was the most famous.[4] In 1450, Rome was a largely rural area surrounded by the Aurelian Walls and inhabited by no more than 30,000 people engaged mainly in stock-rearing, in contrast with the economic centres of Florence, Venice, and Milan.[10] Wolves frequented the Vatican Gardens, the population was centred on the Tiber near the Campus Martius, while round the churches of San Giovanni in Laterano and Santa Maria Maggiore were separate villages.[10] Pope Nicholas V used the wealth brought in by pilgrims in the jubilee year of 1450 to convert the medieval city into a Renaissance capital, to found the Vatican Library, and to permanently move the papal seat to the west bank of the Tiber away from the Roman masses who had evicted his predecessor: the Vatican Palace and St Peter's Basilica thus replaced St John Lateran as the main papal headquarters.[10] The nearby Castel Sant'Angelo was rebuilt, along with new fortifications encircling what is now the Vatican City, which Pope Nicholas made his home.[10] According to Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini, 40,000 pilgrims arrived in Rome every day for the jubilee in 1450. With them came plague, and some members of the Curia died of the infection while the Pope himself fled Rome for Fabriano in the Apennine Mountains.[10]

In 1500, Pope Alexander VI announced that the Holy Doors in the four major basilicas would be opened simultaneously, and that he himself would open the Holy Door of Saint Peter's. The celebrations around this were "founded on ancient rites and full of symbolic meaning" and the total number attending the initial jubilee events was, according to Johann Burchard, an estimated 200,000 people.[11] This act definitively ushered in several customs.[note 1]

### 16th to 17th centuries

The ninth jubilee was solemnly opened on 24 December 1524, by Pope Clement VII, at a time when symptoms of the great crises which would soon tear the Church apart were already present, with the Protestant Reformation. The 1550 Jubilee was proclaimed by Pope Paul III, but Pope Julius III actually opened it. In 1575, in the time of Pope Gregory XIII, as many as 300,000 people came to Rome from all over Europe. The following Holy Year was proclaimed by Pope Clement VIII in 1600.

A piastre from the Holy Year 1675, issued under Clement X, mint of Rome, Papal States

In 1625, Pope Urban VIII opened the ceremonial doors for the jubilee year. However, the number of pilgrims was lower than expected due to the wars in northern Italy, so the Pope suspended the declaration of indulgences outside Rome in an attempt to lure the faithful to the city. He then went on to declare a universal or extraordinary jubilee in 1628 to pray for peace. This was repeated the next year in 1629, bringing material benefits to the city.[12] Finally, Innocent X oversaw the last of his jubilees in 1650. Pope Clement X presided over that of 1675 and Pope Clement XI over that of 1700.

### 18th to 19th centuries

Clement XI is remembered especially for establishing one of Rome's most renowned charitable institutions, the hospice of San Michele a Ripa. Gradually, other similar institutions were opened to offer shelter and assistance to pilgrims, as in 1725, the Holy Year called by Pope Benedict XIII. A famous preacher during the Jubilee of 1750, proclaimed by Pope Benedict XIV, was Leonard of Port Maurice, who set up 14 Stations of the Cross inside the ruins of the Colosseum. Pope Clement XIV announced the Jubilee of 1775, but died three months before Christmas and the Holy Door was opened by the new pope, Pius VI.

The difficulties faced by the Church during the hegemonic rule of Napoleon prevented Pope Pius VII from proclaiming the Jubilee of 1800, but more than a half a million pilgrims made the journey to Rome for the Jubilee of 1825. Pope Pius VIII declared a further two-week jubilee in 1829, celebrated in Rome from 28 June to 12 July, and over two locally determined weeks outside Rome.[13] Pope Gregory XVI instituted a three-week jubilee over the period from 23 December 1832 to 13 January 1833 in celebration of the start of his pontificate.[14]

The Holy Year could not be celebrated in 1850 because of the unsettled situation in the Roman Republic and the temporary exile of Pope Pius IX. However, he was able to announce a jubilee for 1875, but it was celebrated without any external solemnity, with only the clergy present for the inauguration. The holy doors were not opened, and the pilgrims who came were generally in Rome to do homage to the pope, who had not accepted the Italian annexation of Rome by the troops of Victor Emmanuel II of Italy, rather than to obtain an indulgence.

The Jubilee of 1900, though shorn of much of its splendor by the self-confinement of the pope within the limits of the Vatican, was, nevertheless, carried out by Pope Leo XIII with all possible solemnity.[4]

### 20th-century jubilees

Souvenirs, the first two dated 1950, third one 1975, and the last one 2000.

In the 20th century, jubilees were held in 1925, 1933 (in commemoration of the 1900th anniversary of the traditional year of Jesus's death and resurrection), 1950, 1966 (post-Council jubilee),[15] 1975, 1983 (for the Holy Year of the Redemption: the 1950th anniversary of Jesus's death and resurrection), and 2000.

Pope Pius XII used the occasion of the 1950 Jubilee to declare a new pontifical anthem for the Vatican City. With the encyclical Fulgens corona, he declared the first Marian year or "Little Holy Year" for 1954. Pope John Paul II proclaimed a Marian year in 1987, again four years after the 1983 Jubilee.

### "Great Jubilee" of 2000

Pope John Paul II announced a Great Jubilee for the year 2000 with his apostolic letter Tertio Millennio Adveniente (As the Third Millennium Approaches) of 10 November 1994. In this writing, he called for a three-year preparation period leading up to the opening of the Great Jubilee on 24 December 1999. The first year, 1997, was to be dedicated to meditation on Jesus, the second to the Holy Spirit, and the third to God the Father. This Jubilee was especially marked by a simplification of the rites and the requirements for achieving the indulgence, as well as a huge effort to involve other Christians in the celebration.

Protestants and the Eastern Orthodox Church were invited to celebrate the jubilee together with Catholics as a sign of ecumenism. Furthermore, special jubilees were invoked for various groups within the Church, such as children, athletes, politicians, and actors. World Youth Day, celebrated in Rome in August, brought over two million young people together.

The jubilee was closed by the pope on 6 January 2001, by the closing of the holy door of St. Peter's Basilica and the promulgation of the apostolic letter Novo Millennio Ineunte (Upon Entering the New Millennium), which outlined the pope's vision for the future of the church.

### Extraordinary Jubilee of Mercy, 2016

On 13 March 2015, Pope Francis announced a special jubilee on the theme of mercy to be held from 8 December 2015, until 20 November 2016,[16] and formally convoked the holy year through the papal bull of indiction, Misericordiae Vultus (The Face of Mercy), on 11 April 2015.[17]

### 2025 Jubilee

The 2025 jubilee year commenced on 24 December 2024, also marking the 1,700th anniversary of the Council of Nicaea (325 AD). Pope Francis designated the 2025 Holy Year as a time to renew ourselves as "Pilgrims of hope."[18] The Jubilee Year, opened by Pope Francis was closed by Pope Leo XIV, after Francis' death in April 2025 at age 88[19]. The Jubilee Year attracted an approximate 33 million pilgrims to Rome according to official data released by the Vatican[20]. This amount exceeded initial predictions by the Roma Tre University which estimated that a total of 31 million pilgrims would travel to Rome during the Jubilee Year. Archbishop Rino Fisichella, pro-prefect of the Dicastery for Evangelisation stated that, 'The Papal Basilicas and other centers of prayer—such as the Holy Stairs—recorded unprecedented attendance levels'. He further commented that, 'Confessions increased, and the Jubilee celebration of complete forgiveness, the indulgence, has reached everyone'[20].

### Extraordinary Jubilee of St. Francis

On 10 January 2026, just 4 days after the closing of 2025 Jubilee, Pope Leo XIV announced a special jubilee on commemorating the 800th anniversary of the Transitus of St. Francis of Assisi, to be held from 10 January 2026 to 10 January 2027.[1][2]

## Ceremonial of the jubilee

The Holy Door of Saint Peter’s Basilica by Vico Consorti, cast by Ferdinando Marinelli Artistic Foundry of Florence. The northernmost entrance of the basilica, the set of holy doors is cemented shut and only opened for Jubilee Years. The marble plaques above bear dates concerning Popes Paul VI and John Paul II.

The most distinctive feature in the ceremonial of the jubilee is the unwalling and the final walling up of the "holy door" in each of the four great basilicas which the pilgrims are required to visit.[4] The doors are opened by the pope at the beginning of the jubilee and then sealed up again afterwards. Previously, the rite included the use of a silver hammer (for removing concrete at the opening) and a silver trowel (for sealing it again after the jubilee). The pope would pound on the wall, which would then be set to collapse. This form of the ritual had caused injury to bystanders and debris grazed Pope Paul VI, so for the Great Jubilee of 2000, Pope John Paul II simplified the rite considerably by opening and closing the unsealed holy doors with his hands.

Traditionally, the pope himself opens and closes the holy doors of Saint Peter's Basilica personally, while designating a cardinal to open those of Saint John Lateran (the pope’s actual cathedral), Saint Mary Major, and Saint Paul Outside the Walls. For the Great Jubilee, Pope John Paul II chose to open all four doors himself, while still designating cardinals to close all the holy doors the following year except that of Saint Peter's.

Catholic parishes all over the world perform similar rites of dedicating an existing door for the jubilee year. This allows parishioners not present in Rome for the occasion to obtain the same indulgences attached to the holy doors of the four major basilicas.

## Jubilee "in Perpetuum"

The Jubilee in perpetuum refers to the possibility, granted by the Holy See, for periodic and continuous celebration of a Jubilee Year in specific locations recognized as centers of spiritual renewal and of particular importance to the Catholic faith.

## Miscellaneous jubilee events

In August 2020, Pope Francis approved the extension of the Jubilee Year of Loreto to 2021. The jubilee year marks the 100th anniversary of the official proclamation of Our Lady of Loreto as the patroness of pilots and air passengers. It began 8 December 2019 and was due to end 10 December 2020, the feast of Our Lady of Loreto, but was extended to 10 December 2021 because of disruptions due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[21]

## Jubilee indulgence

This is a plenary indulgence which, as stated by Pope Boniface VIII in consistory, it is the intention of the Holy See to grant in the most ample manner possible. When first conceded, such an indulgence, and also the privilege annexed of choosing a confessor who had power to absolve from reserved cases, was a much rarer spiritual boon than it has since become. So preeminent was the favor then regarded that the custom arose of suspending all other indulgences during the jubilee year, a practice which, with certain modifications, still exists to the present day. The precise conditions for gaining each jubilee indulgence are determined by the Roman pontiff, and they are usually announced in a special Bull, distinct from that which it is customary to issue on the preceding feast of the Ascension giving notice of the forthcoming celebration. The main conditions, however, which do not usually vary, are five: confession, Communion, prayer for the Pope, complete renunciation of all attachment to sin, and visits to the four basilicas during a certain specified period. (The first four are common to all plenary indulgences.) The statement made by some, that the jubilee indulgence, being a culpa et a paena, did not of old presuppose either confession or repentance, is absolutely without foundation, and is contradicted by every extant official document of the Roman Catholic Church. Besides the ordinary jubilee indulgence, to be gained only by pilgrims who pay a visit to Rome, or through special concession by certain cloistered religious confined within their monasteries, it has long been customary to extend this indulgence the following year to the faithful throughout the world, though in 2000, the indulgence was extended to the whole world during the jubilee year itself. For this, fresh conditions are appointed, usually including a certain number of visits to local churches and sometimes fasting or other works of charity. Further, the popes have constantly exercised their prerogative of conceding to all the faithful indulgences ad instar jubilaei (after the model of a jubilee) which are commonly known as "extraordinary jubilees". On these occasions, as at the jubilee itself, special facilities are usually accorded for absolution from reserved cases, though on the other hand, the great indulgence is only to be gained by the performance of conditions much more onerous than those required for an ordinary plenary indulgence. Such extraordinary jubilees are commonly granted by a newly elected pontiff at his accession or on occasions of some unexpected celebration, as was done, for example, at the convening of the First Vatican Council, or again at times of great calamity.[4]

Pope John Paul II convoked jubilees in 1983 (Holy Year of the Redemption) and in 2000 (the Great Jubilee). In 2000, he greatly liberalized the conditions for gaining the jubilee indulgence. A visit to only one of the four patriarchal basilicas in Rome was necessary (entering through the holy door). To the four basilicas were added the Sanctuary of Divine Love in Rome, and each diocese was permitted to name a location within the diocese where the indulgence could be gained. For instance, the Diocese of Rome added the chapel in the airport at Fiumicino as a possible pilgrimage site. Most dioceses simply named the local cathedral as the pilgrimage site. Multiple visits were not required. On the last full day of the jubilee, pilgrims were permitted to enter the holy door at St. Peter's until late into the night, so that no one would be denied the opportunity to gain the indulgence. The requirements of confession, communion, prayer for the pope, and freedom from all attachment to sin remained in place, as for all plenary indulgences.

## List of Roman Catholic jubilee years

### Ordinary jubilees

1. 1300: Boniface VIII
2. 1350: Clement VI
3. 1400: Boniface IX
4. 1450: Nicholas V
5. 1475: Sixtus IV
6. 1500: Alexander VI
7. 1525: Clement VII
8. 1550: Julius III
9. 1575: Gregory XIII
10. 1600: Clement VIII
11. 1625: Urban VIII
12. 1650: Innocent X
13. 1675: Clement X
14. 1700: Innocent XII and Clement XI
15. 1725: Benedict XIII
16. 1750: Benedict XIV
17. 1775: Pius VI
18. 1825: Leo XII
19. 1875: Pius IX (without great solemnity)
20. 1900: Leo XIII
21. 1925: Pius XI
22. 1950: Pius XII
23. 1975: Paul VI
24. 2000: John Paul II
25. 2025: Francis and Leo XIV

### Extraordinary jubilees

1. 1390: Urban VI and Boniface IX
2. 1423: Martin V
3. 1585: Sixtus V
4. 1655: Alexander VII
5. 1745: Benedict XIV
6. 1829: Pius VIII
7. 1886: Leo XIII
8. 1933: Pius XI
9. 1966: Paul VI
10. 1983: John Paul II
11. 2015: Francis
12. 2026: Leo XIV

## See also

* Marian year
* Jubilee (disambiguation page)
* Christian views on the Old Covenant

## Notes

1. ↑ See Pope Alexander VI: The Jubilee (1500).

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Pope Leo XIV proclaims Franciscan Jubilee Year for the" (in en). https://ofm.org/en/pope-leo-xiv-proclaims-franciscan-jubilee-year-for-the.html.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Esteves, Junno Arocho (2026-01-13). "Pope sets Jubilee to mark 800th year since St. Francis’ death; saint’s body to be displayed - OSV News" (in en-US). https://www.osvnews.com/pope-sets-jubilee-to-mark-800th-year-since-st-francis-death-saints-body-to-be-displayed/.
3. ↑ EWTN (2025-06-16). "Global 2033: Preparing for the 2000th Anniversary of Christ's Resurrection" (in en-US). https://ewtnvatican.com/articles/global-2033-preparing-for-the-2000th-anniversary-of-christs-resurrection-5681.
4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 Herbermann, Charles, ed (1913). "Holy Year of Jubilee". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton.
5. ↑ Gli ospizi medioevali e l'Ospedal-grande di Viterbo: memorie storiche, By Cesare Pinzi (1893), page 14.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "HISTORY". https://www.vatican.va/jubilee_2000/docs/documents/ju_documents_17-feb-1997_history_en.html.
7. ↑ "The Jubilee Bull of Boniface VIII". Facsimile Finder. https://www.facsimilefinder.com/facsimiles/bull-first-jubilee-christianity-boniface-viii-facsimile.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Weber, Nicholas Aloysius (1908). "Pope Clement VI". in Herbermann, Charles. Catholic Encyclopedia. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
9. ↑ White, Arthur (2014). "The Four Horsemen" (in en). Plague and Pleasure: The Renaissance World of Pius II. Washington D.C.: Catholic University of America Press. pp. 21–48. ISBN 978-0-8132-2681-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=SfIdBgAAQBAJ.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 White, Arthur (2014). "The Four Horsemen" (in en). Plague and Pleasure: The Renaissance World of Pius II. Washington D.C.: Catholic University of America Press. pp. 94–95. ISBN 978-0-8132-2681-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=SfIdBgAAQBAJ.
11. ↑ "How awful was Catholic life under those immoral Renaissance Popes!". Rorate Caeli. http://rorate-caeli.blogspot.com/2013/09/oh-catholic-life-was-just-horrible.html. Quote: "[A]ll the clergy of the city were invited to the opening of the [1500] Jubilee. The Pope himself performed this ceremony on Christmas Eve, 1499, having taken pains to settle all the details beforehand with his Master of Ceremonies. The ceremonial observed on these occasions was no modern invention, but, as the Bull of indiction expressly says, was founded on ancient rites and full of symbolic meaning. According to Burchard, the crowd which assisted at these solemnities numbered 200,000 persons. Although this may be an exaggeration, still it is certain that, in spite of the troubles of the times and the insecurity in Rome itself, the numbers attending this Jubilee were very large."
12. ↑ Peter Rietbergen, Power and religion in Baroque Rome, 2006
13. ↑ Pope Pius VIII, Breve In supremi, paragraph 2, published 18 June 1829 (in Italian), accessed 12 June 2024
14. ↑ Pope Gregory XVI, Breve Plura Post, published on 2 December 1832 (in Italian), accessed on 31 October 2024
15. ↑ Promulgated by Apostolic constitution Mirificus Eventus and prorogated by Motu Proprio Summi Dei Beneficio
16. ↑ "Pope announces special Catholic Church Holy Year on theme of mercy". Reuters. http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-pope-holyyear-idUKKBN0M91ZE20150313.
17. ↑ Vatican Content Francesco Apostolic Letters w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/apost_letters/documents/papa-francesco_bolla_20150411_misericordiae-vultus.html
18. ↑ "Jubilee 2025 | USCCB". https://www.usccb.org/jubilee2025.
19. ↑ "Pope Francis has died on Easter Monday aged 88 - Vatican News" (in en). 2025-04-21. https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2025-04/pope-francis-dies-on-easter-monday-aged-88.html.
20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "Over 33 million pilgrims came to Rome for Jubilee Year - Vatican News" (in en). 2026-01-05. https://www.vaticannews.va/en/vatican-city/news/2026-01/jubilee-round-up-fisichella-pilgrims-faithful-hope.html.
21. ↑ "Pope Francis extends Loreto jubilee to 2021". https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/45516/pope-francis-extends-loreto-jubilee-to-2021.

## External links

* Vatican.Va: What is a holy year?
* Vatican.Va: Jubilee in the Bible
* Vatican.Va: Jubilee year in the Gospel of Luke

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