Manson Family

Short description: Commune and cult in California led by Charles Manson

Manson Family

Charles Manson mugshot (2017), founder and leader of the Manson Family

Nickname(s):

The Family

Country| United States
State| California
Founded by| Charles Manson

The Manson Family was a commune, gang, and cult led by Charles Manson that was active in California in the late 1960s and early 1970s.[1][2] The group consisted of approximately 100 followers, who lived an unconventional lifestyle with habitual use of hallucinogenic drugs such as LSD.[3] Most were young women from middle-class backgrounds, many of whom were radicalized by Manson's teachings and drawn by hippie culture and communal living.[4]

Soon after release from prison in 1967, Manson, who had been institutionalized or incarcerated for more than half of his life, began attracting acolytes in the San Francisco -area. They gradually moved to a run-down ranch, called the Spahn Ranch in Los Angeles County.[5] The ranch burned down during a Southern California wildfire in September of 1970. According to group member Susan Atkins, the members of the Family were convinced that Manson was a manifestation of Jesus Christ and believed in his prophecies concerning an imminent, apocalyptic race war.[6][7]

In 1969, Family members, Tex Watson, Susan Atkins, and Patricia Krenwinkel entered the home of Hollywood actress Sharon Tate and murdered her and four others. Linda Kasabian was also present, but did not take part. Members of the Manson Family were also responsible for a number of other murders, assaults, petty crimes, and thefts.

## Contents

* 1 Notable members and associates
* 2 Formation
* 2.1 San Francisco followers
* 2.2 Manson's presentation of himself
* 2.3 Involvement with Wilson, Melcher, and others
* 2.4 Spahn ranch
* 3 Encounter with Tate
* 4 Crimes
* 4.1 Crowe shooting
* 4.2 Hinman murder
* 4.3 Murders of Tate, Sebring, Folger, Frykowski, and Parent
* 4.4 Murder of Leno and Rosemary LaBianca
* 4.5 Possible murder motives
* 4.5.1 Helter Skelter
* 4.5.2 Copycat
* 4.5.3 Drugs
* 5 Investigation and trial
* 5.1 Investigation
* 5.1.1 Breakthrough
* 5.1.2 Apprehension
* 5.2 Trial
* 5.2.1 Ongoing disruptions
* 5.2.2 Defense rests
* 5.2.3 Conviction and penalty phase
* 6 Aftermath
* 6.1 1970s–1980s
* 6.1.1 Willett murders
* 6.1.2 Shea murder
* 6.1.3 Remaining in view
* 6.2 1980s–present
* 7 See also
* 8 Notes
* 9 References

## Notable members and associates

[8][9][10] Template:Cast list

## Formation

### San Francisco followers

Following his release from prison on March 22, 1967, Charles Manson moved to San Francisco , where, with the help of a prison acquaintance, he moved into an apartment in Berkeley. In prison, bank robber Alvin Karpis had taught Manson to play the steel guitar.[8]:137–146[11][12] Living mostly by begging, Manson soon became acquainted with Mary Brunner, a 23-year-old graduate of the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Brunner was working as a library assistant at the University of California, Berkeley, and Manson moved in with her. According to a second-hand account, he overcame her resistance to his bringing other women in to live with them. Before long, they were sharing Brunner's residence with eighteen other women.[8]:163–174

Manson established himself as a guru in San Francisco's Haight-Ashbury district, which during 1967's "Summer of Love" was emerging as the signature hippie locale. Manson may have borrowed some of his philosophy from the Process Church of the Final Judgment, whose members believed Satan would become reconciled to Jesus and they would come together at the end of the world to judge humanity. Manson soon had the first of his groups of followers, which were later dubbed the "Manson Family" by Bugliosi and the media, most of them female.[8]:137–146 Manson allegedly taught his followers that they were the reincarnation of the original Christians, and that the Romans were the establishment. Sometime around 1967, he began using the alias "Charles Willis Manson.".[8]:315

Before the end of the summer, Manson and some of the women piled into an old school bus they had re-designed in "hippie" style, with colored rugs and pillows in place of the many seats they had removed. They traveled, eventually settling in the Los Angeles areas of Topanga Canyon, Malibu, and Venice.[8]:163–174[9]:13–20

In 1967, Brunner became pregnant by Manson and, on April 15, 1968, gave birth to a son she named Valentine Michael in a condemned house in Topanga Canyon, assisted during the birth by several of the young women from the Family. Brunner (like most members of the group) acquired a number of aliases and nicknames, including: "Marioche", "Och", "Mother Mary", "Mary Manson", "Linda Dee Manson" and "Christine Marie Euchts".[8]:xv

### Manson's presentation of himself

Actor Al Lewis had Manson babysit his children on a couple of occasions and described him as "a nice guy when I knew him".[13] Music producer Phil Kaufman introduced Manson to Universal Studios producer Gary Stromberg, then working on a film adaptation of the life of Jesus set in modern America, featuring a Black Jesus and southern "redneck Romans". Stromberg thought that Manson made interesting suggestions about what Jesus might do in a situation, seeming to be attuned to the role. He had one of his women kiss his feet and then kissed hers in return to demonstrate the place of women. At the beach one day, Stromberg watched while Manson preached against a materialistic outlook, only to be questioned about his well-furnished bus. He casually tossed the bus keys to the doubter, who promptly drove it away while Manson watched, apparently unconcerned.[14]:124 According to Stromberg, Manson had a dynamic personality with an ability to read a person's weaknesses and manipulate them.[13] For example, Manson tried to manipulate Danny DeCarlo, the treasurer of the Straight Satan's motorcycle club by granting him “access” to Family women; he then convinced DeCarlo that it was his large penis which kept the women in the group.[8]:146

### Involvement with Wilson, Melcher, and others

Dennis Wilson with the Beach Boys in late 1966

Dennis Wilson of the Beach Boys picked up Patricia Krenwinkel and Ella Jo Bailey when they were hitchhiking in late spring 1968, while under the influence of alcohol and LSD,[15] and brought them to his Pacific Palisades house for a few hours. He returned home in the early hours of the following morning from a night recording session and was greeted by Manson in the driveway, who emerged from the house. Wilson asked the stranger whether he intended to hurt him. Manson assured him that he had no such intent and began kissing Wilson's feet.[8]:250–253[9]:34 Inside the house, Wilson discovered 12 strangers, mostly women.[8]:250–253[9]:34

The account given in Manson in His Own Words is that Manson first met Wilson at a friend's San Francisco house where Manson had gone to obtain marijuana. Manson claimed that Wilson gave him his Sunset Boulevard address and invited him to stop by when he came to Los Angeles.[11] Wilson said in a 1968 Record Mirror article that he mentioned the Beach Boys' involvement with Maharishi Mahesh Yogi to a group of strange women, and "they told me they too had a guru, a guy named Charlie."[16]

The number of women doubled in Wilson's house over the next few months, and they cost him approximately $100,000 by making themselves part of his household. This included a large medical bill for treatment of their gonorrhea and $21,000 for the destruction of his uninsured car which they borrowed.[17] Wilson would sing and talk with Manson, while the women were treated as servants to them both.[8]:250–253 Wilson paid for studio time to record songs written and performed by Manson, and introduced him to entertainment business acquaintances including Gregg Jakobson, Terry Melcher, and Rudi Altobelli, who owned a house which he rented to actress Sharon Tate and her husband Roman Polanski.[8]:250–253 Jakobson was impressed by "the whole Charlie Manson package" of artist, life-stylist, and philosopher, and he paid to record his material.[8]:155–161, 185–188, 214–219[18] Wilson moved out of his rented home when the lease expired, and his landlord evicted the Family.[19]

### Spahn ranch

Manson established a base for the Family at the Spahn Ranch in August 1968 after Wilson's landlord evicted them.[20] It had been a television and movie set for Westerns, but the buildings had deteriorated by the late 1960s and the ranch's revenue was primarily derived from selling horseback rides. Female Family members did chores around the ranch and, occasionally, had sex on Manson's orders with the nearly blind 80-year-old owner George Spahn. The women also acted as seeing-eye guides for him. In exchange, Spahn allowed Manson and his group to live at the ranch for free.[8]:99–113[17]:34,40 Lynette Fromme acquired the nickname "Squeaky" because she often squeaked when Spahn pinched her thigh.[8]:163–174[17]

Charles Watson, a small-town Texan who had quit college and moved to California, soon joined the group at the ranch.[18] He met Manson at Wilson's house; Watson had given Wilson a ride while Wilson was hitchhiking after his car was wrecked. Spahn nicknamed him "Tex" because of his pronounced Texas drawl.

## Encounter with Tate

Sharon Tate in 1967.

Manson entered 10050 Cielo Drive uninvited on March 23, 1969,[8]:228–233 which he had known as Melcher's residence.[8]:155–161 This was Altobelli's property; Melcher was only a previous tenant, and the tenants were now Sharon Tate and Roman Polanski.

Manson was met by Shahrokh Hatami, an Iranian photographer who befriended Polanski and Tate during the making of the documentary Mia and Roman. He was there to photograph Tate before her departure for Rome the next day. He had seen Manson through a window as he approached the main house and had gone onto the front porch to ask him what he wanted.[8]:228–233 Manson told him that he was looking for someone whose name Hatami did not recognize, and Hatami informed him that the place was the Polanski residence. He advised Manson to try "the back alley," by which he meant the path to the guest house beyond the main house.[8]:228–233 He was concerned about the stranger on the property and went down to the front walk to confront Manson. Tate then appeared behind Hatami in the house's front door and asked him who was calling. Hatami said that a man was looking for someone. He and Tate maintained their positions while Manson went back to the guest house without a word, returned a minute or two later, and left.[8]:228–233

That evening, Manson returned to the property and again went back to the guest house. He entered the enclosed porch and spoke with Altobelli, who was just coming out of the shower. Manson asked for Melcher, but Altobelli felt that Manson had come looking for him.[8]:226 This is consistent with prosecutor Vincent Bugliosi's later discovery that Manson had apparently been to the property on earlier occasions after Melcher's departure from it.[8]:228–233, 369–377

Altobelli told Manson through the screen door that Melcher had moved to Malibu, falsely stating that he did not know his new address. Altobelli said that he was in the entertainment business, although he had met Manson the previous year at Wilson's home and he was sure that Manson already knew that. He had complimented Manson lukewarmly on some of his musical recordings that Wilson had been playing.[8]:228–233 He then informed Manson that he was going out of the country the next day, and Manson said that he would like to speak with him upon his return; Altobelli lied that he would be gone for more than a year. Manson explained that he had been directed to the guest house by the persons in the main house; Altobelli expressed the wish that Manson would not disturb his tenants.[8]:228–233

Altobelli flew with Tate to Rome the next day, and Tate asked him whether "that creepy-looking guy" had gone back to the guest house the day before.[8]:228–233

## Crimes

### Crowe shooting

Bernard Crowe shooting

Location| Franklin Garden Apartments, 6917-6933 Franklin Avenue, Los Angeles, California
Date| July 1, 1969 (1969-07-01) (PDT)

Attack type

| Shooting
Weapons| .22 caliber High Standard Buntline revolver[21]
Deaths| 0
Injured| 1
Victims| Bernard "Lotsapoppa" Crowe[22]
Perpetrator| Charles Manson; accomplices – Tex Watson, T.J. Walleman

Tex Watson robbed a drug dealer named Bernard "Lotsapoppa" Crowe. Crowe allegedly responded with a threat to wipe out everyone at Spahn Ranch. In response, Charles Manson shot Crowe on July 1, 1969, at Manson's Hollywood apartment.[8]:91-96,99–113[18][9]:147–149[18]

Manson's belief that he had killed Crowe was seemingly confirmed by a news report of the discovery of the dumped body of a Black Panther in Los Angeles. Although Crowe was not a member of the Black Panthers, Manson concluded he had been and expected retaliation from the Panthers. He turned Spahn Ranch into a defensive camp, with night patrols of armed guards.[18][9]:151 Tex Watson would later write, "Blackie was trying to get at the chosen ones."[18]

### Hinman murder

Gary Hinman murder

Location| 964 Old Topanga Canyon Road, Topanga, CA
Date| July 25, 1969 (1969-07-25)–
July 27, 1969 (1969-07-27) (Pacific Time Zone)
Target| Gary Allen Hinman[23]

Attack type

| shooting, stabbing
Deaths| 1
Perpetrator| Bobby Beausoleil; accomplices – Susan Atkins, Mary Brunner, Charles Manson, Bruce M. Davis

Gary Allen Hinman was a music teacher and PhD student at UCLA. At some point in the late 1960s, he befriended members of the Manson Family, allowing some to occasionally stay at his home.[23]

According to some people including Susan Atkins, Manson believed Hinman was wealthy, and sent Family members Bobby Beausoleil, Mary Brunner and Atkins to Hinman's home on July 25, 1969 to convince him to join the Family and turn over the assets Manson thought Hinman had inherited.[8]:75–77[18][24] The three individuals held the uncooperative Hinman hostage for two days, during which time Manson arrived with a sword and slashed his ear. After that, Beausoleil stabbed Hinman to death, allegedly on Manson's instruction. Before leaving the Topanga Canyon residence, Beausoleil or one of the women used Hinman's blood to write "Political piggy" on the wall and to draw a panther paw, a Black Panther symbol.[8]:33, 91–96, 99–113[9]:184

In magazine interviews of 1981 and 1998–1999,[25] Beausoleil said he went to Hinman's to recover money paid to Hinman for drugs that had supposedly been bad; he added that Brunner and Atkins, unaware of his intent, went along merely to visit Hinman. Atkins, in her 1977 autobiography, wrote that Manson directly told Beausoleil, Brunner, and her to go to Hinman's and get the supposed inheritance of $21,000. She said that two days earlier Manson had told her privately that, if she wanted to "do something important", she could kill Hinman and get his money.[24] Beausoleil was arrested on August 6, 1969, after he was caught driving Hinman's car. Police found the murder weapon in the tire well.[8]:28–38

### Murders of Tate, Sebring, Folger, Frykowski, and Parent

On the night of August 8, 1969, Manson directed Tex Watson to take Susan Atkins, Linda Kasabian, and Patricia Krenwinkel to Melcher's former home at 10050 Cielo Drive in Los Angeles and according to Watson, kill everyone there. The home had only recently been rented to actress Sharon Tate and her husband, director Roman Polanski (Polanski was away in Europe working on The Day of the Dolphin). Manson told the three women to do as Watson told them. The Family members proceeded to kill the five people they found: Sharon Tate (eight and a half months pregnant), who was living there at the time; Jay Sebring, Abigail Folger, and Wojtek Frykowski, who were visiting her; and Steven Parent, who had been visiting the caretaker of the home. Atkins wrote "pig" with Tate’s blood on the front door as they left. The murders created a nationwide sensation.[26]

### Murder of Leno and Rosemary LaBianca

The night of August 9, 1969, seven Family members—Leslie Van Houten, Steve "Clem" Grogan, Charles Manson, and the four from the previous night drove to[8]:176–184, 258–269[18] the home of Leno and Rosemary LaBianca.[8]:22–25, 42–48 Watson stated that having gone up alone, Manson returned to take him up to the house with him. After Manson pointed out a sleeping man through a window, the two of them entered through the unlocked back door.[18] Watson bound the couple and covered their heads with pillowcases. Manson left, sending Krenwinkel and Van Houten into the house.[8]:176–184, 258–269[18]

Watson sent the women to the bedroom where Rosemary was. He then began stabbing Leno with a bayonet.[18] Watson discovered Rosemary swinging a lamp at the women. He stabbed her with the bayonet, then returned to the living room and resumed attacking Leno, whom he stabbed 12 times.[18] Krenwinkel stabbed Rosemary. Watson told Van Houten to stab Mrs. LaBianca too,[18] which she did.[8]:204–210, 297–300, 341–344 Krenwinkel wrote "Rise" and "Death to pigs" on the walls and "Healter  [sic] Skelter" on the refrigerator door in the LaBianca's blood.[8]:176–184, 258–269[18]

Meanwhile, Manson directed Kasabian to drive to the home of an acquaintance of hers. Manson dropped off Kasabian, Grogan, and Atkins and drove back to Spahn Ranch.[8]:176–184, 258–269 Kasabian allegedly thwarted a murder by deliberately knocking on the wrong door.[8]:270–273

### Possible murder motives

#### Helter Skelter

Main page: Unsolved:Helter Skelter (scenario)

In November 1968, the Family established headquarters in Death Valley's environs, at two ranches, Myers and Barker.[18][17] The former was owned by the grandmother of Family member Catherine Gillies.[17]

According to Charles Watson and Paul Watkins, Manson and Watson visited an acquaintance who played them the Beatles' double album, The Beatles.[18][17] According to Watkins, Manson became obsessed with the group.[27]

According to Watkins, Manson had been saying that racial tensions between the Black community and White community were about to erupt, predicting that Black Americans would rise up in rebellion.[18][28] According to Watson, Manson explained The Beatles' Album songs, he declared, foretold it all in code.[18][28]

According to Watkins, by February, The Family would create an album whose songs would trigger the predicted chaos. Ghastly murders of White people by Black people would be met with retaliation, and a split between racist and non-racist White people would yield White people's self-annihilation.[29]

Mike McGann, a police investigator on the Tate-LaBianca murders stated, "Everything in Vince Bugliosi's book (Helter Skelter) is wrong. I was the lead investigator on the case. Bugliosi didn't solve it. Nobody trusted him."[10]:104

#### Copycat

According to Family members Susan Atkins, Patricia Krenwinkel, Leslie Van Houten,[8]:426-435 Bobby Beausoleil, and others it was actually Beausoleil's arrest for the torture and murder of Gary Hinman that instigated the Family's ensuing murder spree—enacted to convince police that the killer(s) of Hinman were in fact still at large. This has been substantiated by interviews of Beausoleil by Truman Capote, and by Ann Louise Bardach in 1981.[30][31]

Charlie Guenther, a police detective who investigated the murders said of Beausoleil, "He called the [Spahn] Ranch after he was arrested. The sole motive for those murders was to get Bobby out of jail."[10]:149 Bugliosi's co-prosecutor, Aaron Stovitz said he believed the Tate-LaBianca murders motive was as copycat murders of Hinman.[10]:151-152

#### Drugs

Many have brought up Jay Sebring's and Voytek Frykowski's drug dealing and their connection with Charles Watson and Manson and a bad drug deal as a motive.[32][33][10] Sebring's protégé Jim Markham believes the murders were in response to a bad drug deal the day before, in which Manson went to Tate's house to sell marijuana and cocaine to Sebring and Frykowski, but instead ended with the two beating Manson up.[33] In an interview with police, Frykowski's friend Witold Kaczanowski said, Frykowski had been involved with many criminals and the drug trade.[10]:56-57 In his interview with Truman Capote, Bobby Beausoleil said, "They burned people on dope deals. Sharon Tate and that gang."[30]:460

Ed Sanders and Paul Krassner uncovered information that Joel Rostau, the boyfriend of Sebring's receptionist, had delivered mescaline and cocaine to Sebring and Frykowski at Tate's house a few hours before the murders. Rostau and other associates of Sebring were murdered during the Manson trial.[34]

## Investigation and trial

### Investigation

The Tate murders became national news on August 9, 1969. The Polanskis' housekeeper, Winifred Chapman, had arrived for work that morning and discovered the murder scene.[8]:5–6, 11–15 On August 10, detectives of the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department, which had jurisdiction in the Hinman case, informed Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) detectives assigned to the Tate case of the bloody writing at the Hinman house. According to Vincent Bugliosi, because detectives believed the Tate murders were a consequence of a drug transaction, the Tate team ignored this and the crimes' other similarities.[8]:28–38[9]:243–244 The Tate autopsies were under way and the LaBianca bodies were yet to be discovered.

During the Tate autopsies, detectives working on the Gary Hinman case noticed the similarities in the weapons used, the stab wounds, and the writing in blood on the walls. They also thought the case had something to do with narcotics. They brought the information to detectives working on the Tate murders. However, according to Detective Charlie Guenther, "Vince [Bugliosi] didn't want anything to do with the Hinman case. Hinman was a nothing case. Vince didn't want to prosecute it."[10]:148-151

Steven Parent, the shooting victim in the Tate driveway, was determined to have been an acquaintance of William Garretson, who lived in the guest house. Garretson was a young man hired by Rudi Altobelli to take care of the property while Altobelli was away.[8]:28–38 As the killers arrived, Parent had been leaving Cielo Drive, after a visit to Garretson.[8]:28–38

Held briefly as a Tate suspect, Garretson told police he had neither seen nor heard anything on the murder night. He was released on August 11, 1969, after undergoing a polygraph examination that indicated he had not been involved in the crimes.[8]:28–38, 42–48 Interviewed decades later, he stated he had, in fact, witnessed a portion of the murders, as the examination suggested. Garretson died in August 2016.

The LaBianca crime scene was discovered at about 10:30 p.m. on August 10, approximately 19 hours after the murders were committed. Fifteen-year-old Frank Struthers—Rosemary's son from a prior marriage and Leno's stepson—returned from a camping trip and was disturbed by seeing all of the window shades of his home drawn and by the fact that his stepfather's speedboat was still attached to the family car, which was parked in the driveway. He called his older sister and her boyfriend. The boyfriend, Joe Dorgan, accompanied the younger Struthers into the home and discovered Leno's body. Rosemary's body was found by investigating police officers.[8]:38

On August 12, 1969, the LAPD told the press it had ruled out any connection between the Tate and LaBianca homicides.[8]:42–48 On August 16, the sheriff's office raided Spahn Ranch and arrested Manson and 25 others, as "suspects in a major auto theft ring" that had been stealing Volkswagen Beetles and converting them into dune buggies. Weapons were seized, but, because the warrant had been misdated, the group was released a few days later.[8]:56

In a report at the end of August, the LaBianca detectives noted a possible connection between the bloody writings at the LaBianca house and "the singing group the Beatles' most recent album."[8]:65

#### Breakthrough

Still working separately from the Tate team, the LaBianca team checked with the sheriff's office in mid-October about possible similar crimes. They learned of the Hinman case. They also learned that the Hinman detectives had spoken with Beausoleil's girlfriend, Kitty Lutesinger. She had been arrested a few days earlier with members of "the Manson Family".[8]:75–77

The arrests, for car thefts, had taken place at the desert ranches to which the Family had moved and where, unknown to authorities, its members had been searching Death Valley for a hole in the ground—access to the Bottomless Pit.[8]:228–233[17][18] A joint force of National Park Service Rangers and officers from the California Highway Patrol and the Inyo County Sheriff's Office—federal, state, and county personnel—had raided both Myers Ranch and Barker Ranch after following clues unwittingly left when Family members burned an earthmover owned by Death Valley National Monument.[8]:125–127[9]:282–283[17] The raiders had found stolen dune buggies and other vehicles and had arrested two dozen people, including Manson. A Highway Patrol officer found Manson hiding in a cabinet beneath Barker's bathroom sink. The officers had no idea that the people they were arresting were involved with the murders.[8]:75–77, 125–127

Following up leads a month after they had spoken with Lutesinger, LaBianca detectives contacted members of a motorcycle gang Manson tried to enlist as his bodyguards while the Family was at Spahn Ranch.[8]:75–77 While the gang members were providing information that suggested a link between Manson and the murders,[8]:84–90, 99–113 a dormitory mate of Susan Atkins informed LAPD of the Family's involvement in the crimes.[8]:99–113 Atkins was booked for the Hinman murder after she told sheriff's detectives that she had been involved in it.[8]:75–77[35] Transferred to Sybil Brand Institute, a detention center in Monterey Park, California, she had begun talking to bunkmates Ronnie Howard and Virginia Graham, to whom she gave accounts of the events in which she had been involved.[8]:91–96

#### Apprehension

County Sheriff mugshot of Manson August 16, 1969. He was arrested on suspicion of car theft. Those charges were later dropped on account of a misdated warrant.

On December 1, 1969, acting on the information from these sources, LAPD announced warrants for the arrest of Watson, Krenwinkel, and Kasabian in the Tate case; the suspects' involvement in the LaBianca murders was noted. Manson and Atkins, already in custody, were not mentioned; the connection between the LaBianca case and Van Houten, who was also among those arrested near Death Valley, had not yet been recognized.[8]:125–127, 155–161, 176–184

Watson and Krenwinkel were already under arrest, with authorities in McKinney, Texas and Mobile, Alabama having picked them up on notice from LAPD.[8]:155–161 Informed that a warrant was out for her arrest, Kasabian voluntarily surrendered to authorities in Concord, New Hampshire on December 2.[8]:155–161

Before long, physical evidence such as Krenwinkel's and Watson's fingerprints, which had been collected by LAPD at Cielo Drive,[8]:15, 156, 273, and photographs between 340–41 was augmented by evidence recovered by the public. On September 1, 1969, the distinctive .22-caliber Hi Standard "Buntline Special" revolver Watson used on Parent, Sebring, and Frykowski had been found and given to the police by Steven Weiss, a 10-year-old who lived near the Tate residence.[8]:66 In mid-December, when the Los Angeles Times published a crime account based on information Susan Atkins had given her attorney,[8]:160,193 Weiss's father made several phone calls which finally prompted LAPD to locate the gun in its evidence file and connect it with the murders via ballistics tests.[8]:198–199

Acting on that same newspaper account, a local ABC television crew quickly located and recovered the bloody clothing discarded by the Tate killers.[8]:197–198 The knives discarded en route from the Tate residence were never recovered, despite a search by some of the same crewmen and, months later, by LAPD.[8]:198, 273 A knife found behind the cushion of a chair in the Tate living room was apparently that of Susan Atkins, who lost her knife in the course of the attack.[8]:17, 180, 262[24]:141

### Trial

The People v. Charles Manson et al.

The Hall of Justice, the location of the trial

Court| Los Angeles County Court
Full case name| The People, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. Charles Manson et al., Defendants and Appellants[36]
Decided| January 25, 1971 (1971-01-25)
Case history
Appealed to| Supreme Court of California
Case opinions
Vogel, J., with Thompson, J., concurring. Separate concurring and dissenting opinion by Wood, P. J[36]
Court membership
Judge sitting| Charles H. Older[37]
Case opinions
Decision by| Jury

The trial began June 15, 1970.[8]:297–300 The prosecution's main witness was Kasabian, who, along with Manson, Atkins, and Krenwinkel, had been charged with seven counts of murder and one of conspiracy.[8]:185–188 Since Kasabian, by all accounts, had not participated in the killings, she was granted immunity in exchange for testimony that detailed the nights of the crimes.[8]:214–219, 250–253, 330–332 Originally, a deal had been made with Atkins in which the prosecution agreed not to seek the death penalty against her in exchange for her grand jury testimony on which the indictments were secured; once Atkins repudiated that testimony, the deal was withdrawn.[8]:169, 173–184, 188, 292 Because Van Houten had participated only in the LaBianca killings, she was charged with two counts of murder and one of conspiracy.

Originally, Judge William Keene had reluctantly granted Manson permission to act as his own attorney. Because of Manson's conduct, including violations of a gag order and submission of "outlandish" and "nonsensical" pretrial motions, the permission was withdrawn before the trial's start.[8]:200–202, 265 Manson filed an affidavit of prejudice against Keene, who was replaced by Judge Charles Older.[8]:290 On Friday, July 24, the first day of testimony, Manson appeared in court with an X carved into his forehead. He issued a statement that he was "considered inadequate and incompetent to speak or defend [him]self"—and had "X'd [him]self from [the establishment's] world."[8]:310[9]:388 Over the following weekend, the female defendants duplicated the mark on their own foreheads, as did most Family members within another day or so.[8]:316 (Years later, Manson carved the X into a swastika. See "Remaining in view", below.)

The prosecution argued the triggering of "Helter Skelter" was Manson's main motive.[8] The crime scene's bloody White Album reference, "helter skelter", written by Susan Atkins, and the writing of "pigs" was correlated with testimony about Manson predictions that the murders Black people would commit at the outset of Helter Skelter would involve the writing of "pigs" on walls in victims' blood.[8]:244–247, 450–457 The defendants testified that the writing in blood on the walls was to copy that of the Hinman murder scene, not an apocalyptic race war.[8]:426-435

According to Bugliosi, Manson directed Kasabian to hide a wallet taken from the scene in the women's restroom of a service station near a Black neighborhood.[8]:176–184, 190–191, 258–269, 369–377 However, as co-prosecutor Stephen Kay later pointed out the wallet was actually left about 20 miles away in a predominantly White neighborhood, Sylmar.[38]

#### Ongoing disruptions

During the trial, Family members loitered near the entrances and corridors of the courthouse. To keep them out of the courtroom proper, the prosecution subpoenaed them as prospective witnesses, who would not be able to enter while others were testifying.[8]:309 When the group established itself in vigil on the sidewalk, some members wore sheathed hunting knives that, although in plain view, were carried legally. Each of them was also identifiable by the X on his or her forehead.[8]:339

Some Family members attempted to dissuade witnesses from testifying. Prosecution witnesses Paul Watkins and Juan Flynn were both threatened;[8]:280, 332–335 Watkins was badly burned in a suspicious fire in his van.[8]:280 Former Family member Barbara Hoyt, who had overheard Susan Atkins describing the Tate murders to Family member Ruth Ann Moorehouse, agreed to accompany the latter to Hawaii. There, Moorehouse allegedly gave her a hamburger spiked with several doses of LSD. Found sprawled on a Honolulu curb in a drugged semi-stupor, Hoyt was taken to the hospital, where she did her best to identify herself as a witness in the Tate–LaBianca murder trial. Before the incident, Hoyt had been a reluctant witness; after the attempt to silence her, her reticence disappeared.[8]:348–350, 361

On August 4, despite precautions taken by the court, Manson flashed the jury a Los Angeles Times front page whose headline was "Manson Guilty, Nixon Declares". This was a reference to a statement made the previous day when U.S. President Richard Nixon had decried what he saw as the media's glamorization of Manson. Voir dired by Judge Charles Older, the jurors contended that the headline had not influenced them. The next day, the female defendants stood up and said in unison that, in light of Nixon's remark, there was no point in going on with the trial.[8]:323–238

On October 5, Manson was denied the court's permission to question a prosecution witness whom defense attorneys had declined to cross-examine. Leaping over the defense table, Manson attempted to attack the judge. Wrestled to the ground by bailiffs, he was removed from the courtroom with the female defendants, who had subsequently risen and begun chanting in Latin.[8]:369–377 Thereafter, Older allegedly began wearing a revolver under his robes.[8]:369–377

#### Defense rests

On November 16, the prosecution rested its case. Three days later, after arguing standard dismissal motions, the defense stunned the court by resting as well, without calling a single witness. Shouting their disapproval, Atkins, Krenwinkel, and Van Houten demanded their right to testify.[8]:382–388

In chambers, the women's lawyers told the judge their clients wanted to testify that they had planned and committed the crimes and that Manson had not been involved.[8]:382–388 By resting their case, the defense lawyers had tried to stop this; Van Houten's attorney, Ronald Hughes, vehemently stated that he would not "push a client out the window". In the prosecutor's view, it was Manson who was advising the women to testify in this way as a means of saving himself.[8]:382–388 Speaking about the trial in a 1987 documentary, Krenwinkel said, "The entire proceedings were scripted—by Charlie."[39]

The next day, Manson testified. The jury was removed from the courtroom. According to Vincent Bugliosi it was to make sure Manson's address did not violate the California Supreme Court's decision in People v. Aranda by making statements implicating his co-defendants.[8]:134 However, Bugliosi argued Manson would use his hypnotic powers to unfairly influence the jury.[40] Speaking for more than an hour, Manson said, among other things, that "the music is telling the youth to rise up against the establishment." He said, "Why blame it on me? I didn't write the music." "To be honest with you," Manson also stated, "I don't recall ever saying 'Get a knife and a change of clothes and go do what Tex says.'"[8]:388–392

As the body of the trial concluded and with the closing arguments impending, defense attorney Hughes disappeared during a weekend trip.[8]:393–398 When Maxwell Keith was appointed to represent Van Houten in Hughes' absence, a delay of more than two weeks was required to permit Keith to familiarize himself with the voluminous trial transcripts.[8]:393–398 No sooner had the trial resumed, just before Christmas, than disruptions of the prosecution's closing argument by the defendants led Older to ban the four defendants from the courtroom for the remainder of the guilt phase. This may have occurred because the defendants were acting in collusion with each other and were simply putting on a performance, which Older said was becoming obvious.[8]:399–407

#### Conviction and penalty phase

On January 25, 1971, the jury returned guilty verdicts against the four defendants on each of the 27 separate counts against them.[8]:411–419 Not far into the trial's penalty phase, the jurors saw, at last, the defense that Manson—in the prosecution's view—had planned to present.[8]:455 Atkins, Krenwinkel, and Van Houten testified the murders had been conceived as "copycat" versions of the Hinman murder, for which Atkins now took credit. The killings, they said, were intended to draw suspicion away from Bobby Beausoleil by resembling the crime for which he had been jailed. This plan had supposedly been the work of, and carried out under the guidance of, not Manson, but someone allegedly in love with Beausoleil—Linda Kasabian.[8]:424–433 Among the narrative's weak points was the inability of Atkins to explain why, as she was maintaining, she had written "political piggy" at the Hinman house in the first place.[8]:424–433, 450–457

Midway through the penalty phase, Manson shaved his head and trimmed his beard to a fork; he told the press, "I am the Devil, and the Devil always has a bald head."[8]:439 In what the prosecution regarded as belated recognition on their part that imitation of Manson only proved his domination, the female defendants refrained from shaving their heads until the jurors retired to weigh the state's request for the death penalty.[8]:439, 455

The effort to exonerate Manson via the "copy cat" scenario failed. On March 29, 1971, the jury returned verdicts of death against all four defendants on all counts.[8]:450–457 On April 19, 1971, Judge Older sentenced the four to death.[8]:458–459

## Aftermath

### 1970s–1980s

On the day the verdicts recommending the death penalty were returned, news came that the badly decomposed body of Ronald Hughes had been found wedged between two boulders in Ventura County.[8]:457 It was rumored, although never proven, that Hughes was murdered by the Family, possibly because he had stood up to Manson and refused to allow Van Houten to take the stand and absolve Manson of the crimes.[8]:387, 394, 481 Though he might have perished in flooding,[8]:393–394, 481[9]:436–438 Family member Sandra Good stated that Hughes was "the first of the retaliation murders".[8]:481–482, 625

Watson returned to McKinney, Texas after the Tate–LaBianca murders. He was arrested in Texas on November 30, 1969, after local police were notified by California investigators that his fingerprints were found to match a print found on the front door of the Tate home. Watson fought extradition to California long enough that he was not included among the three defendants tried with Manson.[41] The trial commenced in August 1971; by October, he, too, had been found guilty on seven counts of murder and one of conspiracy. Unlike the others, Watson presented a psychiatric defense; prosecutor Vincent Bugliosi made short work of Watson's insanity claims. Like his co-conspirators, Watson was sentenced to death.[8]:463–468

In February 1972, the death sentences of all five parties were automatically reduced to life in prison by People v. Anderson, 493 P.2d 880, 6 Cal. 3d 628 (Cal. 1972), in which the California Supreme Court abolished the death penalty in that state.[8]:488–491 After his return to prison, Manson's rhetoric and hippie speeches held little sway. Though he found temporary acceptance from the Aryan Brotherhood, his role was submissive to a sexually aggressive member of the group at San Quentin.[42]

Before the conclusion of Manson's Tate–LaBianca trial, a reporter for the Los Angeles Times tracked down Manson's mother, remarried and living in the Pacific Northwest. The former Kathleen Maddox claimed that, in childhood, her son had suffered no neglect; he had even been "pampered by all the women who surrounded him."[43]

#### Willett murders

On November 8, 1972, the body of 26-year-old Vietnam Marine combat veteran James L.T. Willett was found by a hiker near Guerneville, California.[44] Months earlier, he had been forced to dig his own grave, and then was shot and poorly buried; his body was found with one hand protruding from the grave and the head and other hand missing, most likely because of scavenging animals. His station wagon was found outside a house in Stockton where several Manson followers were living, including Priscilla Cooper, Lynette "Squeaky" Fromme, and Nancy Pitman. Police forced their way into the house and arrested several of the people there, along with Fromme, who had called the house after they had arrived. The body of James Willett's 19-year-old wife Lauren "Reni" Chavelle[45] Olmstead Willett was found buried in the basement.[44] She had been killed very recently by a gunshot to the head, in what the Family members initially claimed was an accident. It was later suggested that she was killed out of fear that she would reveal who killed her husband, as the discovery of his body had become prominent news. The Willetts' infant daughter was found alive in the house. Michael Monfort pleaded guilty to murdering Reni Willett, and Priscilla Cooper, James Craig, and Nancy Pitman pleaded guilty as accessories after the fact. Monfort and William Goucher later pleaded guilty to the murder of James Willett, and James Craig pleaded guilty as an accessory after the fact. The group had been living in the house with the Willetts while committing various robberies. Shortly after killing Willett, Monfort had used Willett's identification papers to pose as Willett after being arrested for an armed robbery of a liquor store. News reports suggested that James Willett was not involved in the robberies[46] and wanted to move away, but was killed out of fear that he would talk to police. After leaving the Marines following two tours in Vietnam, Willett had been an ESL teacher for immigrant children.

#### Shea murder

In a 1971 trial that took place after his Tate–LaBianca convictions, Manson was found guilty of the murders of Gary Hinman and Donald "Shorty" Shea and was given a life sentence. Shea was a Spahn Ranch stuntman and horse wrangler who had been killed approximately ten days after an August 16, 1969, sheriff's raid on the ranch. Manson, who suspected that Shea helped set up the raid, had apparently believed Shea was trying to get Spahn to run the Family off the ranch. Manson may have considered it a "sin" that the white Shea had married a black woman; and there was the possibility that Shea knew about the Tate–LaBianca killings.[8]:99–113[9]:271–272 In separate trials, Family members Bruce Davis and Steve "Clem" Grogan were also found guilty of Shea's murder.[8]:99–113, 463–468[47]

In 1977, authorities learned the precise location of the remains of Shorty Shea and, contrary to Family claims, that Shea had not been dismembered and buried in several places. Contacting the prosecutor in his case, Steve Grogan told him Shea's corpse had been buried in one piece; he drew a map that pinpointed the location of the body, which was recovered. Of those convicted of Manson-ordered murders, Grogan would become, in 1985, the first one to be paroled.[8]:509

#### Remaining in view

The Folsom State Prison, one of the facilities where Manson was held

On September 5, 1975, the Family returned to national attention when Squeaky Fromme attempted to assassinate U.S. President Gerald Ford.[8]:502–511 The attempt took place in Sacramento, to which she and Manson follower Sandra Good had moved to be near Manson while he was incarcerated at Folsom State Prison. A subsequent search of the apartment shared by Fromme, Good, and a Family recruit turned up evidence that, coupled with later actions on the part of Good, resulted in Good's conviction for conspiring to send threatening communications through the United States mail and transmitting death threats by way of interstate commerce. The threats involved corporate executives and U.S. government officials vis-à-vis supposed environmental dereliction on their part.[8]:502–511 Fromme was sentenced to 15 years to life, becoming the first person sentenced under United States Code Title 18, chapter 84 (1965),[48] which made it a Federal crime to attempt to assassinate the President of the United States.

In December 1987, Fromme, serving a life sentence for the assassination attempt, escaped briefly from Federal Prison Camp, Alderson, in West Virginia. She was trying to reach Manson, who she had heard had testicular cancer; she was apprehended within days.[8]:502–511 She was released on parole from Federal Medical Center, Carswell on August 14, 2009.[49]

### 1980s–present

In a 1994 conversation with Manson prosecutor Vincent Bugliosi, Catherine Share, a one-time Manson-follower, stated that her testimony in the penalty phase of Manson's trial had been a fabrication intended to save Manson from the gas chamber and that it had been given under Manson's explicit direction.[8]:502–511 Share's testimony had introduced the copycat-motive story, which the testimony of the three female defendants echoed and according to which the Tate–LaBianca murders had been Linda Kasabian's idea.[8]:424–433 In a 1997 segment of the tabloid television program Hard Copy, Share implied that her testimony had been given under a Manson threat of physical harm.[50] In August 1971, after Manson's trial and sentencing, Share had participated in a violent California retail store robbery, the object of which was the acquisition of weapons to help free Manson.[8]:463–468

In January 1996, a Manson website was established by latter-day Manson follower George Stimson, who was helped by Sandra Good. Good had been released from prison in 1985, after serving 10 years of her 15-year sentence for the death threats.[8]:502–511[51]

In a 1998–1999 interview in Seconds magazine, Bobby Beausoleil rejected the view that Manson ordered him to kill Gary Hinman.[25] He stated that Manson did come to Hinman's house and slash Hinman with a sword, which he had previously denied in a 1981 interview with Oui magazine. Beausoleil stated that when he read about the Tate murders in the newspaper, "I wasn't even sure at that point—really, I had no idea who had done it until Manson's group were actually arrested for it. It had only crossed my mind and I had a premonition, perhaps. There was some little tickle in my mind that the killings might be connected with them ..." In the Oui magazine interview, he had stated, "When the Tate-LaBianca murders happened, I knew who had done it. I was fairly certain."[14]:433

William Garretson, once the young caretaker at 10050 Cielo Drive, indicated in a program (The Last Days of Sharon Tate) broadcast on July 25, 1999 on E!, that he had, in fact, seen and heard a portion of the Tate murders from his location in the property's guest house. This corroborated the unofficial results of the polygraph examination that had been given to Garretson on August 10, 1969, and that had effectively eliminated him as a suspect. The LAPD officer who conducted the examination had concluded Garretson was "clean" on participation in the crimes but "muddy" as to his having heard anything.[8]:28–38

It was announced in early 2008 that Susan Atkins was suffering from brain cancer.[52] An application for compassionate release, based on her health status, was denied in July 2008,[52] and she was denied parole for the 18th and final time on September 2, 2009.[53] Atkins died of natural causes 22 days later, on September 24, 2009, at the Central California Women's facility in Chowchilla.[54][55]

In a January 2008 segment of the Discovery Channel's Most Evil, Barbara Hoyt said that the impression that she had accompanied Ruth Ann Moorehouse to Hawaii just to avoid testifying at Manson's trial was erroneous. Hoyt said she had cooperated with the Family because she was "trying to keep them from killing my family". She stated that, at the time of the trial, she was "constantly being threatened: 'Your family's gonna die. [The murders] could be repeated at your house.'"[56]

On March 15, 2008, the Associated Press reported that forensic investigators had conducted a search for human remains at Barker Ranch the previous month. Following up on longstanding rumors that the Family had killed hitchhikers and runaways who had come into its orbit during its time at Barker, the investigators identified "two likely clandestine grave sites ... and one additional site that merits further investigation."[57] Though they recommended digging, CNN reported on March 28 that the Inyo County sheriff, who questioned the methods they employed with search dogs, had ordered additional tests before any excavation.[58] On May 9, after a delay caused by damage to test equipment,[59] the sheriff announced that test results had been inconclusive and that "exploratory excavation" would begin on May 20.[60] In the meantime, Charles "Tex" Watson had commented publicly that "no one was killed" at the desert camp during the month-and-a-half he was there, after the Tate–LaBianca murders.[61][62] On May 21, after two days of work, the sheriff brought the search to an end; four potential gravesites had been dug up and had been found to hold no human remains.[63][64]

In September 2009, The History Channel broadcast a docudrama covering the Family's activities and the murders as part of its coverage on the 40th anniversary of the killings.[65] The program included an in-depth interview with Linda Kasabian, who spoke publicly for the first time since a 1989 appearance on A Current Affair, an American television news magazine.[65] Also included in the History Channel program were interviews with Vincent Bugliosi, Catherine Share, and Debra Tate, sister of Sharon.[66]

As the 40th anniversary of the Tate–LaBianca murders approached, in July 2009, Los Angeles magazine published an "oral history" in which former Family members, law enforcement officers, and others involved with Manson, the arrests, and the trials offered their recollections of — and observations on — the events that made Manson notorious. In the article, Juan Flynn, a Spahn Ranch worker who had become associated with Manson and the Family, said, "Charles Manson got away with everything. People will say, 'He's in jail.' But Charlie is exactly where he wants to be."[67]

Charles Manson died of a heart attack and complications from colon cancer on November 19, 2017. He was 83 years old.

## See also

* Charles Manson
* Counterculture of the 1960s
* Tate–LaBianca murders

## Notes

## References

1. ↑ "What ever happened to the other Manson family cult members?". https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/what-ever-happened-other-manson-family-cult-members-n556561.
2. ↑ "The Infamous Manson Family". https://www.biography.com/people/groups/manson-family.
3. ↑ "Charles Manson". https://www.biography.com/people/charles-manson-9397912.
4. ↑ "Where are the Manson Family members now?". November 20, 2017. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-42056252.
5. ↑ "How Spahn Ranch Became a Headquarters for the Manson Family Cult". https://www.history.com/news/spahn-ranch-manson-family.
6. ↑ "Susan Atkins 12/1/69 Caruso/Caballero Interview - Charles Manson Family and Sharon Tate-Labianca Murders Updates & News". http://www.cielodrive.com/updates/susan-atkins-paul-caruso-richard-caballero-interview-12-1-69/.
7. ↑ "Grand Jury Testimony: Susan Atkins". http://www.cielodrive.com/susan-atkins-grand-jury-testimony.php.
8. ↑ 8.000 8.001 8.002 8.003 8.004 8.005 8.006 8.007 8.008 8.009 8.010 8.011 8.012 8.013 8.014 8.015 8.016 8.017 8.018 8.019 8.020 8.021 8.022 8.023 8.024 8.025 8.026 8.027 8.028 8.029 8.030 8.031 8.032 8.033 8.034 8.035 8.036 8.037 8.038 8.039 8.040 8.041 8.042 8.043 8.044 8.045 8.046 8.047 8.048 8.049 8.050 8.051 8.052 8.053 8.054 8.055 8.056 8.057 8.058 8.059 8.060 8.061 8.062 8.063 8.064 8.065 8.066 8.067 8.068 8.069 8.070 8.071 8.072 8.073 8.074 8.075 8.076 8.077 8.078 8.079 8.080 8.081 8.082 8.083 8.084 8.085 8.086 8.087 8.088 8.089 8.090 8.091 8.092 8.093 8.094 8.095 8.096 8.097 8.098 8.099 8.100 8.101 8.102 8.103 8.104 8.105 8.106 8.107 8.108 8.109 8.110 8.111 8.112 8.113 8.114 8.115 8.116 8.117 Bugliosi, Vincent with Gentry, Curt. Helter Skelter — The True Story of the Manson Murders 25th Anniversary Edition, W.W. Norton & Company, 1994. ISBN:0-393-08700-X, OCLC 15164618.
9. ↑ 9.00 9.01 9.02 9.03 9.04 9.05 9.06 9.07 9.08 9.09 9.10 9.11 Sanders, Ed (2002). The Family. New York City: Thunder's Mouth Press. ISBN 1-56025-396-7.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 O'Neill, Tom (2019). Chaos: Charles Manson, the CIA, and the Secret History of the Sixties. Little, Brown. ISBN 978-0-316-47757-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=zG92DwAAQBAJ. Retrieved July 18, 2021.
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Emmons, Nuel. Manson in His Own Words. Grove Press, New York (1988); ISBN:0-8021-3024-0
12. ↑ Karpis, Alvin, with Robert Livesey. On the Rock: Twenty-five Years at Alcatraz, 1980
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Wells, Simon (April 16, 2009). Charles Manson:Coming Down Fast. London: Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 9780340919231.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Guinn, Jeff (2013). Manson: The Life and Times of Charles Manson. New York City: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4516-4518-7.
15. ↑ "The Six Degrees of Helter Skelter", 2009 Documentary
16. ↑ Griffiths, David (December 21, 1968). "Dennis Wilson: "I Live With 17 Girls"". Record Mirror.
17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 17.7 Watkins, Paul; Soledad, Guillermo (1979). My Life with Charles Manson. Bantam. ISBN 0-553-12788-8.
18. ↑ 18.00 18.01 18.02 18.03 18.04 18.05 18.06 18.07 18.08 18.09 18.10 18.11 18.12 18.13 18.14 18.15 18.16 18.17 18.18 Watson, Charles (1978). Will You Die For Me?. F.H. Revell. ISBN 0800709128.
19. ↑ Ott, Tim. "Charles Manson and Dennis Wilson Had a Brief and Bizarre Friendship" (in en-us). https://www.biography.com/news/charles-manson-dennis-wilson-friendship.
20. ↑ The Story of the Abandoned Movie Ranch Where the Manson Family Launched Helter Skelter . Retrieved March 10, 2016.
21. ↑ "Hi-Standard Double Nine Longhorn "Buntline" Styled .22 Caliber Revolver - Charles Manson Family and Sharon Tate-Labianca Murders". http://cielodrive.com/photo-archive/buntline-22-tate-murder-gun-02.php.
22. ↑ "Manson Family Crime: The Shooting of Bernard Crowe". https://findery.com/MadameSpooky/notes/manson-family-crime-the-shooting-of-bernard-crowe.
23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 "Gary Hinman - Charles Manson Family and Sharon Tate-Labianca Murders". http://cielodrive.com/gary-hinman.php.
24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Atkins, Susan, with Slosser, Bob (1977). Child of Satan, Child of God. Plainfield, NJ: Logos International. pp. 94–120. ISBN 0-88270-276-9.
25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 "Beausoleil Seconds interviews". beausoleil.net. http://www.beausoleil.net/mminterview.html.
26. ↑ "Sharon Tate murder 10 years ago". UPI (The Hour). August 9, 1979. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1916&dat=19790809&id=zrg0AAAAIBAJ&pg=1327,1436322&hl=en.
27. ↑ Reagan, Maureen (1989). "Paul Watkins". CNN Larry King Live (Interview). Archived from the original on August 9, 2021. Retrieved July 20, 2021. "Manson's alleged obsession with the Beatles is discussed at the end"
28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 The Influence of the Beatles on Charles Manson . UMKC Law. Retrieved April 7, 2006.
29. ↑ Testimony of Paul Watkins in the Charles Manson Trial UMKC Law. Retrieved April 7, 2007.
30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Capote, Truman (1987). A Capote Reader. Random House. pp. 455-462. ISBN 978-0-394-55647-5. https://archive.org/details/capotereader00trum.
31. ↑ Bardach, Ann Louise (November 1981). "Jailhouse Interview: Bobby Beausoleil". http://www.bardachreports.com/articles/oa_19811100.htm.
32. ↑ Schreck, Nikolas (March 1988). The Manson File. Amok Press. ISBN 0-941693-04-X.
33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Siegel, Tatiana (July 30, 2019). "Manson Victim's Friend Posits Alternative Motive: 'I Never Bought Into the Race War Theory'". https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/manson-family-murder-victims-friend-posits-alternative-motive-1227729.
34. ↑ Krassner, Paul (1994). "Confessions of a Raving, Unconfined Nut: Misadventures in the Counterculture". New York City: Soft Skull Press. p. 198. https://archive.org/details/confessionsofrav0000kras.
35. ↑ Report on questioning of Katherine Lutesinger and Susan Atkins October 13, 1969, by Los Angeles Sheriff's officers Paul Whiteley and Charles Guenther.
36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 "People v. Manson". https://law.justia.com/cases/california/court-of-appeal/3d/61/102.html.
37. ↑ "Charles Manson facts, information, pictures - Encyclopedia.com articles about Charles Manson". https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/social-sciences-and-law/crime-and-law-enforcement-biographies/charles-manson.
38. ↑ Template:Cite documentary
39. ↑ Biography—"Charles Manson." A&E Network.
40. ↑ Template:Cite documentary
41. ↑ Extradition of Charles 'Tex' Watson
42. ↑ George, Edward; Dary Matera (1999). Taming the Beast: Charles Manson's Life Behind Bars. Macmillan. pp. 42–45. ISBN 978-0-312-20970-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=YcDB9TDnPeQC&pg=PT42. Retrieved November 18, 2015.
43. ↑ Smith, Dave. Mother Tells Life of Manson as Boy. 1971 article; retrieved June 5, 2007.
44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Manson Family Suspect in Killing , The Times Standard, November 14, 1972.
45. ↑ "Two men and three women charged with murder of 19-year-old girl", Reuters News Service, 1972.
46. ↑ "Ex-cons, Manson Girls Charged" , The Billings Gazette, November 15, 1972.
47. ↑ Transcript of Charles Manson's 1992 parole hearing University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law. Retrieved May 24, 2007.
48. ↑ "18 U.S.C. § 1751". June 28, 2010. https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1751-.
49. ↑ "Would-Be Assassin 'Squeaky' Fromme Released from Prison". ABC. August 14, 2009. https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/MansonMurders/story?id=8327414&page=1.
50. ↑ Catherine Share with Vincent Bugliosi, Hard Copy, 1997 YouTube. Retrieved May 30, 2007.
51. ↑ "Manson's Family Affair Living in Cyberspace" . Wired, April 16, 1997. Retrieved May 29, 2007.
52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 "Ailing Manson follower denied release from prison" CNN, July 15, 2008.
53. ↑ Netter, Sarah; Lindsay Goldwert (September 2, 2009). "Dying Manson Murderer Denied Release". ABC News. https://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=8462901.
54. ↑ Fox, Margalit (September 26, 2009). "Susan Atkins, Manson Follower, Dies at 61". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/26/us/26atkins.html.
55. ↑ "Manson follower Susan Atkins dies at 61". The Guardian. Associated Press. September 25, 2009. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/25/charles-manson-susan-atkins-dies.
56. ↑ "Charles Manson Murders". Most Evil. Season 3. Episode 1. January 31, 2008. Discovery Channel. Archived from the original on February 22, 2008.
57. ↑ "AP Exclusive: On Manson's trail, forensic testing suggests possible new grave sites".
58. ↑ More tests at Manson ranch for buried bodies . CNN.com. Retrieved March 28, 2008.
59. ↑ Authorities delay decision on digging at Manson ranch Associated Press report, mercurynews.com. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
60. ↑ Authorities to dig at old Manson family ranch cnn.com. Retrieved May 9, 2008.
61. ↑ Letter from Manson lieutenant. CNN. Retrieved May 9, 2008.
62. ↑ Monthly View – May 2008. Aboundinglove.org. Retrieved May 9, 2008.
63. ↑ Four holes dug, no bodies found ... iht.com. Retrieved May 26, 2008.
64. ↑ Dig turns up no bodies at Manson ranch site CNN.com, May 21, 2008. Retrieved May 26, 2008.
65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 "Manson Family member interviewed for special". Reuters. July 28, 2009. https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE56R0GV20090728.
66. ↑ "Manson, About the Show". History Channel. http://www.history.com/genericContent.do?id=71946.
67. ↑ Steve Oney (July 1, 2009). "Manson Web Extra: LAST WORDS". Los Angeles magazine. http://www.lamag.com/leftovers/manson-web-extra-last-words1/.