Shahid

Short description: Martyr in Islam

For other uses, see Religion:Shahid (disambiguation).

Not to be confused with Shahada.

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Template:Islam and imanShahid[lower-alpha 1], also spelled shaheed, is an Islamic term of Arabic-origin meaning "martyr", used by Muslims for mujahideen who die while fighting in the way of Allah.[1] The word is used frequently in the Quran in the generic sense of "witness" but only once in the sense of "martyr" (i.e. one who dies for his faith); the latter sense acquires wider usage in the hadith.[2][3] The term is also used in some non-Muslim communities whose cultures were influenced by Islamic persianate empires, such as amongst Hindus and Sikhs in India.

The term is commonly used as a posthumous title for those who are considered to have accepted or even consciously sought out their own death in order to bear witness to their beliefs.[4] Like the English-language word martyr, in the 20th century, the word shahid came to have both religious and non-religious connotations, and has often been used to describe those who died for non-religious ideological causes.[5][6]

## Contents

* 1 Etymology
* 2 Scriptures
* 2.1 Quran
* 2.2 Hadiths
* 2.2.1 The least painful death
* 2.2.2 Not accepting the exibitionist martyrdom
* 2.2.3 A person who is more honored than a martyr
* 2.2.4 The promised Shahids
* 3 Sikhism
* 4 Modern usage
* 4.1 In Bosnia and Herzegovina
* 4.2 In China
* 4.3 In Palestine
* 5 Women
* 6 Other religions
* 7 Conditions for accepting Shahadat
* 8 The forgiveness of sins of a martyr
* 9 Conditions for being called a Shahid
* 10 Prayer for shahadah (martyrdom)
* 11 See also
* 12 Notes
* 13 References
* 14 External links

## Etymology

In Arabic, the word Shahid means "witness". The broadening of the term's meaning over time closely parallels that of the Greek word martyr (μάρτυς, lit. witness; also "martyr" in the New Testament), the origin of the term martyr.

## Scriptures

### Quran

A shahid is considered one whose place in Paradise is promised according to these verses in the Quran:

> Think not of those who are slain in Allah's way as dead. Nay, they live, finding their sustenance in the presence of their Lord; They rejoice in the bounty provided by Allah. And with regard to those left behind, who have not yet joined them (in their bliss), the (Martyrs) glory in the fact that on them is no fear, nor have they (cause to) grieve.

— Quran 3:169–170[7]

> Allah hath purchased of the believers their persons and their goods; for theirs (in return) is the garden (of Paradise): they fight in His cause, and slay and are slain: a promise binding on Him in truth, through the Torah, the Gospel, and the Qur’an: and who is more faithful to his covenant than Allah? then rejoice in the bargain which ye have concluded: that is the achievement supreme.

— Quran 9:111[7]

The Quranic passage that follows is the source of the concept of Muslim martyrs being promised Paradise:

> Those who leave their homes in the cause of Allah, and are then slain or die,- On them will Allah bestow verily a goodly Provision: Truly Allah is He Who bestows the best provision. Verily He will admit them to a place with which they shall be well pleased: for Allah is All-Knowing, Most Forbearing.

— Quran 22:58–59[7]

### Hadiths

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The importance of faith is highlighted in the following hadith:

> It has been narrated on the authority of Anas b. Malik that the Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) said: Who seeks martyrdom with sincerity shall get its reward, though he may not achieve it.

— Collected by Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj, "Sahih Muslim"[8]

> Narrated Sahl ibn Hunayf: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said, “Whoever asks Allah for martyrdom with the sincere intention of Allah, Allah will grant him the status of a martyr, even if he dies in his bed.”

> --Muslim 1909, Tirmidhi 1653, Nasa’i 3162, Abu Dawud 1520, Ibn Majah 2797, Darimi 2407

It is thus not the outcome that determines the placement in Heaven but rather the intention.

Nonetheless, Paradise for a shahid is a popular concept in the Islamic tradition according to Hadith, and the attainment of this title is honorific.

Muhammad is reported to have said these words about martyrdom:

> By Him in Whose Hands my life is! I would love to be martyred in Allah's Cause and then get resurrected and then get martyred, and then get resurrected again and then get martyred and then get resurrected again and then get martyred.

— Collected by Muhammad al-Bukhari, Sahih al-Bukhari[9]

> The Prophet said, "Nobody who enters Paradise likes to go back to the world even if he got everything on the Earth, except a Mujahid who wishes to return to the world so that he may be martyred ten times because of the dignity he receives (from Allah).

— Collected by Muhammad al-Bukhari, Sahih al-Bukhari[10]

Several hadith also indicate the nature of a shahid's life in Paradise. Shahids attain the highest level of Paradise, the Paradise of al-Firdous.

> Haritha was martyred on the day (of the battle) of Badr, and he was a young boy then. His mother came to the Prophet and said, "O Allah's Apostle! You know how dear Haritha is to me. If he is in Paradise, I shall remain patient, and hope for reward from Allah, but if it is not so, then you shall see what I do?" He said, "May Allah be merciful to you! Have you lost your senses? Do you think there is only one Paradise? There are many Paradises and your son is in the (most superior) Paradise of Al-Firdaus.

— Collected by Muhammad al-Bukhari, Sahih al-Bukhari[11]

Furthermore, Samura narrated:

> The Prophet said, "Last night two men came to me (in a dream) and made me ascend a tree and then admitted me into a better and superior house, better of which I have never seen. One of them said, 'this house is the house of martyrs.'

— Collected by Muhammad al-Bukhari, Sahih al-Bukhari[12]

There are at least five different kinds of martyrs according to hadith.

> Allah's Apostle said, "Five are regarded as martyrs: They are those who die because of plague, abdominal disease, drowning or a falling building etc., and the martyrs in Allah's cause.

— Collected by Muhammad al-Bukhari, Sahih al-Bukhari[13]

One who dies protecting his property is also considered a martyr according to Hadith:

> I heard the Prophet saying, "Whoever is killed while protecting his property then he is a martyr.

— Collected by Muhammad al-Bukhari, Sahih al-Bukhari[14]

While the Qur'an does not indicate much about martyrs' death and funeral, the hadith provides some information on this topic. For example, martyrs are to be buried two in one grave in their blood, without being washed or having a funeral prayer held for them. The following Hadith highlight this:

> The Prophet collected every two martyrs of Uhud in one piece of cloth, then he would ask, "Which of them had (known) more of the Quran?" When one of them was pointed out for him, he would put that one first in the grave and say, "I will be a witness on these on the Day of Resurrection." He ordered them to be buried with their blood on their bodies and they were neither washed nor was a funeral prayer offered for them.

— Collected by Muhammad al-Bukhari, Sahih al-Bukhari[15]

#### The least painful death

> Imran ibn Yazid (RA) ... Abu Hurairah (RA) reported that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said, "A martyr will not feel the pain of being killed more than the pain of being bitten by an ant or pinched by a pin."

> --Ibn Majah 2802. Tahqiq: Hasan.

#### Not accepting the exibitionist martyrdom

> Yahya ibn Habib al-Harithi (may Allah be pleased with him) ..... Narrated Sulayman ibn Yasar (may Allah be pleased with him). He said, Once when the people were leaving Abu Hurairah (may Allah be pleased with him), Natil (may Allah be pleased with him) from Syria said, O Sheikh! Tell us a hadith that you heard from the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him). He said, Yes! (I will listen). I heard the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) say, The first person to be judged on the Day of Resurrection will be a martyr. He will be brought and Allah will tell him about his blessings and he will recognize them all (and will confess them as usual). Then Allah the Almighty will say, What did you do in return for this? He will say, I fought in Your way until I was martyred. Then Allah will say, "You have lied. Rather, you fought so that people would say of you, 'You are a warrior.'" It has been said, and then the command will be given. According to that, he will be dragged on his back and thrown into Hell.

> --Muslim 1905

#### A person who is more honored than a martyr

> "Around the Throne are pulpits of light, on which will be seated a group of people, whose clothes are light and whose faces are light, but they are neither prophets nor martyrs, and the prophets and martyrs will envy them." The companions said: O Messenger of Allah! Describe for us their description." He said: They are those who love one another for the sake of Allah, who befriend one another for the sake of Allah, and who are friends with one another for the sake of Allah. Interviewer./"Among the servants of Allah are some who are neither prophets nor martyrs; but on the Day of Resurrection, the prophets and martyrs will envy them (i.e., will be happy to see their high status) in the court of Allah.

> The Companions asked: O Messenger of Allah! Tell us who they are?

> The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: They are those who love each other for the sake of Allah, sit together for the sake of Allah, and meet each other for the sake of Allah. On the Day of Resurrection, their seats will be of light, their clothes will be of light, and their faces will be of light. When people are afraid, they will not be afraid, and when people are worried, they will not be worried."

> --Musnad Ahmad: Hadith number 22080 (narrated by Mu'adh ibn Jabal).

> Sunan Abu Dawud: Hadith number 3527 (narrated by Umar ibn al-Khattab). Sahih Ibn Hibban: Hadith number 573. Silsilat al-Sahihah 2510

> Mustadrak al-Hakim: Hadith number 7314."Nasa'i, as-Sunan al-Kubra and the hadith is sahih.

#### The promised Shahids

The Sahabas specifically mentioned as Shahid in Hadith are (shia dispute some are considered shahid with them marked as *):

1. Umar ibn al-Khattab*
2. Uthman ibn Affan*
3. Ali ibn Abi Talib
4. Hamza ibn Abdul Muttalib
5. Ja'far ibn Abi Talib
6. Husayn ibn Ali
7. Hasan ibn Ali
8. Talha ibn Ubayd Allah*
9. Zubayr ibn al-Awam*
10. Sumayyah bint Khayyat
11. Yasir ibn Amir
12. Ammar ibn Yasir
13. Sa'd ibn Mu'adh
14. Mus'ab ibn Umayr
15. Haritha ibn Suraqah

## Sikhism

Part of a series on

Sikhism

Sikh gurus

|  Recognised by All Sikhs

* Guru Nanak
* Guru Angad
* Guru Amar Das
* Guru Ram Das
* Guru Arjan

Khalsa

* Guru Hargobind
* Guru Har Rai
* Guru Har Krishan
* Guru Tegh Bahadur
* Guru Gobind Singh
* Guru Granth Sahib

Miharvan

* Guru Prithi Chand
* Guru Miharvan (Manohar Das)[16]
* Guru Harji

Namdhari

* Guru Hargobind
* Guru Har Rai
* Guru Har Krishan
* Guru Tegh Bahadur
* Guru Gobind Singh
* Sat Guru Balak Singh Ji
* Sri Satguru Ram Singh Ji
* Sri Satguru Hari Singh Ji
* Sri Satguru Partap Singh Ji
* Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji
* Sri Satguru Uday Singh Ji

Ramraiya
(extinct)

* Guru Hargobind
* Guru Har Rai
* Guru Ram Rai

Select revered saints

* Bhagat Kabir
* Bhagat Ravidas
* Bhagat Farid
* Bhagat Ramanand
* Bhagat Beni
* Bhagat Namdev
* Bhagat Sadhana
* Bhagat Bhikhan
* Bhagat Parmanand
* Bhagat Sain
* Bhagat Dhanna
* Bhagat Pipa
* Bhagat Surdas
* Bhagat Jaidev
* Bhagat Trilochan
* Bhatt Kalshar
* Bhatt Balh
* Bhatt Bhalh
* Bhatt Bhika
* Bhatt Gayand
* Bhatt Harbans
* Bhatt Jalap
* Bhatt Kirat
* Bhatt Mathura
* Bhatt Nalh
* Bhatt Salh
* Baba Sundar
* Satta Doom
* Balvand Rai

Philosophy

* Naam Japo
* Kirat Karō
* Vand Chakkō
* Charhdi Kalā
* Guru Maneyo Granth
* Five Thieves
* Five Virtues

Practices

* Sikh Rehat Maryada
* Prohibitions
* Ardās
* Kirtan
* Amrit Velā
* Dasvand
* Amrit Sanchar
* The Five Ks
* Langar
* Simran
* Nitnem

Scripture

* Guru Granth Sahib
* Dasam Granth
* Sarbloh Granth
* Five Banis

Takhts

* Akal Takht
* Keshgarh Sahib
* Damdama Sahib
* Patna Sahib
* Hazur Sahib

Sects

* Khalsa
* Miharvan
* Namdhari
* Nirmala
* Ramraiya
* Sikh Dharma International
* Udasi

General topics

* History
* Ik Onkar
* Gurdwara
* Harmandir Sahib
* Khalsa
* Panj Pyare
* Khanda
* Literature
* Music
* Names
* Places
* Nanakshahi calendar
* Sikhs
* Waheguru
* Bhagat
* Dastar (Turban)
* Criticism
* Jathedar of Akal Takht
* War

* v
* t
* e

See also: Martyrdom in Sikhism

File:Detail of Taru Singh being scalped alive from a 19th century Sikh drawing depicting his martyrdom.jpgDetail of Taru Singh being scalped alive from a 19th century Sikh drawing depicting his martyrdom

The word shahid (Punjabi: ਸ਼ਹੀਦ) is also found in Sikhism, a religion founded by Guru Nanak in the northwest part of the Indian subcontinent (now Pakistan and India). It means a martyr.[17][18][19]

The term was borrowed from the Islamic culture in Punjab when Sikhism was founded, and before the start of the British Raj it referred to the Sikh people who met death at the hands of oppressors.[17] Another related term is shahid-ganj, which means a "place of martyrdom".[17][20]

The most discussed shahid in Sikhism have been two of their Gurus, namely Guru Arjan and Guru Tegh Bahadur for defying Islamic rulers and refusing to convert to Islam.[19] Guru Arjan was arrested under the orders of the Mughal Emperor Jahangir and asked to convert to Islam.[21][22] He refused, was tortured and executed in 1606 CE.[21][23] Historical records and the Sikh tradition are unclear whether Guru Arjan was executed by drowning or died during torture.[21][24] His martyrdom, that is becoming a shahid, is considered a watershed event in the history of Sikhism.[21][25]

Guru Tegh Bahadur's martyrdom resulted from refusing to convert and for resisting the forced conversions of Hindus in Kashmir to Islam because he believed in freedom of conscience and human rights.[26] He was publicly beheaded in 1675 on the orders of Mughal emperor Aurangzeb in Delhi.[27][28] Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib in Delhi marks the shahid-ganj, or place of execution of the Guru.[29]

The Sikh have other major pilgrimage sites, such as the shahid-ganj in Sirhind, where two sons of Guru Gobind Singh were bricked alive[30] by the Mughal Army in retaliation of their father's resistance. In Muktsar, near a lake is a shahid-ganj dedicated to forty men who died defending Guru Gobind Singh.[20]

## Modern usage

In the eighteenth century, several wars of independence took place in the colonial territories of the Muslim world, and many of the soldiers who died in these conflicts were buried as shuhadāʾ (martyrs).[31]

A Muslim who is killed defending his or her property is considered a martyr.[14]

### In Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bosnians who died during the Bosnian War and the Bosnian genocide are considered martyrs by many due to them being killed for being Muslim.

### In China

The Muslim General Ma Fuxiang stated on how Chinese Muslims were willing to die to accomplish tasks assigned to them.[32] Imams sponsored by the Kuomintang called for Muslims to go on Jihad to become martyrs in battle, where Muslims believe they will go automatically to heaven. Becoming a shaheed in the Jihad for the country was encouraged by the Kuomintang, which was called "glorious death for the state" and a hadith promoting nationalism was spread.[33] A song written by Xue Wenbo at the Muslim Chengda school, which was controlled by the Kuomintang, called for martyrdom in battle for China against Japan.[34] The Muslim General Bai Chongxi himself was a member of a Dare to Die corps in the Xinhai revolution.[35]

Some Uyghur activists have referred to victims of the Persecution of Uyghurs in China that died, martyrs.

### In Palestine

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In modern political usage, various Palestinian groups consider all Palestinians killed in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict to be martyrs for the cause, whether they were civilians or fighters.[36] Groups such as Hamas and the Palestinian Islamic Jihad consider martyrdom as the highest form of sacrifice for the Palestinian cause.[37][38] This ethos is widespread in educational materials, visual media, community events and ceremonies.

## Women

A woman is considered "shahida" (شَهِيدَة Shahidah) if she dies during the fulfillment of a religious commandment. A woman can also be considered a martyr if she dies during childbirth.[39] There are examples of women fighting in war such as Nusaybah bint Ka'ab. The first martyr (male or female) in Islam was Sumayyah bint Khayyat, who was executed for her conversion to Islam. She died after Abu Jahl, an anti-Muslim leader of the Quraysh, stabbed her in the abdomen.[40] Though her name is not common in the modern Muslim dialogue, ancient Islamic literature makes note of the events at the end of her life.[41]

## Other religions

Over a period of time, the word "shahid" began to be used by non-Muslims such as Arab Christians to denote their own martyrs. So the word is still used by Christians in Arab-speaking countries, including the names of churches. Examples are the Forty Martyrs Cathedral (Arabic: كنيسة الأربعين شهيد) in Aleppo and the Saint George the Martyr Cathedral (Arabic: كنيسة القدّيس الشهيد مار جرجس)[42] in Damascus, both in Syria.

In South Asia, Hindus adopted the word "shahid" as a synonym to the Sanskrit word "hutātmā" (हुतात्मा in Devanagari and হুতাত্মা in Bengali; हुत् and হুত্ hut = sacrificing, आत्मा and আত্মা ātmā = soul, thus hutātmā = sacrificing soul / martyr), to denote Hindu martyrs.

## Conditions for accepting Shahadat

Those who fight and die in the way of Allah with the pure intention of upholding the word of Tawheed are the true martyrs, and the condition for accepting Shahadat (martyrdom) to Allah is that one does not fight for the sake of showing off, to be called brave, or to make people listen.[43][44]

## The forgiveness of sins of a martyr

According to Islam, all sins of a martyr are forgiven, except for debts.[45][46]

## Conditions for being called a Shahid

In Islam, if someone other than those mentioned as Shahid in the Quran and Hadith fulfills the conditions for being a Shahid, then according to the prohibition of Umar as narrated in Sahih Muslim, he cannot be called a martyr directly,[47] Because this means that he is certain to be in Paradise after death, which is impossible to know without Allah's knowledge, many scholars including Assim al-Hakeem advise that it is better to say "We hope and pray that Allah will accept him as a martyr" rather than saying "Shahid".[48][49]

## Prayer for shahadah (martyrdom)

> Yahya ibn Bukair (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated that ‘Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) used to supplicate: اللَّهُمَّ ارْزُقْنِي شَهَادَةً فِي سَبِيلِكَ، وَاجْعَلْ مَوْتِي فِي بَلَدِ رَسُولِكَ صلى الله عليه وسلم (O Allah! Grant me martyrdom in Your path and cause me to die in the city of Your Messenger). Ibn Zuray'i (may Allah be pleased with him) ... Narrated Hafsa bint Umar (may Allah be pleased with him), who said: I heard Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) narrate the same. Hisham (may Allah be pleased with him) said: Zaid (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated from Hafsa (may Allah be pleased with him) from his father, who said: I heard Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) say. Abu 'Abdullah (may Allah be pleased with him) said: "Rawah (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated from his mother."

> -- Bukhari, 1769

## See also

* Istishhad
* Jihad
* Martyr
* Martyr (China)
* Martyrdom in Christianity
* Martyrdom in Judaism
* Martyrdom in Sikhism
* Martyrdom video
* Persecution of Muslims
* Shahada
* Shahid (name)
* Shahidka

## Notes

1. ↑ Arabic: شهيد, romanized: Shahīd, ar; fem. شهيدة Shahīdah ar; pl. شهداء Shuhadāʾ ar

## References

1. ↑ Khalid Zaheer (November 22, 2013). "Definition of a shaheed". Dawn. http://www.dawn.com/news/1057801.
2. ↑ "The word shahid (plural shahada) has the meaning of "martyr" and is closely related in its development to the Greek martyrios in that it means both a witness and a martyr [...] in the latter sense only once is it attested (3:141)." David Cook, Oxford Bibliographies
3. ↑ "Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, μάρτυ^ς". https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=ma/rtus.
4. ↑ Gölz, "Martyrdom and the Struggle for Power. Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Martyrdom in the Modern Middle East". (), Behemoth 12, no. 1 (2019): 2–13, 5.
5. ↑ Habib, Sandy (2017). "Dying for a Cause Other Than God: Exploring the Non-religious Meanings of Martyr and Shahīd". Australian Journal of Linguistics 37 (3): 314–327. doi:10.1080/07268602.2017.1298395.
6. ↑ Gölz, Olmo. "Martyrdom and the Struggle for Power: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Martyrdom in the Modern Middle East (Editorial)". (), Behemoth 12, no. 1 (2019): 2–13, 11.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Abdullah Yusuf Ali
8. ↑ Sahih Muslim, 020:4694
9. ↑ Sahih al-Bukhari, 4:52:54
10. ↑ Sahih al-Bukhari, 4:52:72
11. ↑ Sahih al-Bukhari, 5:59:318
12. ↑ Sahih al-Bukhari, 4:52:49
13. ↑ Sahih al-Bukhari, 4:52:82
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Sahih al-Bukhari, 3:43:660
15. ↑ Sahih al-Bukhari, 2:23:427
16. ↑ Hardip Singh Syan (2013). Sikh Militancy in the Seventeenth Century: Religious Violence in Mughal and Early Modern India. I.B.Tauris. pp. 52–54. ISBN 978-1-78076-250-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=9RzzxcEL4C0C&pg=PA52.
17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 W. H. McLeod (2009). The A to Z of Sikhism. Scarecrow. p. 185. ISBN 978-0-8108-6344-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=vgixwfeCyDAC&pg=PA185.
18. ↑ H. S. Singha (2000). The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries). Hemkunt Press. p. 182. ISBN 978-81-7010-301-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C&pg=PA183.
19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Eleanor Nesbitt (2016). Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. pp. 55–58. ISBN 978-0-19-106276-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=4ysRDAAAQBAJ.
20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 H. S. Singha (2000). The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries). Hemkunt Press. p. 183. ISBN 978-81-7010-301-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C&pg=PA183.
21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 Pashaura Singh (2005), Understanding the Martyrdom of Guru Arjan , Journal of Philosophical Society, 12(1), pages 29–62
22. ↑ Kulathungam, Lyman (2012). Quest : Christ amidst the quest. Wipf. pp. 175–177. ISBN 978-1-61097-515-5.
23. ↑ Jahangir, Emperor of Hindustan (1999). The Jahangirnama: Memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India. Oxford University Press. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-19-512718-8.
24. ↑ Louis E. Fenech, Martyrdom in the Sikh Tradition, Oxford University Press, pp. 118–121
25. ↑ WH McLeod (1989). The Sikhs: History, Religion, and Society. Columbia University Press. pp. 26–51. ISBN 978-0231068154. https://archive.org/details/sikhshistoryreli00mcle.
26. ↑ Pashaura Singh and Louis Fenech (2014). The Oxford Handbook of Sikh studies. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 236–445. ISBN 978-0-19-969930-8. "This second martyrdom helped to make 'human rights and freedom of conscience' central to its identity." and "This is the reputed place where several Kashmiri pandits came seeking protection from Auranzeb's army."
27. ↑ Seiple, Chris (2013). The Routledge handbooks of religion and security. New York: Routledge. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-415-66744-9.
28. ↑ "Religions - Sikhism: Guru Tegh Bahadur". BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/people/teghbahadur.shtml.
29. ↑ H. S. Singha (2000). The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries). Hemkunt Press. p. 169. ISBN 978-81-7010-301-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C. Retrieved 2016-12-03.
30. ↑ "The story of Sahibzada Zorawar Singh and Sahibzada Fateh Singh". 31 December 2018. http://www.indiandefencereview.com/the-story-of-sahibzada-zorawar-singh-and-sahibzada-fateh-singh/.
31. ↑ "Martyrdom". In The Islamic World: Past and Present. Ed. John L. Esposito. Oxford Islamic Studies Online. 5 December 2012.
32. ↑ Upton Close (2007). In the Land of the Laughing Buddha – The Adventures of an American Barbarian in China. READ BOOKS. p. 271. ISBN 978-1-4067-1675-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=DpQa22PJutwC&q=They+have+not+enjoyed+the+educational+and+political+privileges+of+the+Han+chinese,+and+they+are+in+many+respects+primitive. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
33. ↑ Stéphane A. Dudoignon; Hisao Komatsu; Yasushi Kosugi (2006). Intellectuals in the modern Islamic world: transmission, transformation, communication. Taylor & Francis. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-415-36835-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=MJzB6wrz6Q4C&q=anti+japanese. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
34. ↑ Stéphane A. Dudoignon; Hisao Komatsu; Yasushi Kosugi (2006). Intellectuals in the modern Islamic world: transmission, transformation, communication. Taylor & Francis. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-415-36835-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=MJzB6wrz6Q4C&q=china+jihad+japan+xue+chengda&pg=PA135. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
35. ↑ Howard L. Boorman; Richard C. Howard; Joseph K.H. Cheng (1979). Biographical dictionary of Republican China, Volume 3. New York City: Columbia University Press. pp. 51–56. ISBN 0-231-08957-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=r3AJFusMHJwC&pg=PA51.
36. ↑ Abdulrahim, Raja; Yazbek, Hiba (31 December 2022). "For Palestinians, a Rush to Claim 'Martyrs' Killed by Israel". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/31/world/middleeast/palestinian-martyrs-israel.html.
37. ↑ Hatina, M. (2005). Theology and power in the Middle East: Palestinian martyrdom in a comparative perspective. Journal of Political Ideologies, 10(3), 241–267. doi:10.1080/13569310500244289
38. ↑ Meir Litvak (2010) “Martyrdom is Life”: Jihad and Martyrdom in the Ideology of Hamas, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 33:8, 716-734, DOI: 10.1080/1057610X.2010.494170
39. ↑ Lumbard, Joseph E.B. (2004) Islam, Fundamentalism, and the Betrayal of Tradition. World Wisdom Publishing, ISBN 0941532607 (30)
40. ↑ Cook, David (2007). Martyrdom in Islam. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521615518.
41. ↑ Cook, David (2007). Martyrdom in Islam. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521615518. p. 14.
42. ↑ Arabic: متري هاجي اثناسيو, 2005، اديرة وكنائس دمشق وريفها : (بحث ميداني توثيقي تاريخي اثري), pp. 57–58.
43. ↑ Muttafaq Alayh, Mishkat H/5316; Muslim, Mishkat H/205
44. ↑ At-tahreek, Monthly. "প্রশ্ন (৩৭/৩১৭) : শহীদ কারা? প্রকৃত শহীদের পরিচয় ও বৈশিষ্ট্য জানিয়ে বাধিত করবেন। -" (in en). https://at-tahreek.com/article_details/9357.
45. ↑ Hussain, Dr Abid (2005) (in en). The Islāmic Law of Succession. Darussalam. p. 432. ISBN 978-9960-732-37-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=w91GZUMcU64C&dq=All+the+sins+of+the+martyr+will+be+forgiven+except+for+debts.&pg=PA432. Retrieved 28 July 2025.
46. ↑ "হাদীস: আল্লাহ শহীদকে ঋণ ব্যতীত সবকিছু ক্ষমা করে দেন।" (in bn). https://hadeethenc.com/bn/browse/hadith/3589.
47. ↑ At-tahreek, Monthly (October 2013). "প্রশ্ন (১৭/১৭) : কোন ব্যক্তির নামের আগে শহীদ যুক্ত করে ডাকা যায় কি? -". মাসিক আত-তাহরীক । ধর্ম, সমাজ ও সাহিত্য বিষয়ক গবেষণা পত্রিকা. https://at-tahreek.com/article_details/6344. Retrieved 9 May 2025. "Home > October 2013 > Q&A Question (17/17): Can a person be called by adding the word "Shahid" before his name? Answer read 1327 times: No. Because the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said, "Allaah is most knowing of those who are wounded in the way of Allaah." (Bukhari, Muslim; Mishkat Ha/3802). Umar Farooq (may Allaah be pleased with him) once said in a sermon, "You say that such and such a person is a Shahid, such and such a person is a martyr. Do not say that. Rather, say what the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) used to say. And that is, whoever dies or is killed in the way of Allaah is a Shahid." (Ahmad Ha/285, isnaad Hasan; Fathul Bari 'Jihad' chapter 6/90). The word "martyr" mentioned in this hadeeth does not mean the title of Shahid. Rather, it means attaining the status of a Shahid. No companion who was killed in the path of Allah was called by adding the title 'Shahid' to his name. Therefore, it is not in accordance with the Shariah to call someone by adding the title 'Shahid' to his name.".
48. ↑ "Can we say someone is a Shaheed or Martyr? | Sheikh Assim Al Hakeem". Assim al-Hakeem Official Youtube Page. 8 September 2020. https://m.youtube.com/watch?si=b6qzMYIrzAw5jtUg&v=1reFwLpwbEs&feature=youtu.be.
49. ↑ "Calling Someone a Shaheed or a Martyr? | Sheikh Assim Al Hakeem". Assim al-Hakeem Official Youtube Page. 12 November 2018. https://m.youtube.com/watch?si=dOcceKsVR6wqURi7&v=z5qkLdD46pQ&feature=youtu.be.

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