National church

Short description: Christian church associated with a specific ethnic group or nation state

Part of a series on

Nationalism

Development

* Nationalism in the Middle Ages
* Anthem
* Colours
* Flag
* Flower
* Epic
* God
* Identity
* Language
* Music
* Myth
* Sport
* Symbol
* Treasure

Core values

* Autonomy
* National identity
* Self-determination
* Solidarity

Types

* African
* Alt-right
* Banal
* Blind
* Bourgeois
* Business
* Civic
* Indian
* American
* Communist
* Conservative
* Democracy
* Constitutional patriotism
* Corporate
* Cultural
* Cyber-
* Ecological
* Economic
* Ethnic
* European
* Expansionist
* Integral
* Left-wing
* Liberal
* Moderate
* Mystic
* National-anarchist
* National Bolshevik
* National syndicalist
* Nazism
* Neo-
* New
* Pan-
* Plurinationalist
* Post-
* Racial
* Arab
* Black
* Korean
* White
* Religious
* Sikh
* Christian
* Hindu
* Islamic
* Resource
* Revolutionary
* Right-wing
* Romantic
* Technological
* Territorial
* Transnationalism
* Ultranationalism

Organizations

List of nationalist organizations

Related concepts

* Anationalism
* Anti-nationalism
* Cosmopolitanism
* Diaspora politics
* Gender and nationalism
* Globalism
* Historiography and nationalism
* Internationalism
* Irredentism
* National indifference
* Revanchism
* Seasonal or cultural festival
* Trumpism

* v
* t
* e

According to the constitution, Greek Orthodoxy is the prevailing religion of Greece; this is reinforced by displays of the Greek flag and coat of arms at church properties. A Church of Denmark parish church in Holte, with the Dannebrog flying in its churchyard

Samuel Taylor Coleridge, in a draft discussing the question of church and state around 1828 wrote that

"a National Church might exist, and has existed, without Christianity, because before the institution of the Christian Church – as [...] the Levitical Church in the Hebrew Constitution, [and] the Druidical in the Celtic, would suffice to prove".[1]

John Wordsworth, Bishop of Salisbury, wrote about the National Church of Sweden in 1911, interpreting the Church of Sweden and the Church of England as national churches of the Swedish and the English peoples, respectively.

The concept of a national church remains alive in the Protestantism of United Kingdom and Scandinavia in particular. While, in a context of England, the national church remains a common denominator for the Church of England, some of the Lutheran "folk churches" of Scandinavia, characterized as national churches in the ethnic sense as opposed to the idea of a state church, emerged in the second half of the 19th century following the lead of Grundtvig.[2] However, in countries in which the state church (also known as the established church) has the following of the majority of citizens, the state church may also be the national church, and may be declared as such by the government, e.g. Church of Denmark,[3] Church of Greece,[4] and Church of Iceland.[5]

## Contents

* 1 Countries and regions with national churches
* 1.1 Ethnic groups
* 2 Criticism
* 3 See also
* 4 Notes
* 5 References

## Countries and regions with national churches

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|

Country  | National church  | Denomination  | Percentage

|
|
|

Armenia  | Armenian Apostolic Church[6] | Oriental Orthodox  | 95.2% (2022)[7]
Bulgaria  | Bulgarian Orthodox Church[8] | Eastern Orthodox  | 62.7% (2021)
Cyprus  | Church of Cyprus  | Eastern Orthodox  | 89.1% (2011; government-controlled territory)[9]
Denmark  | Church of Denmark[10] | Lutheran  | 74.3% (2020)[11]
Estonia  | Estonian Evangelical Lutheran Church[12] | Lutheran  | 9.91% (2011)
Ethiopia  | Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church[13] | Oriental Orthodox  | 43.5% (2007)
Eritrea  | Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church  | Oriental Orthodox
Faroe Islands  | Church of the Faroe Islands[14] | Lutheran  | 79.7% (2019)
Finland  | Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland,[15]

Orthodox Church of Finland

| Lutheran

Eastern Orthodox

| 65.2% (2022)

1.02% (2022)

Georgia  | Georgian Orthodox Church[16] | Eastern Orthodox  | 83.4% (2014)
Germany  | Protestant Church in Germany

Catholic Church

| Protestant[lower-alpha 1]

Catholic

| 23.7% (2021)

26% (2021)[17]

Greece  | Church of Greece[18] | Eastern Orthodox  | 90% (2017)
Iceland  | Church of Iceland[19] | Lutheran  | 59% (2022)
Latvia  | Evangelical Lutheran Church of Latvia  | Lutheran  | 34.2% (2011)
Liechtenstein  | Catholic Church[20] | Catholic | 75.9% (2010)
Malta  | Catholic Church  | Catholic  | 83% (2019)
Montenegro  | Serbian Orthodox Church | Eastern Orthodox  | 71.1% (2023)
North Macedonia  | Macedonian Orthodox Church[21] | Eastern Orthodox  | 64.4% (2011)
Norway  | Church of Norway[22] | Lutheran  | 69.91% (2018)
Romania  | Romanian Orthodox Church | Eastern Orthodox  | 81.9% (2011)[23]
Russia  | Russian Orthodox Church[24] | Eastern Orthodox  | 71% (2017)[25][26]
Serbia  | Serbian Orthodox Church[27] | Eastern Orthodox  | 84.59% (2011)
Sweden  | Church of Sweden[28] | Lutheran  | 53.9% (2021)[29]
Tuvalu  | Church of Tuvalu[30] | Calvinist  | 91%+ (2012)
Ukraine  | Ukrainian Orthodox Church[31] | Eastern Orthodox  | 52% (2021)
United Kingdom

* England
* Scotland

| British Protestant Churches

* Church of England[32]
* Church of Scotland[33]

| Protestant

* Anglican
* Calvinist

| 69%

* 47.0% (2008; with Wales)
* 20.4% (2022)[34]

### Ethnic groups

Country  | Group  | National church  | Denomination

|
|
|

Egypt  | Copts | Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria[35] | Oriental Orthodox
Egypt  | Greek Christians  | Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria[36] | Eastern Orthodox
Template:Country data Assyria | Assyrians  | Assyrian Church of the East[37]

Chaldean Catholic Church[38]

Syriac Catholic Church

Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch

| Church of the East

Eastern Catholic Oriental Orthodox

Syria  | Aramaeans  | Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch[37] | Oriental Orthodox
Lebanon  | Maronites  | Maronite Catholic Church[39] | Eastern Catholic
Lebanon  | Armenian Apostolic Church  | Holy See of Cilicia[40] | Oriental Orthodox
Syria- Lebanon- Turkey  | Antiochian Greek Christians  | Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch[41] | Eastern Orthodox
Levant- Egypt  | Antiochian Greek Christians  | Melkite Greek Catholic Church[41] | Eastern Catholic
Turkey  | Armenian Apostolic Church  | Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople[42] | Oriental Orthodox
Turkey  | Greek Christians  | Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople[43] | Eastern Orthodox
India  | Malankara Nasrani  | Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church[44] | Oriental Orthodox
India  | Syrian Orthodox Christian  | Jacobite Syrian Christian Church[45][46][47][48] | Oriental Orthodox
India  | Malankara Nasrani  | Mar Thoma Syrian Church[49][50] | Anglican

Syriac

Indonesia  | Balinese  | Sacred Heart of Jesus Church, Palasari  | Catholic
Indonesia  | Balinese  | Holy Trinity Church, Tuka  | Catholic
Indonesia  | Chinese Indonesians  | Santa Maria de Fatima Church, Toasebio  | Catholic
Indonesia  | Betawi people  | St. Servatius Church  | Catholic
Indonesia  | Javanese  | Ganjuran Church[51] | Catholic
Indonesia  | Chinese Indonesians  | Gereja Kristen Kalam Kudus[52] | Calvinist
Indonesia  | Dayak people  | Evangelical Church in Kalimantan[53] | Calvinist
Indonesia  | Moluccans  | Protestant Church of Maluku[54] | Calvinist
Indonesia  | Balinese  | Protestant Christian Church in Bali[55] | Calvinist
Indonesia  | Sundanese  | Pasundan Christian Church[56] | Calvinist
Indonesia  | Bugis  | South Sulawesi Christian Church  | Calvinist
Indonesia  | Minahasans  | Christian Evangelical Church in Minahasa[57] | Calvinist
Indonesia  | Javanese
Madurese  | East Java Christian Church[58] | Calvinist
Indonesia  | Javanese  | Javanese Christian Church[59] | Calvinist
Indonesia  | Torajan  | Toraja Church[60] | Calvinist
Indonesia  | Torajan  | Toraja Mamasa Church[61] | Calvinist
Indonesia  | Karo Batak  | Karo Batak Protestant Church[62] | Calvinist
Indonesia  | Karo Batak  | Karo Evangelical Church of Indonesia  | Evangelical
Indonesia  | Angkola Batak | Angkola Protestant Christian Church[63] | Lutheran
Indonesia  | Toba Batak | Batak Christian Protestant Church[64] | Lutheran
Indonesia  | Toba Batak | Batak Christian Community Church  | Lutheran
Indonesia  | Pakpak Batak | Pakpak Dairi Christian Protestant Church[65] | Lutheran
Indonesia  | Niasans  | Protestant Christian Church of Nias[66] | Lutheran
Indonesia  | Simalungun Batak | Simalungun Protestant Christian Church[67] | Lutheran

## Criticism

Karl Barth denounced as heretical the tendency of "nationalizing" the Christian God, especially in the context of national churches sanctioning warfare against other Christian nations during World War I.[68]

## See also

* Christian nationalism
* Christian amendment
* Christian right
* Christian state
* Phyletism
* State church

## Notes

1. ↑ United Protestant: Lutheran and Reformed

## References

1. ↑ Samuel Taylor Coleridge. On the Constitution of the Church and State. Classic Books Company; 2001. ISBN 978-0-7426-8368-6. p. 59.
2. ↑ Dag Thorkildsen, "Scandinavia: Lutheranism and national identity" in World Christianities, c. 1815–1914, vol. 8 of The Cambridge history of Christianity, eds. Sheridan Gilley, Brian Stanley, Cambridge University Press, 2006, ISBN 978-0-521-81456-0, pp. 342–358.
3. ↑ Shadid, W. A. R. (1 January 1995). Religious Freedom and the Position of Islam in Western Europe. Peeters Publishers. p. 11. ISBN 9789039000656. "Denmark has declared the Evangelical Lutheran church to be that national church (par. 4 of the Constitution), which corresponds the fact that 91.5% of the population are registered members of this church. This declaration implies that the Danish State does not take a neutral stand in religious matters. Nevertheless, freedom of religion has been incorporated in the Constitution. Nielsen (1992, 77) gives a short description of the position of the minority religious communities in comparison to that of the State Church: The Lutheran established church is a department of the state. Church affairs are government by a central government ministry, and clergy are government employees. The registration of births, deaths and marriages falls under this ministry of church affairs, and normally speaking the local Lutheran pastor is also the official registrar. The other small religious communities, viz. Roman Catholics, Methodists, Baptists and Jews, have the constitutional status of 'recognised communities of faith'. ... Contrary to the minority religious communities, the Lutheran Church is fully financed by the Danish State."
4. ↑ Enyedi, Zsolt; Madeley, John T.S. (2 August 2004). Church and State in Contemporary Europe. Routledge. p. 228. ISBN 9781135761417. "Both as a state church and as a national church, the Orthodox Church of Greece has a lot in common with Protestant state churches, and even with Catholicism in some countries."
5. ↑ Encyclopedia of Protestantism. Infobase Publishing. 1 January 2005. p. 283. ISBN 9780816069835. "When Iceland obtained home rule in 1874, the new constitution, while granting religious freedom, maintained the Evangelical Lutheran Church as "a national church . . . supported by the State." This was reaffirmed in the 1944 constitution of the new independent Republic of Iceland. Democratic reforms were adopted early in the 20th century that allowed for some independent decision making in parish councils, and let congregations choose their own pastors. Under a 1998 law, the church became largely autonomous, though it is still designated established church, supported by government taxes. At the end of the 19th century, Lutherans who wanted freedom from the state church founded the Evangelical Free Church of Iceland, which now has in excess of 7,000 members. The majority of Icelanders are members of the state church. Almost all children are baptized as Lutheran and more than 90 percent are subsequently confirmed. The Church conducts 75 percent of all marriages and 99 percent of all funerals."
6. ↑ Ágoston, Gábor; Masters, Bruce Alan (1 January 2009). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Infobase Publishing. p. 53. ISBN 9781438110257. "The Armenian Apostolic Church, sometimes referred to as the Gregorian Armenian Church by Western scholars, serves as the national church of the Armenian people."
7. ↑ "Armenia" (in en), The World Factbook (Central Intelligence Agency), 2025-09-30, https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/armenia/, retrieved 2025-11-01
8. ↑ Hall, Richard C. (1 January 2012). The Modern Balkans: A History. Reaktion Books. p. 51. ISBN 9781780230061. "While this did not restore the Ohrid patriarchate, it did acknowledge the separation between the Orthodox church in Constantinople and the Bulgarian Orthodox church, which was now free to develop as the Bulgarian national church."
9. ↑ (xls) ﻿Population—Country of Birth, Citizenship Category, Country of Citizenship, Language, Religion, Ethnic/Religious Group 2011﻿ (Report). Statistical Service of the Republic of Cyprus. 2019-04-22. https://library.cystat.gov.cy/Documents/KeyFigure/POP_CEN_11-POP_FOREIGN_LANG_RELIG-EN-220419.xls. Retrieved 2024-08-08.
10. ↑ Venbrux, Eric; Quartier, Thomas; Venhorst, Claudia; Brenda Mathijssen (September 2013). Changing European Death Ways. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 178. ISBN 9783643900678. "Simultaneously the church tax, ministers being public servants, and the status of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Denmark as the national church indicate that the state lends its support to the church."
11. ↑ Church membership 1990–2020 Kirkeministeriet Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
12. ↑ Elvy, Peter (1991). Opportunities and Limitations in Religious Broadcasting. Edinburgh: CTPI. p. 23. ISBN 9781870126151. "Denominationally Estonia is Lutheran. During the time of national independence (1918-1940), 80% of the population belonged to the Lutheran National Church, about 17% were Orthodox Christians and the rest belonged to Free Churches."
13. ↑ Lorance, Cody (2008). Ethnographic Chicago. Lulu.com. p. 140. ISBN 9780615218625. "Her findings show that the development of the national church of Ethiopia, the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, which began in the fourth century and made Christianity the state religion of Ethiopia, was also a major contributor to national development in the fields of independence, social progress, national unity and empowerment, literary development, arts, architecture, music, publication, and declaration of a national language and leadership, both spiritually and military."
14. ↑ Proctor, James (13 May 2013). Faroe Islands. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 19. ISBN 9781841624563. "Religion is important to the Faroese and 84% of the population belongs to the established national church in the islands, the Evangelical—Lutheran Foroya Kirkja, which has 61 churches in the Faroes and three out of every four marriages are held in one."
15. ↑ Denmark, Finland, and Sweden. Britannica Educational Publishing. 1 June 2013. p. 77. ISBN 9781615309955. "One of Finland's national churches is the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland (Finnish: Suomen Evankelis—luterilainen—kirkko), or simply the Church of Finland."
16. ↑ Melton, J. Gordon; Baumann, Martin (21 September 2010). Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices. ABC-CLIO. p. 1195. ISBN 9781598842043. "The Georgian Orthodox Church (GOC) is the Eastern Orthodox Christian body that serves as the national church of the Caucasian country of Georgia. The great majority of Georgians are members of the church."
17. ↑ "Kirchenmitglieder: 49,7 Prozent". 27 June 2022. https://fowid.de/meldung/kirchenmitglieder-49-7-prozent.
18. ↑ Miller, James Edward (2009). The United States and the Making of Modern Greece: History and Power, 1950–1974. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 12. ISBN 9780807832479. "The creation of a national church of Greece, which the patriarch reluctantly recognized in 1850, set a pattern for other emerging Balkan states to form national churches independent of Constantinople."
19. ↑ Wilcox, Jonathan; Latif, Zawiah Abdul (1 September 2006). Iceland. Marshall Cavendish. p. 85. ISBN 9780761420743. "The National Church of Iceland, formally called the Evangelical-Lutheran Church, is the state religion, and the president of Iceland is its supreme authority."
20. ↑ "The Roman Catholic Church is the State Church and as such enjoys the full protection of the State; other confessions shall be entitled to practise their creeds and to hold religious services to the extent consistent with morality and public order." (archived from the original on 2009-03-26).
21. ↑ Rae, Heather (15 August 2002). State Identities and the Homogenisation of Peoples. Cambridge University Press. p. 278. ISBN 9780521797085. "The creation of a national Church was also central to building national identity, with the Macedonian Orthodox Church (MOC) established in 1967, much to the outrage of the Serbian Orthodox Church."
22. ↑ Cristofori, Rinaldo; Ferrari, Silvio (28 February 2013). Law and Religion in the 21st Century: Relations between States and Religious Communities. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. p. 194. ISBN 9781409497332. "The State shall support all religious communities including the Church of Norway on an equal footing, but the Church of Norway shall 'remain the people's Church and is as such supported by the State', thereby upholding its function as a national Church."
23. ↑ Romania, The World Factbook
24. ↑ Prizel, Ilya (13 August 1998). National Identity and Foreign Policy: Nationalism and Leadership in Poland, Russia and Ukraine. Cambridge University Press. p. 155. ISBN 9780521576970. "Although nominally a national church, the Russian Orthodox Church developed from a defensive, nativist institution to the ideological foundation of an imperial idea."
25. ↑ "Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe". Pew Research Center. 10 May 2017. http://www.pewforum.org/2017/05/10/religious-affiliation/.
26. ↑ There is no official census of religion in Russia, and estimates are based on surveys only. In August 2012, ARENA determined that about 46.8% of Russians are Christians (including Orthodox, Catholic, Protestant, and non-denominational), which is slightly less than an absolute 50%+ majority. However, later that year the Levada Center determined that 76% of Russians are Christians, and in June 2013 the Public Opinion Foundation determined that 65% of Russians are Christians. These findings are in line with Pew's 2010 survey, which determined that 73.3% of Russians are Christians, with VTSIOM's 2010 survey (~77% Christian), and with Ipsos MORI 's 2011 survey (69%).
27. ↑ Tomasevich, Jozo (1 January 1975). The Chetniks. Stanford University Press. p. 176. ISBN 9780804708579. "He also had the support of the Serbian Orthodox Church, which as a national church long identified with the national destiny and aspirations of the Serbian people was naturally inclined to identify itself with the movement that had the backing of the king and the Servian-dominated government-in-exile."
28. ↑ Gilley, Sheridan; Stanley, Brian (2006). The Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 8, World Christianities C.1815-c.1914. Cambridge University Press. p. 354. ISBN 9780521814560. "The Church of Sweden could be characterised as 'national church' or 'folk church', but not as 'state church', because the independence of the church was expressed by the establishment of a Church Assembly in 1863."
29. ↑ "Svenska kyrkan i siffror". Church of Sweden. 16 April 2024. https://www.svenskakyrkan.se/statistik.
30. ↑ West, Barbara A. (1 January 2009). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. Infobase Publishing. p. 845. ISBN 9781438119137. "A second important cultural feature of the Tuvaluan nation is the centrality of the national church, the Ekalesia o Tuvalu, or Church of Tuvalu, in which up to 97 percent of the population claims membership."
31. ↑ Velychenko, Stephen (1 January 1992). National History as Cultural Process: A Survey of the Interpretations of Ukraine's Past in Polish, Russian, and Ukrainian Historical Writing from the Earliest Times to 1914. Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press. pp. 199. ISBN 9780920862759. "For this reason the Ukrainian Orthodox Church was the true democratic national church of the Ukrainian nation."
32. ↑ Britannicus (1834). The Church of England. p. 17. https://archive.org/details/a624798500brituoft. "Having, in my last, arrive at the great points which I wished to establish—the apostolicity, independence, and authority of the Church of England; and that she is necessarily the National Church, because Christianity is the National Religion."
33. ↑ Morton, Andrew R. (1994). God's Will in a Time of Crisis: A Colloquium Celebrating the 50th Anniversary of the Baillie Commission. Edinburgh: CTPI. p. 14. ISBN 9781870126274. https://archive.org/details/godswillintimeof0000mort/page/14. "In October 1929, the Established Church and the United Free Church were united to form the national Church of Scotland."
34. ↑ "Scotland's Census – religion, ethnic group, language and national identity results" (in en). https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/news-and-events/scotland-s-census-religion-ethnic-group-language-and-national-identity-results/.
35. ↑ Makari, Peter E. (2007). Conflict & Cooperation: Christian-Muslim Relations in Contemporary Egypt. Syracuse University Press. p. 42. ISBN 9780815631446. "The Coptic Orthodox Church is the historic, and national, church of Egypt and is deeply tied to a monastic tradition of spiritual growth and preparation for ministry of monks and nuns, a tradition that continues to thrive."
36. ↑ "Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria and All Africa | World Council of Churches". January 1, 1948. https://www.oikoumene.org/member-churches/greek-orthodox-patriarchate-of-alexandria-and-all-africa.
37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 A. Shoup, John (2011). Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 31. ISBN 9781598843620.
38. ↑ B. Shelledy, Robert (2003). Legions Not Always Visible on Parade: The Vatican's Influence in World Politics. University of Wisconsin—Madison. "The Chaldean Church is located primarily in Iraq and functions in many ways like a national Orthodox Church."
39. ↑ Ajami, Fouad (30 May 2012). The Syrian Rebellion. Hoover Press. p. 70. ISBN 9780817915063. "The Maronite Church is a national church. Its creed is attachment to Lebanon and its independence. The founding ethos of the Maronites is their migration from the Syrian plains to the freedom and “purity” of their home in Mount Lebanon."
40. ↑ "Frequently Asked Questions on the Cilician See of the Armenian Apostolic Church / Georgy S Thomas" (in en-GB). 3 October 2017. http://malankaraorthodox.tv/?p=56391.
41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Der Kaloustian, V. M. (2010). Genetic disorders in Lebanon. In Genetic disorders among Arab populations (pp. 377–441). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
42. ↑ Kevorkian, Raymond (3 June 2008). "The Extermination of Ottoman Armenians by the Young Turk Regime (1915-1916)". https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/extermination-ottoman-armenians-young-turk-regime-1915-1916.html.
43. ↑ "Who is the Ecumenical Patriarch? - Apostolic Pilgrimage of Pope Francis and Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew to Jerusalem" (in en-US). https://www.apostolicpilgrimage.org/who-is-the-ecumenical-patriarch-.
44. ↑ John; Anthony McGuckin (November 2010). The Encyclopedia Of Eastern Orthodox Christianity, 2 Volume Set. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwells. pp. 878. ISBN 978-1-4443-9254-8. "The Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church, also known as Indian Orthodox Church also Malankara Church, is one of the major and oldest churches in the world."
45. ↑ "JSC News - The Official News Portal of the Holy Jacobite Syrian Christian Church". http://www.jscnews.org.
46. ↑ "Pastoral message of H.B Thomas I, Maphrian of India, Jacobite Church Head in India". http://www.malankarasyriacvoice.com/News/BavaKalpanafor Barodachurch.jpg.
47. ↑ "Official Publication of Jacobite Syrian Christian Church". http://www.mdbookstall.com/AboutUs.aspx.
48. ↑ "Jacobite Syrian Christian Church Constitution 2002 (in Malayalam) The official Constitution of the Church". http://syriacchristianity.info/pdf/2002Constitution-jc.pdf.
49. ↑ Donald Anderson McGavran. Ethnic Realities and the Church: Lessons from India . William Carey Library; 1979. ISBN 978-0-87808-168-4. p. 41.
50. ↑ S. N. Sadasivan. A Social History of India . APH Publishing; 2000. ISBN 978-81-7648-170-0. p. 442.
51. ↑ Susanto 2012, Spreading the spirit. sfn error: no target: CITEREFSusanto_2012,_Spreading_the_spirit (help)
52. ↑ "Gereja Kristen Kalam Kudus". WordPress.com. http://profilgereja.wordpress.com/2010/07/20/gereja-kristen-kalam-kudus/.
53. ↑ "Sejarah Gereja Kalimantan Evangelis" (in id). https://gunungmaskab.go.id/2019/02/22/sejarah-gke/.
54. ↑ "Protestant Church in the Moluccas — World Council of Churches". Oikoumene.org. January 1948. http://www.oikoumene.org/en/member-churches/protestant-church-in-the-moluccas. Retrieved 2013-08-19.
55. ↑ "Gereja Kristen Protestan di Bali | Profil Gereja di Indonesia". Profilgereja.wordpress.com. http://profilgereja.wordpress.com/2010/05/06/gereja-kristen-protestan-di-bali/. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
56. ↑ "Pasundan Christian Church (Gereja Kristen Pasundan, GKP)". World Council of Churches. 2022. https://www.Oikoumene.org/member-churches/pasundan-christian-church.
57. ↑ "Christian Evangelical Church in Minahasa — World Council of Churches". Oikoumene.org. http://www.oikoumene.org/en/member-churches/christian-evangelical-church-in-minahasa. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
58. ↑ "East Java Christian Church". http://www.oikoumene.org/en/member-churches/regions/asia/indonesia/east-java-christian-church.html.
59. ↑ "Home". http://www.gkj.or.id/.
60. ↑ "Gereja Toraja". 23 July 2010. http://profilgereja.wordpress.com/2010/07/23/gereja-toraja/.
61. ↑ "Gereja Toraja Mamasa | Profil Gereja di Indonesia". profilgereja.wordpress.com. 6 May 2010. http://profilgereja.wordpress.com/2010/05/06/gereja-toraja-mamasa/. Retrieved 2014-06-06.
62. ↑ Karo Batak Protestant Church.
63. ↑ "Sejarah GKPA". http://gkpa.or.id/?reff=sejarahgkpa. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
64. ↑ "HKBP: Gereja Lutheran Gado-gado" (in id). 2021-08-30. https://saenababan.com/2021/08/30/hkbp-gereja-lutheran-gado-gado/.
65. ↑ "Bupati Pakpak Barat Hadiri Pelantikan Pimpinan Dan Majelis Pusat GKPPD". https://www.tuntasonline.com/2021/05/09/bupati-pakpak-barat-hadiri-pelantikan-pimpinan-dan-majelis-pusat-gkppd.
66. ↑ onkp.wordpress.com
67. ↑ LWF Statistics 2009
68. ↑ Barth, Ethnics, ed. Braun, transl. Bromiley, New York, 1981, p. 305.

* William Reed Huntington, A National Church, Bedell lectures, Scribner's, 1897.

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* Twelver
* Zaidiyyah
* Isma'ilism
* Alawis
* Sufism
* Khawarij
* Ibadi
* Alevism
* Ahmadi
* Mahdavia
* Quranism
* Non-denominational

Others|

* Bábism
* Azali
* Bahá'í
* Druze
* Ali-Illahism
* Yarsanism
* Mandaeism
* Rastafarianism

Dharmic|

| Hinduism|

* Vaishnavism
* Sri Vaishnavism
* Brahma Sampradaya
* Nimbarka Sampradaya
* Pushtimarg
* Mahanubhava
* Ramanandi
* Varkari
* Shaivism
* Siddhantism
* Kashmir
* Kapalika
* Kaumaram
* Lingayatism
* Nath
* Balinese
* Shaktism
* Smartism
* Śrauta
* Sant Mat
* Ayyavazhi
* Neo-Hinduism

|

Buddhism|

* Theravada
* Mahayana
* Chan/Zen
* Amidism
* Nichiren
* Vajrayana
* Tibetan
* Neo-Buddhism

Others|

* Jainism
* Digambara
* Śvētāmbara
* Sikhism

Mazdan|

* Zoroastrianism

Indo-European|

* Armenian
* Baltic
* Celtic
* Druidry
* Germanic
* Hellenism
* Italo-Roman
* Romanian
* Slavic
* Yazidis
* Ossetian
* Kalash

Uralic|

* Estonian
* Finnish
* Hungarian
* Mari
* Mordvin
* Sámi
* Udmurt

Altaic|

* Turko-Mongolic
* Tengrism
* Burkhanism
* Vattisen Yaly
* Tungusic
* Manchu
* Evenki

Chinese|

* Confucianism
* Taoism
* Folk Taoism
* Yao Taoism
* Nuo
* Salvationist
* Xiantiandao
* Yiguandao
* Luoism

Tibeto-
Burmese|

* Bon
* Burmese
* Benzhuism
* Bimoism
* Bathouism
* Bongthingism
* Donyi-Polo
* Heraka
* Kiratism
* Qiang
* Sanamahism

Korean|

* Sindoism
* Cheondoism
* Jeungsanism

Japanese|

* Shinto
* Tenrikyo
* Ryukyuan

Tai and Miao|

* Ahom
* Hmongism
* Mo
* Satsana Phi

Austroasiatic|

* Vietnamese
* Caodaism
* Đạo Mẫu
* Hoahaoism
* Sarnaism

Austronesian|

* Batak Parmalim
* Dayak
* Kaharingan
* Momolianism
* Javanese Kejawèn
* Karo Pemena
* Malaysian
* Philippine Dayawism
* Tagalog
* Polynesian
* Hawaiian
* Māori
* Sumbese Marapu
* Sundanese Wiwitan

African|

| Traditional|

* Akan
* Akamba
* Baluba
* Bantu
* Kongo
* Zulu
* Berber
* Guanche church
* Bushongo
* Dinka
* Efik
* Fon and Ewe
* Igbo
* Ik
* Lotuko
* Lozi
* Lugbara
* Maasai
* Mbuti
* San
* Serer
* Tumbuka
* Urhobo
* Waaq
* Yoruba
* Ifá

|

Diasporic|

* Candomblé
* Bantu
* Jejé
* Ketu
* Comfa
* Convince
* Espiritismo
* Kumina
* Obeah
* Palo
* Quimbanda
* Santería
* Tambor de Mina
* Trinidad Orisha
* Umbanda
* Vodou
* Voodoo
* Winti

Native
American|

* Abenaki
* Anishinaabe
* Blackfoot
* Californian
* Miwok
* Ohlone
* Pomo
* Cherokee
* Chilote
* Choctaw
* Creek
* Guarani
* Haida
* Ho-Chunk
* Hopi
* Iroquois
* Seneca
* Wyandot
* Longhouse Religion
* Jivaroan
* Kwakwakaʼwakw
* Lakota
* Lenape
* Mapuche
* Mesoamerican
* Aztec
* Maya
* Purépecha
* Midewiwin
* Muisca
* Native American Church
* Navajo
* Nuu-chah-nulth
* Pawnee
* Tsimshian
* Ute
* Zuni

Other ethnic|

* Aboriginal Australian
* Circassian
* Dravidian
* Inuit
* Papuan
* Siberian

Recent|

* Adi Dharm/Brahmoism
* Anthroposophy
* Discordianism
* Eckankar
* Falun Gong
* Fourth Way
* Goddess
* Japanese
* Jediism
* Modekngei
* Neopaganism
* Reconstructionism
* Wicca
* Neoshamanism
* New Acropolis
* New Age
* New Thought
* Rajneesh
* Satanism
* Spiritualism
* Subud
* Tensegrity
* Thelema
* Theosophy
* Neo-Theosophy
* Agni Yoga
* Transcendental Meditation
* UFO religion
* Raëlism
* Scientology
* Unitarian Universalism
* White Brotherhood

Note: 1 The main source: Eliade, Mircea, ed (1987). The Encyclopedia of Religion. New York: MacMillan.

Historical religions

* Prehistoric
* Paleolithic
* Harappan
* Egyptian
* Atenism
* Mesopotamian
* Sumerian
* Babylonian
* Semitic
* Canaanite
* Yahwism
* Arabian
* Somali
* Hurrian
* Urartu
* Etruscan
* Basque
* Georgian
* Vainakh
* Proto-Indo-European
* Proto-Indo-Iranian
* Vedic
* Mazdaism
* Hittite
* Armenian
* Paleo-Balkan
* Albanian
* Illyrian
* Thracian
* Dacian
* Greek
* Mysteries
* Orphism
* Gnosticism
* Hermeticism
* Greco-Buddhism
* Roman
* Imperial cult
* Gallo-Roman
* Mithraism
* Manichaeism
* Mazdakism
* Scythian
* Germanic
* Anglo-Saxon
* Continental
* Frankish
* Norse
* Celtic
* Baltic
* Slavic
* Finnish
* Hungarian
* Ainu
* Melanesian
* Micronesian
* Nauruan
* Cook Islands
* Rapa Nui
* Tongan
* Inca
* Olmec
* Zapotec
* Fuegian
* Selk'nam
* Guanche
* Swahili
* Jamaican Maroon

Topics

| Aspects|

* Apostasy / Disaffiliation
* Behaviour
* Beliefs
* Clergy
* Conversion
* Deities
* Entheogens
* Ethnic religion
* Denomination
* Faith
* Fire
* Folk religion
* God
* Meditation
* Monasticism
* monk
* nun
* Mysticism
* Mythology
* Nature
* Ordination
* Orthodoxy
* Orthopraxy
* Prayer
* Prophecy
* Religious experience
* Ritual
* liturgy
* sacrifice
* Spirituality
* Supernatural
* Symbols
* Truth
* Water
* Worship

|

Theism|

* Animism
* Deism
* Dualism
* Henotheism
* Monotheism
* Nontheism
* Panentheism
* Pantheism
* Polytheism
* Transtheism

Religious
studies|

* Anthropology
* Cognitive science
* Comparative
* Development
* Evolutionary origin
* Evolutionary psychology
* History
* Philosophy
* Neurotheology
* Psychology
* Sociology
* Theology
* Theories
* Women

Religion and
society

* Agriculture
* Business
* Clergy
* monasticism
* ordination
* Conversion
* evangelism
* missionary
* proselytism
* Disability
* Education
* Fanaticism
* Freedom
* pluralism
* syncretism
* toleration
* universalism
* Fundamentalism
* Growth
* Happiness
* Homosexuality
* Minorities
* National church
* National religiosity levels
* Religiocentrism
* Political science
* Populations
* Schism
* Science
* State
* Theocracy
* Vegetarianism
* Video games
* Violence
* persecution
* terrorism
* war
* Wealth

Secularism and
irreligion

* Antireligion
* Deism
* Agnosticism
* Atheism
* Criticism
* LaVeyan Satanism
* Deconstruction
* Humanistic Judaism
* Irreligion by country
* Objectivism
* Secular humanism
* Secular theology
* Secularization
* Separation of church and state
* Unaffiliated

Overviews
and lists

* Index
* Outline
* Timeline
* Abrahamic prophets
* Deification
* Deities
* Founders
* Mass gatherings
* New religious movements
* Organizations
* Religions and spiritual traditions
* Scholars

* Category
* Portal

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