Takbir

Short description: Arabic phrase

"Allahu Akbar" redirects here. For the former national anthem of Libya, see Allahu Akbar (anthem). For other uses, see Allahu Akbar (disambiguation).

Not to be confused with Takfir.

Template:Infobox Arabic term Template:Infobox Arabic term

The takbīr (Arabic: تَكْبِير ar, lit. magnification [of God]) is the name for the Arabic phrase Allāhu ʾAkbar (Arabic: اللّٰهُ أَكْبَر ar, lit. God is the greatest [of everything]).[1][2][3][4]

It is a common Arabic expression, used in various contexts by Muslims around the world: in formal salah (prayer),[4] in the adhan (Islamic call to prayer),[5] in Hajj, as an informal expression of faith, in times of distress or joy, or to express resolute determination or defiance. The phrase is the official motto of Iran and Iraq. It is also used by Orthodox Arab Christians as an expression of faith.[6]

## Contents

* 1 Etymology
* 2 Usage in Islamic rituals
* 2.1 In prayer
* 2.2 Following births and deaths
* 2.3 During the Eid Festival and the Hajj
* 2.4 During the halal slaughter of animals
* 3 Other social usage
* 3.1 In times of joy and gratitude
* 3.2 Brunei
* 3.3 In battle
* 3.4 Iran
* 3.5 Bangladesh
* 3.6 Usage by extremists and terrorists
* 3.7 In politics
* 3.8 Usage by Christians
* 4 Use on flags
* 4.1 Afghanistan
* 4.2 Iran
* 4.3 Iraq
* 4.4 Other uses
* 5 See also
* 6 References
* 6.1 Sources
* 7 External links

## Etymology

takbīr in nastaʿlīq The Takbir written in Thuluth script Takbir in Naskh script

The Arabic word كَبِير (kabīr) means big from the Semitic root k-b-r. A cognate word for this root exists in Hebrew as כביר (kabir). The Arabic word أَكْبَر (ʾakbar) is the elative form ("bigger, biggest") of the adjective kabīr ("big"). When used in the takbīr it is usually translated as "biggest", but some authors translate it as "bigger".[7][8][9] The term takbīr itself is the stem II verbal noun of the root k-b-r, meaning "big", from which akbar "bigger" is derived. The form Allāhu is a nominative of Allah, meaning "God".[10][11]

The takbīr is sometimes translated into English as "God is greater", which is short for "God is greater than all" (الله أَكْبَرُ من كلِّ شيء). It is an example of an Arabic idiom where an incomplete sentence, abbreviated because of its familiarity, is considered grammatically correct.[12]

## Usage in Islamic rituals

A Muslim raises both of his hands to recite the takbīr in prayer. Calligraphic Takbir in minaret of Sancaklar Mosque

This phrase is recited by Muslims in many different situations.

### In prayer

The phrase is said during each stage of both salah (obligatory prayers, performed five times a day), and nafl (supererogatory prayers, performed at will). The call to prayer by the muezzin to those outside the mosque (adhan) and the call to those inside to line up for the commencement of prayer (iqama) also contain the phrase.[5]

While there are many short prayers like it, the takbīr is used more frequently than any other.[13]

### Following births and deaths

The phrase is used after the birth of a child as a means of praising God.[14] It is also part of Islamic funeral and burial customs.[15]

### During the Eid Festival and the Hajj

During the festival of Eid al-Adha and the days preceding it, Muslims recite the takbīr. This is particularly the case on the Day of Arafah.[16]

### During the halal slaughter of animals

In the process of pronouncing the name of God while performing Dhabihah one must say Bismillah Allahu Akbar.[17]

## Other social usage

Allāhu akbar in a memorial, Desouk, Egypt Allāhu akbar in Arabic calligraphy seen on Imam Ali Mosque architecture (center of the Iwan), 1994 A sign with Allāhu akbar written on the side of a road in Iran

The expression Allāhu ʾakbar can be used in a variety of situations, from celebrations to times of grief.

In a historical account by someone who was present both at the birth of the ruler Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr (7th century) and at his funeral, the author observes that Allāhu ʾakbar was said on both occasions.[18]

### In times of joy and gratitude

The takbīr can be used to express joy or surprise. It is also used as applause in religious contexts, such as after a Quran recital, as other forms of applause are considered less appropriate.[19]

It is used to celebrate an election win.[20][21] As a multi-purpose phrase, it is sometimes used by Arab football commentators as an expression of amazement, or even as a football chant.[22]

### Brunei

On 1 January 1984, Begawan Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien led the masses of people who chanted the takbir to celebrate the restoration of independence.[23]

### In battle

Historically, the takbīr has been used as a cry of victory during battle.[24] Ibn Ishaq's 8th century Life of Muhammed narrates two occasions when Muhammad proclaimed the takbīr during battle.[25]

### Iran

During the Iranian Revolution of 1979, it was shouted from rooftops in Iran during the evenings as a form of protest. The takbīr was later adopted as the official motto of Iran.[26] This practice returned in the 2009 Iranian presidential election protests,[27][28] which protested the election results.[29]

### Bangladesh

In December 2025, a mob attacked the office of The Daily Star in Farmgate, Dhaka. Chanting slogans such as “Nara-e-Takbir” and “Allahu Akbar,” they smashed glass panels, dragged out chairs, tables, and papers, and set them on fire.[30]

### Usage by extremists and terrorists

See also: Religion:Islamic terrorism

The phrase has been used as a battle cry by Islamic extremists and terrorists.[31] However, this usage has been denounced by other Muslims.[18][22]

Professor Khaled A. Beydoun, author of The New Crusades: Islamophobia and the Global War on Muslims (2023),[32] writes that the association of the phrase "Allah Akbar" with terrorism has been exacerbated by mass media and television pundits. He adds that films and shows also utilize it as a cinematic trope further cementing the association.[33]

### In politics

In India, Asaduddin Owaisi, president of the AIMIM and Abu Taher Khan, representing TMC, after being elected as members of the Indian Parliament, ended their oath with the slogan of "Allahu Akbar".[34]

### Usage by Christians

The phrase (Allah; meaning God in English) is recited by Arabic speaking Orthodox Christians as an expression of their faith.[6] The Palestinian Christians use Allah in their prayer to refer to the creator of the world, and the takbir as an expression of their faith. The use of takbir has been defended by Theodosios Hanna, the Palestinian Orthodox Archbishop of Sebastia.[35]

## Use on flags

### Afghanistan

The Afghan constitution that came into force on January 4, 2004, required that Allāhu akbar be inscribed on the flag of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan.[36] After the 2021 Taliban offensive, the flag of the first emirate was readopted, and thus the takbīr removed from the flag.[37]

### Iran

Allāhu akbar is written in stylized form across the bottom of the green stripe and the top of the red stripe of the flag of the Islamic Republic of Iran, adopted in 1980.[38]

### Iraq

The phrase Allāhu akbar is written on the center of the flag of Iraq.

During the Gulf War in January 1991, Saddam Hussein held a meeting with top military commanders, where it was decided to add the words Allāhu akbar (described as the Islamic battle cry)[39] to Iraq's flag to boost his secular regime's religious credentials, casting himself as the leader of an Islamic army.[40][41] Hussein described the flag as "the banner of jihad and monotheism".[42]

In 2004, the US-picked Iraqi Governing Council approved a new flag for Iraq that abandoned symbols of Hussein's regime, such as the words Allāhu akbar.[40][43] In January 2008, however, Iraq's parliament passed a law to change the flag by leaving in the phrase, but changing the calligraphy of the words Allāhu akbar, which had been a copy of Hussein's handwriting, to a Kufic script.[44][45] The Iraqi flag under Hussein had each of the two words of the phrase written in one of the spaces between the stars on the central band; the flag adopted in 2008 kept the phrase and removed the stars.

### Other uses

A resistance movement that fought British rule in Waziristan, Pakistan, used a red flag bearing Allāhu akbar in white letters.[46]

The flag used by the Houthis in Yemen also includes bearing Allāhu akbar in green letters.[47]

* Flag of Iraq, with stylized Kufic script, introduced in 2008

* Flag of Iran, introduced in 1980

* Former flag of Afghanistan, with the phrase beneath the Shahada, used from 2004 to 2021

* Flag of 1930s Waziristan (Pakistan) resistance movement

## See also

* Dhikr
* Tasbih
* Tahmid
* Tahlil
* Tasmiyah
* Salawat
* Shahada
* Hallelujah
* Hallel
* Alláh-u-Abhá
* Deo optimo maximo

## References

1. ↑ Wensinck, A.J., "Takbīr", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Consulted online on 09 September 2023 doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7330 First published online: 2012
2. ↑ "Takbīr". The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford University Press. 2009. ISBN 978-0-19-530513-5. https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-0980.
3. ↑ "Takbīr". 22 August 2023. https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/takbir.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "The Times of the Five Daily Prayers". https://raleighmasjid.org/times/.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Nigosian, S. A. (2004). Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices. Indiana: Indiana University Press. p. 102. ISBN 0-253-21627-3. https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Emma Bennett, What does Allahu Akbar mean?, The Telegraph (UK), 12 June 2016.
7. ↑ E. W. Lane, Arabic English Lexicon, 1893, gives for kabir: "bigger, and biggest, in body, or corporeal substance, and in estimation or rank or dignity, and more, or most, advanced in age, older, and oldest" (p. 2587) .
8. ↑ A.O.Green (1887). A Practical Arabic Grammar. Clarendon Press. p. 66. https://books.google.com/books?id=ex4UAAAAYAAJ&q=comparative&pg=PA69.
9. ↑ "The formula, as the briefest expression of the absolute superiority of the One God, is used in Muslim life in different circumstances, in which the idea of God, His greatness and goodness is suggested." Wensinck, A. J. The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition. Brill, 2000. Volume 10, T-U, p. 119, Takbir.
10. ↑ Böwering, Gerhard, God and His Attributes, Encyclopaedia of the Qurʼān, Brill, 2007.
11. ↑ Macdonald, D. B. The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition. Brill, 1971. Volume 3, H-Iram, p. 1093, Ilah.
12. ↑ إسماعيل عتوك, محمد (December 2019). "لماذا لا نقول في الأذان : ( الله الأكبر ) مع أل التعريف، بدلاً من ( الله أكبر ) ؟". https://quran-m.com/لماذا-لا-نقول-في-الأذان-الله-الأكبر-مع/.
13. ↑ Patrick J. Ryan, S.J. (29 October 2015). "What I learned from Muslims about God". America. https://www.americamagazine.org/issue/called-prayer.
14. ↑ "On Birth & School". http://www.jerrahi.org/library/articles/birth_school.
15. ↑ el-Hibri, Tayeb (19 October 2010). Parable and Politics in Early Islamic History: The Rashidun Caliphs. Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231521659. https://books.google.com/books?id=ouwL4dGrTN8C&pg=PA362.
16. ↑ Rabbani, Faraz. "The Day of 'Arafah: The 9th of Dhu'l Hijjah". Qibla.com. http://qa.sunnipath.com/issue_view.asp?HD=1&ID=763&CATE=3.
17. ↑ "Arabic Definitions". USA Halal Chamber of Commerce, Inc.. https://www.ushalalcertification.com/terminology.html.
18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Omar Suleiman. "What 'Allahu Akbar' really means". CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2017/11/01/opinions/allahu-akbar-meaning/index.html.
19. ↑ "Allahu akbar: What is the Takbir?". The Week. 25 August 2017. https://www.theweek.co.uk/88011/allahu-akbar-what-is-the-takbir.
20. ↑ "Who is Mothin Ali? British Councillor Who Shouted 'Allahu Akbar' After Being Elected in Local Polls". 6 May 2024. https://www.news18.com/world/mothin-ali-british-councillor-green-party-who-shouted-allahu-akbar-after-being-elected-in-local-polls-8878969.html.
21. ↑ Hazell, Will (18 May 2024). "Most voters think shouting 'Allahu Akbar' is inappropriate for politicians". The Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2024/05/18/copy-of-most-voters-think-allahu-akbar-inappropriate-politicians/.
22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Nagourney, Eric (2017-11-02). "'Allahu Akbar': An Everyday Phrase, Tarnished by Attacks" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/02/world/americas/allahu-akbar-terrorism.html.
23. ↑ Scoop, The (2018-02-23). "A look back at Brunei's first National Day" (in en-GB). http://thescoop.co/2018/02/24/look-back-bruneis-first-national-day/.
24. ↑ Ludwig W. Adamec, Historical Dictionary of Islam, Scarecrow Press, 2nd ed. 2009, pg. 32
25. ↑ Life of Mohammed [سيرة رسول الله] by Ibn Ishaq, translated by Alfred Guillaume, Oxford University Press, 1955, 17th printing, Karachi, 2004 https://archive.org/details/TheLifeOfMohammedGuillaume
26. ↑ Constitution of Iran, Article 18
27. ↑ "Yahoo News". Archived from the original on June 17, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090617072238/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090614/ap_on_re_mi_ea/ml_iran_election.
28. ↑ "YouTube". YouTube. June 9, 2009. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9WU-cxEEJ-E.
29. ↑ "How Iran's opposition inverts old slogans". BBC News. December 7, 2009. https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8386335.stm.
30. ↑ "Prothom Alo, The Daily Star offices vandalised, set on fire; all trapped staff evacuated" (in en). 2025-12-19. https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/fire-daily-star-doused-trapped-staff-rescued-prothom-alo-building-still-fire-1313526.
31. ↑ "'We Have Some Planes'". 9/11 Commission Report. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. 2004. http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/911Report_Ch1.htm. Retrieved May 30, 2008.
32. ↑ Beydoun, Khaled A. (21 March 2023). The New Crusades: Islamophobia and the Global War on Muslims. Univ of California Press. ISBN 978-0520356306.
33. ↑ Khaled Beydoun. "The perils of saying 'Allahu Akbar' in public". Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/global-opinions/wp/2018/08/25/the-perils-of-saying-allahu-akbar-in-public/.
34. ↑ "'Jai Shri Ram', 'Allahu Akbar': Religious slogans mark swearing in ceremony of 17th LS". 18 June 2019. https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/nation/-jai-shri-ram-allahu-akbar-religious-slogans-mark-swearing-in-ceremony-of-17th-ls-789685.
35. ↑ Adib, Reem; Hadji, Sohayle M; Racman, Abdul; Gubat-Manabilang, Monaimah (15 Jun 2022). "Deciphering the Stereotyping of Arabs, their language and religion by the Bruneians". p. 20. doi:10.37134/firdaus.vol2.1.2.2022. https://ejournal.upsi.edu.my/index.php/firdaus/article/view/6989/3574.
36. ↑ McCarthy, Andrew C., "Cold Comfort on Islam and Apostasy; No one who's actually read the Afghan constitution should be surprised by the Abdul Rahman case", National Review, March 27, 2006, accessed February 11, 2010]
37. ↑ "Taliban hoist giant flag in Afghan capital, eight months after return" (in en). 2022-03-31. https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220331-taliban-hoist-giant-flag-in-afghan-capital-eight-months-after-return.
38. ↑ McKeever, Amy (November 29, 2022). "Why Iran's flag is at the center of controversy at the World Cup". National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/iran-flag-symbolism-history-meaning-controversy. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
39. ↑ "New Straits Times". January 15, 1991. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=37gTAAAAIBAJ&pg=5117,3700016&dq=flag+iraq+islamist+allahu-akbar&hl=en.
40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 "U.S.-picked Iraq leaders approve new flag". USA Today. April 26, 2004. https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/2004-04-26-iraq-flag_x.htm.
41. ↑ Deroy Murdock. "Murdock, Deroy, "The 9/11 Connection," April 3, 2003". The National Review. http://article.nationalreview.com/268429/the-911-connection/deroy-murdock.
42. ↑ Long, Jerry M. (April 2004). Saddam's war of words: politics, religion, and the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-70264-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=0OkasRnU4K0C&q=flag+"allahu+akbar"&pg=PA138. Retrieved February 19, 2014.
43. ↑ Rosen, Nir (May 26, 2004). "Iraq's religious tide cannot be turned back". Asia Times. http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/FE26Ak05.html.
44. ↑ Abdul-Zahra, Qassim, "Iraqi Lawmakers Vote to Change Flag," USA Today, January 22, 2008, accessed February 9, 2010
45. ↑ Abdul, Qassim (February 5, 2008). "Abdul-Zahra, Qassim, "Iraq unveils flag without Saddam's stars"". USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/news/topstories/2008-02-05-1386576333_x.htm.
46. ↑ "Analysis: A ride on the wild side". UPI. September 19, 2005. http://www.accessmylibrary.com/premium/0286/0286-9628676.html.
47. ↑ Riedel, Bruce (2017-12-18). "Who are the Houthis, and why are we at war with them?" (in en-US). https://www.brookings.edu/blog/markaz/2017/12/18/who-are-the-houthis-and-why-are-we-at-war-with-them/.

### Sources

* Rohi Baalbaki (1995). Al-Mawrid (7th ed.). Beirut: Dar El-Ilm Lilmalayin. ISBN 9953-9023-1-3.
* F. Steingass Ph.D., University of Munich (1870). Persian-English Dictionary, Including the Arabic words and phrases to be met with in literature. Beirut: Librairie Du Liban.

## External links

* Essay on the takbir at Slate
* Team, Bridge Initiative (12 September 2017). "Allahu Akbar - Factsheet: Islam, Muslims, Islamophobia". https://bridge.georgetown.edu/research/factsheet-allahu-akbar/.

Template:Islamic prayer

* v
* t
* e

People and things in the Quran

Characters

Non-humans|

* Allāh ("The God")
* Names of Allah found in the Quran, such as Karīm (Generous)
* Beings in Paradise

| Animals|

| Related|

* The baqarah (cow) of Israelites
* The dhiʾb (wolf) that Jacob feared could attack Joseph
* The fīl (elephant) of the Abyssinians
* Ḥimār (Domesticated donkey)
* The hud-hud (hoopoe) of Solomon
* The kalb (dog) of the sleepers of the cave
* The namlah (female ant) of Solomon
* The nūn (fish or whale) of Jonah
* The nāqat (she-camel) of Saleh

|

Non-related|

* ʿAnkabūt (Female spider)
* Dābbat al-Arḍ (Beast of the Earth)
* Ḥimār (Wild ass)
* Naḥl (Honey bee)
* Qaswarah ("Lion", "beast of prey" or "hunter")

Angels|

* Angels of Hell
* Mālik
* Zabāniyah
* Angel of the Trumpet (Isrāfīl or Raphael)
* Jibrīl (Gabriel)
* Ar-Rūḥ ("The Spirit")
* Ar-Rūḥ al-Amīn ("The Trustworthy Spirit")
* Ar-Rūḥ al-Qudus ("The Holy Spirit")
* Mīkāil (Michael)
* Angel of Death (Azrael)
* Bearers of the Throne
* Riḍwān
* Munkar and Nakir
* Harut and Marut
* Kirāman Kātibīn (Honourable Scribes)
* Raqib
* Atid

Others|

* Jinn
* Jann
* ʿIfrīt
* Mārid ("Rebellious one")
* Shayāṭīn (Demons)
* Iblīs the (Chief) Al-Shayṭān
* Qarīn
* Ghilmān or Wildān
* Ḥūr

Prophets|

| Mentioned|

* Ādam (Adam)
* Al-Yasaʿ (Elisha)
* Ayyūb (Job)
* Dāwūd (David)
* Dhūl-Kifl (Ezekiel?)
* Hārūn (Aaron)
* Hūd (Eber?)
* Idrīs (Enoch?)
* Ilyās (Elijah)
* ʿImrān (Joachim the father of Maryam)
* Isḥāq (Isaac)
* Ismāʿīl (Ishmael)
* Dhabih Ullah
* Lūṭ (Lot)
* Ṣāliḥ
* Shuʿayb (Jethro, Reuel or Hobab?)
* Sulaymān ibn Dāwūd (Solomon son of David)
* ʿUzair (Ezra?)
* Yaḥyā ibn Zakariyyā (John the Baptist the son of Zechariah)
* Yaʿqūb (Jacob)
* Isrāʾīl (Israel)
* Yūnus (Jonah)
* Dhūn-Nūn ("He of the Fish (or Whale)" or "Owner of the Fish (or Whale)")
* Ṣāḥib al-Ḥūt ("Companion of the Whale")
* Yūsuf ibn Ya‘qūb (Joseph son of Jacob)
* Zakariyyā (Zechariah)

| Ulul-ʿAzm|

* Muḥammad
* Aḥmad
* Other names and titles of Muhammad
* ʿĪsā (Jesus)
* Al-Masīḥ (The Messiah)
* Ibn Maryam (Son of Mary)
* Mūsā Kalīmullāh (Moses He who spoke to God)
* Ibrāhīm Khalīlullāh (Abraham Friend of God)
* Nūḥ (Noah)

|

Debatable ones|

* Dhūl-Qarnain
* Luqmān
* Maryam (Mary)
* Ṭālūt (Saul or Gideon?)

Implied|

* Irmiyā (Jeremiah)
* Isma'il Ṣādiq al-Waʿd (Fulfiller of the Promise)?
* Ṣamūʾīl (Samuel)
* Yūshaʿ ibn Nūn (Joshua, companion and successor of Moses)

People of Prophets|

| Good ones|

* Adam's immediate relatives
* Martyred son
* Wife
* Believer of Ya-Sin
* Family of Noah
* Father Lamech
* Mother Shamkhah bint Anush or Betenos
* Luqman's son
* People of Aaron and Moses
* Egyptians
* Believer (Hizbil or Hizqil ibn Sabura)
* Imraʾat Firʿawn (Arabic: امْرَأَت فِرْعَوْن, Āsiyá bint Muzāḥim (Arabic: آسِيَا بِنْت مُزَاحِم) or Wife of Pharaoh, who adopted Moses)
* Magicians of the Pharaoh
* Wise, pious man
* Moses' wife
* Moses' sister-in-law
* Mother
* Sister
* People of Abraham
* Mother Abiona or Amtelai the daughter of Karnebo
* Ishmael's mother
* Isaac's mother
* People of Jesus
* Disciples (including Peter)
* Mary's mother
* Zechariah's wife
* People of Joseph
* Brothers (including Binyāmin (Benjamin) and Simeon)
* Egyptians
* ʿAzīz (Potiphar, Qatafir or Qittin)
* Malik (King Ar-Rayyān ibn Al-Walīd))
* Wife of ʿAzīz (Zulaykhah)
* Mother
* People of Solomon
* Mother
* Queen of Sheba
* Vizier
* Zayd (Muhammad's adopted son)

|

Evil ones|

* Āzar (possibly Terah)
* Firʿawn (Pharaoh of Moses' time)
* Hāmān
* Jālūt (Goliath)
* Qārūn (Korah, cousin of Moses)
* As-Sāmirī
* Abū Lahab
* Slayers of Saleh's she-camel (Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda' ibn Dahr)

Implied or
not specified|

* Abrahah[clarification needed]
* Bal'am/Balaam
* Barsisa
* Caleb or Kaleb the companion of Joshua
* Luqman's son
* Nebuchadnezzar II
* Nimrod
* Rahmah the wife of Ayyub
* Shaddad

Groups|

| Mentioned|

* Aṣḥāb al-Jannah
* People of Paradise
* People of the Burnt Garden
* Aṣḥāb as-Sabt (Companions of the Sabbath)
* Christian apostles
* Ḥawāriyyūn (Disciples of Jesus)
* Companions of Noah's Ark
* Aṣḥāb al-Kahf war-Raqīm (Companions of the Cave and Al-Raqaim?
* Companions of the Elephant
* People of al-Ukhdūd
* People of a township in Surah Ya-Sin
* People of Yathrib or Medina
* Qawm Lūṭ (People of Sodom and Gomorrah)
* Nation of Noah

| Tribes, ethnicities
or families|

* Aʿrāb (Arabs or Bedouins)
* ʿĀd (people of Hud)
* Companions of the Rass
* Qawm Tubbaʿ (People of Tubba)
* People of Sabaʾ or Sheba
* Quraysh
* Thamūd (people of Saleh)
* Aṣḥāb al-Ḥijr ("Companions of the Stoneland")
* ‘Ajam
* Ar-Rūm (literally "The Romans")
* Banī Isrāʾīl (Children of Israel)
* Muʾtafikāt (The overthrown cities of Sodom and Gomorrah)
* People of Ibrahim
* People of Ilyas
* People of Nuh
* People of Shuaib
* Ahl Madyan People of Madyan)
* Aṣḥāb al-Aykah ("Companions of the Wood")
* Qawm Yūnus (People of Jonah)
* Ya'juj and Ma'juj/Gog and Magog
* Ahl al-Bayt ("People of the Household")
* Household of Abraham
* Brothers of Yūsuf
* Lot's daughters
* Progeny of Imran
* Household of Moses
* Household of Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim
* Daughters of Muhammad
* Muhammad's wives
* Household of Salih
* People of Fir'aun
* Current Ummah of Islam (Ummah of Muhammad)
* Aṣḥāb Muḥammad (Companions of Muhammad)
* Anṣār (Muslims of Medina who helped Muhammad and his Meccan followers, literally 'Helpers')
* Muhajirun (Emigrants from Mecca to Medina)
* People of Mecca
* Wife of Abu Lahab
* Children of Ayyub
* Sons of Adam
* Wife of Nuh
* Wife of Lut
* Yaʾjūj wa Maʾjūj (Gog and Magog)
* Son of Nuh

|

Implicitly
mentioned|

* Amalek
* Ahl as-Suffa (People of the Verandah)
* Banu Nadir
* Banu Qaynuqa
* Banu Qurayza
* Iranian people
* Umayyad Dynasty
* Aus and Khazraj
* People of Quba

Religious groups|

* Ahl al-Dhimmah
* Kāfirūn (Disbelievers)
* Zoroastrians
* Munafiqun (Hypocrites)
* Muslims
* Believers
* Ahl al-Kitāb (People of the Book)
* Naṣārā (Christian(s) or People of the Injil)
* Ruhban (Christian monks)
* Qissis (Christian priest)
* Yahūd (Jews)
* Ahbār (Jewish scholars)
* Rabbani/Rabbi
* Sabians
* Polytheists
* Meccan polytheists at the time of Muhammad
* Mesopotamian polytheists at the time of Abraham and Lot

Locations|

| Mentioned|

* Al-Arḍ Al-Muqaddasah ("The Holy Land")
* 'Blessed' Land
* In the Arabian Peninsula (excluding Madyan)
* Al-Aḥqāf ("The Sandy Plains," or "the Wind-curved Sand-hills")
* Iram dhāt al-ʿImād (Iram of the Pillars)
* Al-Madīnah (formerly Yathrib)
* ʿArafāt
* Al-Ḥijr (Hegra)
* Badr
* Ḥunayn
* Makkah (Mecca)
* Bakkah
* Ḥaraman Āminan ("Sanctuary (which is) Secure")
* Kaʿbah (Kaaba)
* Maqām Ibrāhīm (Station of Abraham)
* Safa and Marwa
* Sabaʾ (Sheba)
* ʿArim Sabaʾ (Dam of Sheba)
* Rass
* Al-Jannah (Paradise, literally "The Garden")
* Jahannam (Hell)
* In Mesopotamia:
* Al-Jūdiyy
* Munzalanm-Mubārakan ("Place-of-Landing Blessed")
* Bābil (Babylon)
* Qaryat Yūnus ("Township of Jonah," that is Nineveh)
* Door of Hittah
* Madyan (Midian)
* Majmaʿ al-Baḥrayn
* Miṣr (Mainland Egypt)
* Salsabīl (A river in Paradise)
* Sinai Region or Tīh Desert
* Al-Wād Al-Muqaddas Ṭuwan (The Holy Valley of Tuwa)
* Al-Wādil-Ayman (The valley on the 'righthand' side of the Valley of Tuwa and Mount Sinai)
* Al-Buqʿah Al-Mubārakah ("The Blessed Place")
* Mount Sinai or Mount Tabor

| Religious locations|

* Bay'a (Church)
* Miḥrāb
* Monastery
* Masjid (Mosque, literally "Place of Prostration")
* Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām ("The Sacred Grove")
* Al-Masjid Al-Aqṣā (Al-Aqsa Mosque, literally "The Farthest Place-of-Prostration")
* Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām (The Sacred Mosque of Mecca)
* Masjid al-Dirar
* A Mosque in the area of Medina, possibly:
* Masjid Qubāʾ (Quba Mosque)
* The Prophet's Mosque
* Salat (Synagogue)

|

Implied|

* Antioch
* Antakya
* Arabia
* Al-Ḥijāz (literally "The Barrier")
* Black Stone (Al-Ḥajar al-Aswad) & Al-Hijr of Isma'il
* Cave of Hira
* Ghār ath-Thawr (Cave of the Bull)
* Hudaybiyyah
* Ta'if
* Ayla
* Barrier of Dhul-Qarnayn
* Bayt al-Muqaddas & 'Ariha
* Bilād ar-Rāfidayn (Mesopotamia)
* Canaan
* Cave of Seven Sleepers
* Dār an-Nadwa
* Jordan River
* Nile River
* Palestine River
* Paradise of Shaddad

Plant matter|

* Baṣal (Onion)
* Fūm (Garlic or wheat)
* Shaṭʾ (Shoot)
* Sūq (Plant stem)
* Zarʿ (Seed)

| Fruits|

* ʿAdas (Lentil)
* Baql (Herb)
* Ḥabb dhul-ʿaṣf (Corn of the husk)
* Qith-thāʾ (Cucumber)
* Rummān (Pomegranate)
* Tīn (Fig)
* Ukul khamṭ (Bitter fruit or food of Sheba)
* Zaytūn (Olive)
* In Paradise
* Forbidden fruit of Adam

|

Bushes, trees
or plants|

* Plants of Sheba
* Athl (Tamarisk)
* Sidr (Lote-tree)
* Līnah (Tender Palm tree)
* Nakhl (Date palm)
* Rayḥān (Scented plant)
* Sidrat al-Muntahā
* Zaqqūm

Holy books|

* Al-Injīl (The Gospel of Jesus)
* Al-Qurʾān (The Book of Muhammad)
* Ṣuḥuf-i Ibrāhīm (Scroll(s) of Abraham)
* At-Tawrāt (The Torah)
* Ṣuḥuf-i-Mūsā (Scroll(s) of Moses)
* Tablets of Stone
* Az-Zabūr (The Psalms of David)
* Umm al-Kitāb ("Mother of the Book(s)")

Objects of people
or beings|

* Heavenly Food of Christian Apostles
* Noah's Ark
* Staff of Musa
* Tābūt as-Sakīnah (Casket of Shekhinah)
* Throne of Bilqis
* Trumpet of Israfil

| Mentioned idols
(cult images)|

* 'Ansāb
* Idols of Israelites:
* Baʿal
* The ʿijl (golden calf statue) of Israelites
* Idols of Noah's people:
* Nasr
* Suwāʿ
* Wadd
* Yaghūth
* Yaʿūq
* Idols of Quraysh:
* Al-Lāt
* Al-ʿUzzā
* Manāt
* Jibt and Ṭāghūt

|

Celestial bodies|

Maṣābīḥ (literally 'lamps'):

* Al-Qamar (The Moon)
* Kawākib (Planets)
* Al-Arḍ (The Earth)
* Nujūm (Stars)
* Ash-Shams (The Sun)

Liquids|

* Māʾ (Water or fluid)

* Nahr (River)
* Yamm (River or sea)

* Sharāb (Drink)

Events, incidents,
occasions or times|

* Incident of Ifk
* Laylat al-Qadr
* Event of Mubahala
* Sayl al-ʿArim (Flood of the Great Dam of Marib in Sheba)
* The Farewell Pilgrimage
* Treaty of Hudaybiyyah

| Battles or
military expeditions|

* Battle of al-Aḥzāb ("the Confederates")
* Battle of Badr
* Battle of Hunayn
* Battle of Khaybar
* Battle of Tabouk
* Battle of Uhud
* Conquest of Mecca

|

Days|

* Al-Jumuʿah (The Friday)
* As-Sabt (The Sabbath or Saturday)
* Days of battles
* Days of Hajj
* Doomsday

|

Months of the
Islamic calendar|

12 months:

* Four holy months
* Ash-Shahr Al-Ḥarām (The Sacred or Forbidden Month)
* Ramaḍān

|

Pilgrimages|

* Al-Ḥajj (literally "The Pilgrimage", the Greater Pilgrimage)
* Al-ʿUmrah (The Lesser Pilgrimage)

|

Times for Prayer
or Remembrance|

Times for Duʿāʾ ('Invocation'), Ṣalāh and Dhikr ('Remembrance', including Taḥmīd ('Praising'), Takbīr and Tasbīḥ):

* Al-ʿAshiyy (The Afternoon or the Night)
* Al-Ghuduww ("The Mornings")
* Al-Bukrah ("The Morning")
* Aṣ-Ṣabāḥ ("The Morning")
* Al-Layl ("The Night")
* Al-ʿIshāʾ ("The Late-Night")
* Aẓ-Ẓuhr ("The Noon")
* Dulūk ash-Shams ("Decline of the Sun")
* Al-Masāʾ ("The Evening")
* Qabl al-Ghurūb ("Before the Setting (of the Sun)")
* Al-Aṣīl ("The Afternoon")
* Al-ʿAṣr ("The Afternoon")
* Qabl ṭulūʿ ash-Shams ("Before the rising of the Sun")
* Al-Fajr ("The Dawn")

|

Implied|

* Event of Ghadir Khumm
* Laylat al-Mabit
* The first pilgrimage

|

Note: The names are sorted alphabetically. Standard form: Islamic name / Biblical name (title or relationship)

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