Textual variants in the Hebrew Bible

Short description: Differences in Hebrew Bible manuscripts

Textual variants in the Hebrew Bible manuscripts arise when a copyist makes deliberate or inadvertent alterations to the text that is being reproduced. Textual criticism of the Hebrew Bible (or Old Testament) has included study of its textual variants.

Although the Masoretic Text (MT) counts as the authoritative form of the Hebrew Bible according to Rabbinic Judaism, modern scholars seeking to understand the history of the Hebrew Bible use a range of sources.[1] These include the Greek Septuagint (LXX), the Syriac language Peshitta translation, the Samaritan Pentateuch, the Dead Sea Scrolls collection, and quotations from rabbinic manuscripts. These sources may be older than the Masoretic Text in some cases, and often differ from it.[2] These differences have given rise to the theory that yet another text, an Urtext of the Hebrew Bible, once existed and is the source of the versions extant today.[3] However, such an Urtext has never been found, and which of the three commonly known versions (Septuagint, Masoretic Text, Samaritan Pentateuch) is closest to the Urtext is debated.[4]

## Contents

* 1 Legend
* 2 List
* 2.1 Book of Genesis
* 2.2 Book of Exodus
* 2.3 Book of Leviticus
* 2.4 Book of Numbers
* 2.5 Book of Deuteronomy
* 2.6 Book of Joshua
* 2.6.1 Joshua 1
* 2.7 Book of Judges
* 2.8 Books of Samuel
* 2.8.1 2 Samuel 8
* 2.9 Books of Kings
* 2.9.1 1 Kings 16
* 2.10 Song of Songs
* 2.10.1 Song of Songs 1
* 2.10.2 Song of Songs 2
* 2.10.3 Song of Songs 3
* 2.11 Book of Isaiah
* 3 See also
* 4 Notes
* 5 References
* 6 Bibliography
* 7 External links

## Legend

Purported inter-relationship between significant ancient Old Testament manuscripts (some identified by their siglum).

## List

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.

This list provides examples of known textual variants, and contains the following parameters: Hebrew texts written right to left, the Hebrew text romanised left to right, an approximate English translation, and which Hebrew manuscripts or critical editions of the Hebrew Bible this textual variant can be found in. Greek (Septuagint) and Latin (Vulgate) texts are written left to right, and not romanised. Sometimes additional translation or interpretation notes are added, with references to similar verses elsewhere, or in-depth articles on the topic in question.

### Book of Genesis

Main article: Religion:Textual variants in the Book of Genesis

### Book of Exodus

Main article: Religion:Textual variants in the Book of Exodus

### Book of Leviticus

Main article: Religion:Textual variants in the Book of Leviticus

### Book of Numbers

Main article: Religion:Textual variants in the Book of Numbers

### Book of Deuteronomy

Main article: Religion:Textual variants in the Book of Deuteronomy

### Book of Joshua

#### Joshua 1

Joshua 1:1

עֶ֣בֶד יְהוָ֑ה וַיֹּ֤אמֶר יְהוָה֙, ‘e-ḇeḏ Yah-weh way-yō-mer Yah-weh, '[the] servant of Yahweh that Yahweh spoke' – WLC[5]
Ancient Greek: – LXXSwete[6] LXXRahlfs[7] Brenton[8]
Ancient Greek: – ABP[9]
servi Domini, ut loqueretur Dominus, 'servant(s) of [the] Lord, so that [the] Lord might speak' – VgColunga&Turrado[10]

### Book of Judges

Main article: Religion:Textual variants in the Book of Judges

### Books of Samuel

#### 2 Samuel 8

2 Samuel 8:12

מֵאֲרָ֤ם, mê-’ă-rām, 'from Aram' – WLC[11] AC[12]
Ancient Greek: – LXXSwete[13] LXXRahlfs[14] Brenton[15]
Ancient Greek: – ABP[16]
de Syria, 'from Syria' – VgColunga&Turrado[17]

2 Samuel 8:12

וּמִפְּלִשְׁתִּ֖ים, ū-mip-pə-liš-tîm, 'and from the Philistines' – WLC[11]
Ancient Greek: – LXXSwete[13] LXXRahlfs[14] Brenton[15] ABP[16]
et Philisthiim, 'and [the] Philisthiim' – VgColunga&Turrado[17]

Compare 1 Kings 16:15.

2 Samuel 8:13

אֶת־אֲרָ֖ם, ’eṯ- ’ă-rām, 'of Aram' – WLC[11]
Ancient Greek: – LXXSwete[13] LXXRahlfs[14] Brenton[15] ABP[16]
Syria, 'Syria' – VgColunga&Turrado[17]

2 Samuel 8:13

בְּגֵיא־מֶ֑לַח, bə-ḡê- me-laḥ, 'in the valley [of] salt' – WLC[11]
Ancient Greek: – LXXSwete[13] Brenton[15] ABP[16]
Ancient Greek: – LXXRahlfs[14]
in valle Salinarum, 'in [the] valley of (the) Salts' – VgColunga&Turrado[17]

2 Samuel 8:18

כֹּהֲנִ֥ים, kō-hă-nîm, 'priests' – WLC[11]. This noun is the origin of the surname Cohen.
Ancient Greek: – LXXSwete[13] LXXRahlfs[14] Brenton[15] ABP[16]. This noun is a compound of αὐλή ("court(yard)" or "hall/chamber/house") and ἀρχή ("authority"), related to archon ("ruler" or "chief magistrate").
sacerdotes, 'priests' – VgColunga&Turrado[17]. Origin of the modern term sacerdotalism.

### Books of Kings

#### 1 Kings 16

1 Kings 16:15

בִּשְׁנַת֩ עֶשְׂרִ֨ים וָשֶׁ֜בַע שָׁנָ֗ה לְאָסָא֙ מֶ֣לֶךְ יְהוּדָ֔ה מָלַ֥ךְ זִמְרִ֛י, 'in the year twenty and seven year of Asa king of Judah, Zimri reigned' – WLC[18]
Ancient Greek: – LXXSwete[19]
Ancient Greek: – LXXRahlfs[20] Brenton[21]
Ancient Greek: – ABP[22]
Anno vigesimo septimo Asa regis Juda, regnavit Zambri:, 'in the twenty-seventh year of Asa king of Judah, Zambri reigned:' – VgColunga&Turrado[23]

1 Kings 16:15

שִׁבְעַ֥ת יָמִ֖ים בְּתִרְצָ֑ה, šiḇ-‘aṯ yā-mîm bə-ṯir-ṣāh;, 'seven days in Tirzah' – WLC[18]
Ancient Greek: – LXXSwete[19]
Ancient Greek: – LXXRahlfs[20]
Ancient Greek: – Brenton[21]
Ancient Greek: – ABP[22]
septem diebus in Thersa:, 'seven days in Thersa:' – VgColunga&Turrado[23]

1 Kings 16:15

וְהָעָ֣ם חֹנִ֔ים, wə-hā-‘ām ḥō-nîm, 'and the people [were] encamped' – WLC[18]
Ancient Greek: – LXXSwete[19] LXXRahlfs[20] Brenton[21] ABP[22]
porro exercitus obsidebat, 'further (away), the army laid siege' – VgColunga&Turrado[23]

1 Kings 16:15

עַֽל־גִּבְּתֹ֖ון אֲשֶׁ֥ר לַפְּלִשְׁתִּֽים׃, ‘al- gib-bə-ṯō-wn ’ă-šer lap-pə-liš-tîm., 'against Gibbethon which [belonged] to the Philistines.' – WLC[18]
Ancient Greek: – LXXSwete.[19] τῶν ἀλλοφύλων literally means 'of the [people] of another tribe'.
Ancient Greek: – LXXRahlfs[20] Brenton[21] ABP[22]
Gebbethon urbem Philisthinorum, '[upon] Gebbethon [the] city of the Philistines' – VgColunga&Turrado[23]

1 Kings 16:16

וַיִּשְׁמַ֤ע הָעָם֙ הַחֹנִ֣ים לֵאמֹ֔ר, way-yiš-ma‘ hā-‘ām ha-ḥō-nîm lê-mōr, 'And the encamped people heard [it], saying' – WLC[18]
Ancient Greek: – LXXSwete[19] LXXRahlfs Brenton[21] ABP[22]
Cumque audisset, 'And when [he/she/it] heard [it]' – VgColunga&Turrado[23]

1 Kings 16:16

קָשַׁ֣ר זִמְרִ֔י וְגַ֖ם הִכָּ֣ה אֶת־הַמֶּ֑לֶךְ, qā-šar zim-rî wə-ḡam hik-kāh ’eṯ- ham-me-leḵ, 'Zimi has conspired and also killed king' – WLC[18]
Ancient Greek: – LXXSwete[19]
[Συνεστράφη Ζαμβρι καὶ ἔπαισεν τὸν βασιλέα·] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |4= (help) – LXXRahlfs
Ancient Greek: – Brenton[21]
Ancient Greek: – ABP[22]
rebellasse Zambri, et occidisse regem,, '[that] Zambri had rebelled, and killed [the] king,' – VgColunga&Turrado[23]

1 Kings 16:16

אֶת־הַמֶּ֑לֶךְ, ’eṯ- ‘ā-mə-rî, 'Omri' – WLC[18]
Ancient Greek: – LXXSwete[19]
[τὸν Αμβρι] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |4= (help) – LXXRahlfs[20]
Ancient Greek: – Brenton[21]
Ancient Greek: – ABP[22]
Amri,, 'Amri,' – VgColunga&Turrado[23]

1 Kings 16:16

צָבָ֧א, ṣā-ḇā, 'of the army or of the war' – WLC[18]
Ancient Greek: – LXXSwete[19]
Ancient Greek: – LXXRahlfs[20] Brenton[21] ABP[22]
militiae, 'of the army or of the war/campaign' – VgColunga&Turrado[23]

1 Kings 16:17

עָמְרִ֛י וְכָל־יִשְׂרָאֵ֥ל עִמֹּ֖ו מִֽגִּבְּתֹ֑ון, ‘ā-mə-rî wə-ḵāl yiś-rā-’êl ‘im-mōw mig-gib-bə-ṯō-wn, 'Omri and all Israel with him from Gibbethon' – WLC[18]
Ancient Greek: – LXXSwete[19]
Ancient Greek: – LXXRahlfs[20] Brenton[21]
Ancient Greek: – ABP[22]
Amri, et omnis Israel cum eo, de Gebbethon,, 'Amri, and all Israel with him, from Gebbethon' – VgColunga&Turrado[23]

1 Kings 16:18

וַיָּבֹ֖א אֶל־אַרְמֹ֣ון בֵּית־הַמֶּ֑לֶךְ וַיִּשְׂרֹ֨ף עָלָ֧יו אֶת־בֵּֽית־מֶ֛לֶךְ בָּאֵ֖שׁ וַיָּמֹֽת׃, way-yā-ḇō ’el- ’ar-mō-wn bêṯ- ham-me-leḵ way-yiś-rōp̄ ‘ā-lāw ’eṯ- bêṯ- me-leḵ bā-’êš way-yā-mōṯ., 'and [he] went into the citadel of the house of the king and burnt [down] the house [of the] king upon himself with fire and died.' – WLC[18]
Ancient Greek: – LXXSwete[19]
Ancient Greek: – LXXRahlfs[20] ABP[22]
Ancient Greek: – Brenton[21]
ingressus est palatium, et succendit se cum domo regia: et mortuus est, '[he] entered [the] palace, and burnt himself with [the] royal house: and [he] died' – VgColunga&Turrado[23]

1 Kings 16:19

חטאתו, ḥaṭ-ṭā-ṯōw, 'of his sin' – K[18]
חַטֹּאתָיו֙, ḥaṭ-ṭō-ṯāw, 'of his sins' – Q[18]
Ancient Greek: – LXXSwete[19] LXXRahlfs[20] Brenton[21] ABP[22]
in peccatis suis, 'in his sins' – VgColunga&Turrado[23]

1 Kings 16:19

אֲשֶׁ֣ר עָשָׂ֔ה, ’ă-šer ‘ā-śāh, 'which [he] did or (had) done/committed' – WLC[18]
Ancient Greek: – ABP[22]
quo fecit, 'which [he] did' – VgColunga&Turrado[23]
omitted – LXXSwete[19] LXXRahlfs[20] Brenton[21]

1 Kings 16:20

וְקִשְׁרֹ֖ו אֲשֶׁ֣ר קָשָׁ֑ר, wə-qiš-rōw ’ă-šer qā-šār, 'and the conspiracy which [he] conspired' – WLC[18]
Ancient Greek: – LXXSwete[19] LXXRahlfs[20] Brenton[21] ABP[22]
et insidiarum ejus, et tyrannidis, 'and of his intrigues/plots, and tyranny' – VgColunga&Turrado[23]

1 Kings 16:21

תִבְנִ֤י בֶן־גִּינַת֙, ṯiḇ-nî ḇen- gî-naṯ, 'Tibni son of Ginath' – WLC[18]
Ancient Greek: – LXXSwete[19]
Ancient Greek: – LXXRahlfs[20]
Ancient Greek: – Brenton[21]
Ancient Greek: – ABP[22]
Thebni filium Gineth, 'Thebni son of Gineth' – VgColunga&Turrado[23]

1 Kings 16:21

עָמְרִֽי׃, ‘ā-mə-rî., 'Omri.' – WLC[18]
Ancient Greek: – LXXSwete[19]
Ancient Greek: – LXXRahlfs[20]
Ancient Greek: – Brenton[21]
Ancient Greek: – ABP[22]
Amri., 'Amri.' – VgColunga&Turrado[23]

1 Kings 16:22

וַיֶּחֱזַ֤ק הָעָם֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר אַחֲרֵ֣י עָמְרִ֔י אֶת־הָעָ֕ם אֲשֶׁ֥ר אַחֲרֵ֖י תִּבְנִ֣י בֶן־גִּינַ֑ת, way-ye-ḥĕ-zaq hā-‘ām ’ă-šer ’a-ḥă-rê ‘ā-mə-rî, ’eṯ- hā-‘ām ’ă-šer ’a-ḥă-rê tiḇ-nî ḇen- gî-naṯ;, 'And/but the people who followed Omri prevailed against the people who followed Tibni son of Ginath' – WLC[18]
Ancient Greek: – LXX.Swete[19] ἡττάομαι is an Attic variation of the verb ἡσσάομαι ("to be less/weaker than, to be defeated")
Ancient Greek: – LXXRahlfs[20] Brenton[21]
Ancient Greek: – ABP[22]
Praevaluit autem populus qui erat cum Amri, populo qui sequebatur Thebni filium Gineth:, 'But the people who were with Amri prevailed, over the people who followed Thebni son of Gineth:' – VgColunga&Turrado[23]

1 Kings 16:22

וַיָּ֣מָת תִּבְנִ֔י וַיִּמְלֹ֖ךְ עָמְרִֽי׃ פ, way-yā-māṯ tiḇ-nî, way-yim-lōḵ ‘ā-mə-rî. p̄, 'And Tibni died, and Omri reigned.' – WLC[18]
Ancient Greek: – LXXSwete[19]
Ancient Greek: – LXXRahlfs[20]
Ancient Greek: – Brenton[21]
Ancient Greek: – ABP[22]
mortuusque est Thebni, et regnavit Amri., 'and Thebni died, and Amri reigned.' – VgColunga&Turrado[23]

1 Kings 16:28

וַיִּשְׁכַּ֤ב עָמְרִי֙ עִם־אֲבֹתָ֔יו וַיִּקָּבֵ֖ר בְּשֹׁמְרֹ֑ון וַיִּמְלֹ֛ךְ אַחְאָ֥ב בְּנֹ֖ו תַּחְתָּֽיו׃ פ – WLC[18]
Ancient Greek: – LXXSwete[19]
Ancient Greek: – LXXRahlfs[20]
Ancient Greek: – Brenton[21]
Ancient Greek: – ABP[22]
Dormivitque Amri cum patribus suis, et sepultus est in Samaria: regnavitque Achab filius ejus pro eo. – VgColunga&Turrado[23]

A long addition is found in the Septuagint of Codex Vaticanus following 1 Kings 16:28 (numbered as verses 28a–28h).[24]

1 Kings 16:28a

Ancient Greek: – LXXSwete[19]
Ancient Greek: – LXXRahlfs[20]
Ancient Greek: – Brenton[25]
omitted – WLC[18] ABP[22] VgColunga&Turrado[23]

1 Kings 16:28b

Ancient Greek: – LXXSwete[19] LXXRahlfs[20] Brenton[26]
omitted – WLC[18] ABP[22] VgColunga&Turrado[23]

1 Kings 16:28c

Ancient Greek: – LXXSwete[19]
Ancient Greek: – LXXRahlfs[20]
Ancient Greek: – Brenton[26]
omitted – WLC[18] ABP[22] VgColunga&Turrado[23]

1 Kings 16:28d

Ancient Greek: – LXXSwete[19] LXXRahlfs[20] Brenton[26]
omitted – WLC[18] ABP[22] VgColunga&Turrado[23]

1 Kings 16:28e

Ancient Greek: – LXXSwete[19]
Ancient Greek: – LXXRahlfs[20]
Ancient Greek: – Brenton[26]
omitted – WLC[18] ABP[22] VgColunga&Turrado[23]

1 Kings 16:28f

Ancient Greek: – LXXSwete[19]
Ancient Greek: – LXXRahlfs[20]
Ancient Greek: – Brenton[26]
omitted – WLC[18] ABP[22] VgColunga&Turrado[23]

1 Kings 16:28g

Ancient Greek: – LXXSwete[19]
Ancient Greek: – LXXRahlfs[20] Brenton[26]
omitted – WLC[18] ABP[22] VgColunga&Turrado[23]

1 Kings 16:28h

Ancient Greek: – LXXSwete[19]
Ancient Greek: – LXXRahlfs[20]
Ancient Greek: – Brenton[26]
omitted – WLC[18] LXXRahlfs[20] ABP[22] VgColunga&Turrado[23]

1 Kings 16:29

וְאַחְאָ֣ב בֶּן־עָמְרִ֗י מָלַךְ֙ עַל־יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל בִּשְׁנַ֨ת שְׁלֹשִׁ֤ים וּשְׁמֹנֶה֙ שָׁנָ֔ה לְאָסָ֖א מֶ֣לֶךְ יְהוּדָ֑ה וַ֠יִּמְלֹךְ אַחְאָ֨ב בֶּן־עָמְרִ֤י עַל־יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ בְּשֹׁ֣מְרֹ֔ון עֶשְׂרִ֥ים וּשְׁתַּ֖יִם שָׁנָֽה׃, 'And Ahab son of Omri [became] king over Israel in the year thirty and eight years of Asa king of Judah, and Ahab the son of Omri reigned over Israel in Samaria twenty and two years.' – WLC[18]
Ancient Greek: – LXXSwete[19]
Ancient Greek: – LXXRahlfs[20]
Ancient Greek: – Brenton[26]
Ancient Greek: – ABP[22]
Achab vero filius Amri regnavit super Israel anno trigesimo octavo Asa regis Juda. Et regnavit Achab filius Amri super Israel in Samaria viginti et duobus annis., 'Achab [the] real son of Amri reigned over Israel in (the) thirty-eighth year of Asa king of Judah. And Achab (the) son of Amri reigned over Israel in Samaria for twenty-two years.' – VgColunga&Turrado[23]

1 Kings 16:30

Ancient Greek: – LXXSwete[19] LXXRahlfs[20]
Ancient Greek: – Brenton[26] ABP[22]
omitted – WLC[18] VgColunga&Turrado[23]

1 Kings 16:31

Ancient Greek: – LXXSwete[19] LXXRahlfs[20] Brenton[26]
Ancient Greek: – ABP[22]

1 Kings 16:32

בֵּ֣ית הַבַּ֔עַל, bêṯ hab-ba-‘al, '[the] house of Baal' – WLC[18]
בית בעל, bêṯ ba-‘al, 'house Baal' – Kennicott182
Ancient Greek: – LXXSwete[19] LXXRahlfs[20] Brenton[26]
Ancient Greek: – ABP[22]
in templo Baal, 'in [the] temple [of] Baal' – VgColunga&Turrado[23]

1 Kings 16:33

וַיַּ֥עַשׂ אַחְאָ֖ב אֶת־הָאֲשֵׁרָ֑ה, way-ya-‘aś ’aḥ-’āḇ ’eṯ- hā-’ă-šê-rāh;, 'And Ahab made a(n) [(wooden) image of] Asherah' – WLC[18]
Ancient Greek: – LXXSwete[19] LXXRahlfs[20] Brenton[26]
Ancient Greek: – ABP[22]
et plantavit lucum:, 'and [he] planted [a] (sacred) grove:' – VgColunga&Turrado[23]

1 Kings 16:33

לְהַכְעִיס֙ אֶת־יְהֹוָה֙ אֱלֹהֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל, lə-haḵ-‘îs ’eṯ- Yah-weh ’ĕ-lō-hê yiś-rā-’êl, 'to provoke the anger of Yahweh [the] god [of] Israel' – WLC[18]
Ancient Greek: – LXXSwete[19]
Ancient Greek: – LXXRahlfs[20]
Ancient Greek: – Brenton[26]
Ancient Greek: – ABP[22]
irritans Dominum Deum Israel, 'irritating [the] Lord God Israel' – VgColunga&Turrado[23]

1 Kings 16:34

בְּיָמָ֞יו בָּנָ֥ה חִיאֵ֛ל בֵּ֥ית הָאֱלִ֖י אֶת־יְרִיחֹ֑ה, bə-yā-māw bā-nāh ḥî-’êl bêṯ hā-’ĕ-lî ’eṯ- yə-rî-ḥōh, 'In his days Hiel [the] Bethelite built Jericho' – WLC[18]
Ancient Greek: – LXXSwete[19]
Ancient Greek: – LXXRahlfs[20]
Ancient Greek: – Brenton[26]
Ancient Greek: – ABP[22]
In diebus ejus aedificavit Hiel de Bethel Jericho:, 'In his days Hiel of Bethel (has) built Jericho:' – VgColunga&Turrado[23]

1 Kings 16:34

וּבִשְׂגִיב, ū-ḇiś-ḡîḇ, 'and on Segub' – K[18]
וּבִשְׂג֤וּב, ū-ḇiś-ḡūḇ, 'and with Segub' – Q[18]
Ancient Greek: – LXXSwete[19]
Ancient Greek: – LXXRahlfs[20]
Ancient Greek: – Brenton[26]
Ancient Greek: – ABP[22]
et in Segub, 'and on Segub' – VgColunga&Turrado[23]

### Song of Songs

#### Song of Songs 1

The word "אחריך", meaning "after you", from Song of Solomon 1:4a in the Leningrad Codex (hand-written) and in the Hebrew Bible print edition of the BHS (which omits the Rafe diacritic)

Songs 1:1

שִׁ֥יר הַשִּׁירִ֖ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר לִשְׁלֹמֹֽה׃, šîr haš-šî-rîm ’ă-šer liš-lō-mōh., '[The] song of songs that [is] of Shalomo' – WLC[27]
Ancient Greek: – LXXSwete[28]
Ancient Greek: – LXXRahlfs[29]
Ancient Greek: – Brenton[30]
Ancient Greek: – ABP[31]
omitted – VgColunga&Turrado.[32] Note: because Vg omits the first verse, it has only 16 verses in this chapter; the numbering shifts backwards, so that verse 1:2 in Hebrew and Greek becomes verse 1:1 in Latin etc.

Songs 1:3

שֶׁ֖מֶן, še-men, 'ointment/oil' – WLC[27]
Ancient Greek: – LXXSwete[28] LXXRahlfs[29] Brenton[30]
Ancient Greek: – ABP[31]
Oleum, 'Oil' – VgColunga&Turrado[32]

Songs 1:5

בְּנֹ֖ות יְרוּשָׁלִָ֑ם, bə-nō-wṯ yə-rū-šā-lim, 'O daughters of Jerusalem' – WLC[27]
Ancient Greek: – LXXSwete[28]
Ancient Greek: – LXXRahlfs[29] Brenton[30] ABP[31]
filiae Jerusalem, '(O) daughters of Jerusalem or of/to (the) daughter Jerusalem or Jerusalem of/to [a/the] daughter' – VgColunga&Turrado[32]

Songs 1:5

Ancient Greek: – LXXSwete[28]
Ancient Greek: – LXXRahlfs[29] Brenton[30]
Ancient Greek: – ABP[31]

Songs 1:6

אַל־תִּרְא֙וּנִי֙ שֶׁאֲנִ֣י שְׁחַרְחֹ֔רֶת שֶׁשֱּׁזָפַ֖תְנִי הַשָּׁ֑מֶשׁ, ’al- tir-’ū-nî še-’ă-nî šə-ḥar-ḥō-reṯ, šeš-šĕ-zā-p̄aṯ-nî haš-šā-meš;, 'Do not look at [me], because I [am] blackened/swarthy, because the sun has seen / looked at [me];' – WLC[27]
Ancient Greek: – LXXSwete[28] LXXRahlfs[29] Brenton[30]
Ancient Greek: – ABP[31]
Nolite me considerare quod fusca sim, quia decoloravit me sol., 'Do not think that I am black/brown, because [the] sun has discoloured me.' – VgColunga&Turrado[32]

Songs 1:13

בֵּ֥ין שָׁדַ֖י יָלִֽין׃, bên šā-ḏay yā-lîn., 'between [my] breasts [it] spends the night.' – WLC[27]
Ancient Greek: – LXXRahlfs[29] Brenton[30] ABP[31]
inter ubera mea commorabitur, 'between my breasts [it] will stay' – VgColunga&Turrado[32]
omitted – LXXSwete[28]

Songs 1:14

אֶשְׁכֹּ֨ל הַכֹּ֤פֶר ׀ דֹּודִי֙ לִ֔י, ’eš-kōl hak-kō-p̄er dō-w-ḏî lî,, 'A cluster of henna [blooms is] my beloved to me' – WLC[27]
Ancient Greek: – LXXRahlfs[29] Brenton[30] ABP[31]. κύπρος is a Semitic loanword identical with Hebrew כֹּפֶר / כּוֺפֶר‎ kōp̱er, meaning "henna". When capitalised, this word is identical to the Greek name of Cyprus, which may or may not have been derived from this word.
Botrus cypri dilectus meus, 'My beloved cluster of henna' – VgColunga&Turrado[32]. cyprus, not to be confused with the island of Cyprus, is the latinisation of κύπρος, and the origin of the English word cypress.
omitted – LXXSwete[28]

Songs 1:16

אַף־ עַרְשֵׂ֖נוּ רַעֲנָנָֽה׃, ’ap̄- ‘ar-śê-nū ra-‘ă-nā-nāh., 'Also, our bed is green. or Indeed, our couch is luxuriant!' – WLC[27]
Ancient Greek: – LXXSwete[28] LXXRahlfs[29] Brenton[30] ABP[31]
Lectulus noster floridus., 'Our couch / little bed [is] flowery.' – VgColunga&Turrado[32]

Songs 1:17

רחיטנו, ra-ḥî-ṭê-nū, '[And] our rafters' – K[27]
רַהִיטֵ֖נוּ, ra-khî-ṭê-nū, '[And] our rafters' – Q[27]

#### Song of Songs 2

Songs 2:3

לְחִכִּֽי׃, lə-ḥik-kî., 'to (the roof of) my mouth / palate or to my taste' – WLC[33]
Ancient Greek: – LXXSwete[34] LXXRahlfs[29] Brenton[30] ABP.[35] λάρυγξ is the origin of the modern English word larynx.
gutturi meo., 'in my throat.' – VgColunga&Turrado.[36] guttur is the origin of the modern English word goitre.

Songs 2:6

Ancient Greek: – ABP[35] Brenton[37] (classical Greek spelling)
Ancient Greek: – LXXSwete[34] LXXRahlfs[29] (Koine Greek spelling)

Compare Deuteronomy 22:30

Songs 2:7

Ancient Greek: – LXXSwete[34] Brenton[37]
Ancient Greek: – LXXRahlfs[29] ABP[35]

Songs 2:8

זֶ֖ה, zeh, 'this [one]' – WLC[33]
Ancient Greek: – LXXSwete[34] LXXRahlfs[29] Brenton[37]
Ancient Greek: – ABP[35]
iste, 'that [one]' – VgColunga&Turrado[36]

Songs 2:9

Ancient Greek: – LXXSwete[34] LXXRahlfs[29] Brenton[37]
omitted – WLC[33] ABP[35] VgColunga&Turrado[36]

Compare Songs 2:17.

Songs 2:17

עַל־הָ֥רֵי בָֽתֶר׃ ס, ‘al- hā-rê ḇā-ṯer. s, 'upon the mountains of Bether.' – WLC[33]
Ancient Greek: – LXXSwete[34] LXXRahlfs[29] Brenton[37] ABP[35]
super montes Bether., 'on/above the mountains [of] Bether.' – VgColunga&Turrado[36]

Compare Songs 2:9.

#### Song of Songs 3

Songs 3:3

רְאִיתֶֽם׃, rə-’î-ṯem., 'Have you seen....?' – WLC[38]
Ancient Greek: – LXXSwete[39] LXXRahlfs.[29] From the verb οἶδα ("to know").
Ancient Greek: – Brenton[37] ABP.[40] From the verb εἶδον ("to see").
vidistis?, 'Have you seen....?' – VgColunga&Turrado.[41] The Latin verb vidēo ("I see") is the origin of the modern English word video.

Songs 3:7

Ancient Greek: – LXXSwete[39] LXXRahlfs[29] Brenton[37]
Ancient Greek: – ABP[40]

Songs 3:8

חֶ֔רֶב, ḥe-reḇ, 'swords' – WLC[38]
Ancient Greek: – LXXSwete[39] LXXRahlfs[29] Brenton[37] ABP[40]
gladios, 'gladii / (Roman double-edged) swords' – VgColunga&Turrado[41]

Compare Judges 19:29.

Songs 3:9

שְׁלֹמֹ֔ה, šə-lō-mōh, 'Shalomo' – WLC[38]
Ancient Greek: – LXXSwete[39] LXXRahlfs[29] Brenton[37]
Ancient Greek: – ABP[40]
Salomon, 'Salomon' – VgColunga&Turrado[41]

Songs 3:10

Ancient Greek: – LXXSwete[39] LXXRahlfs[29] Brenton[42]
Ancient Greek: – ABP[40]

Songs 3:11

צְאֶ֧ינָה ׀ וּֽרְאֶ֛ינָה בְּנֹ֥ות צִיֹּ֖ון, ṣə-’e-nāh ū-rə-’e-nāh bə-nō-wṯ ṣî-yō-wn, 'Go forth and see daughters of Zion' – WLC[38]
Ancient Greek: – LXXSwete[39] LXXRahlfs[29]
Ancient Greek: – Brenton[42]
Ancient Greek: – ABP[40]
Egredimini et videte, filiae Sion,, 'Go out and see, (o) daughters of Sion,' – VgColunga&Turrado[41]

### Book of Isaiah

Isaiah 7

עַלְמָה, hā-‘al-māh,, 'young woman[43]' – WLC[43][44] 1QIsaa[43]
עוּלֶמְתָּא, hā-‘al-māh tā,, 'young woman' – TargJon[43]
Ancient Greek: – LXX[43] LXXSwete[45] ABP[46] Brenton[47]
virgo, 'virgin' – VgClement[48] VgColunga&Turrado[49]

Isaiah 29:13

וַתְּהִ֤י יִרְאָתָם֙ אֹתִ֔י מִצְוַ֥ת אֲנָשִׁ֖ים מְלֻמָּדָֽה׃, wat-tə-hî yir-’ā-ṯām ’ō-ṯî, miṣ-waṯ ’ă-nā-šîm mə-lum-mā-ḏāh., 'and their fear towards me is taught by the commandment of men.' – MT
Ancient Greek: – LXXSwete,[50] ABP[51]

Compare New Testament quotation:
Ancient Greek: – Mark 7:7

Isaiah 40:3

מְסִלָּ֖ה לֵאלֹהֵֽינוּ׃, mə-sil-lāh lê-lō-hê-nū., 'a highway for our god.' – MT
Ancient Greek: – LXXSwete,[52] ABP[53]
semitas Dei nostri., '[the] paths of our God.' – VgClement[54] VgColunga&Turrado[55]

Compare New Testament quotations:
Ancient Greek: – Mark 1:3, Matthew 3:3 Luke 3:4
Ancient Greek: – John 1:23

Isaiah 42:19

עַבְדִּ֔י, ‘aḇ·dî, 'my servant' – MT
Ancient Greek: – ABP

Isaiah 53:10

יִרְאֶ֥ה זֶ֖רַע יַאֲרִ֣יךְ יָמִ֑ים, yir-’eh ze-ra‘ ya-’ă-rîḵ yā-mîm;, 'he shall see [his] seed/offspring, he shall prolong [his] days;' – MT
Ancient Greek: – LXXSwete,[56] ABP[57] Brenton[58]
videbit semen longævum,, '[he] will see long-lived seed,' – VgClement[59] VgColunga&Turrado[60]

Isaiah 53:11

יִרְאֶ֣ה, yir-’eh, 'he shall see' – MT[61]
יראה אור, yir-’eh 'ór, 'he shall see [the] light' – 4QIsad[61]
Ancient Greek: – LXX,[61] LXXSwete,[56] ABP[57] Brenton[58]
videbit, '[he] will see' – VgClement[59] VgColunga&Turrado[60]

## See also

* List of Hebrew Bible manuscripts

## Notes

## References

1. ↑ "Scholars seek Hebrew Bible's original text – but was there one?". 2014-05-13. http://www.jta.org/2014/05/13/news-opinion/united-states/scholars-seek-hebrew-bibles-original-text-but-was-there-one..
2. ↑ "Controversy lurks as scholars try to work out Bible's original text". http://www.timesofisrael.com/controversy-lurks-as-scholars-suss-out-original-biblical-text/#ixzz31uFPqDC8.
3. ↑ Isaac Leo Seeligmann, Robert Hanhart, Hermann Spieckermann: The Septuagint Version of Isaiah and Cognate Studies, Tübingen 2004, pp. 33–34.
4. ↑ Shanks, Herschel (1992). Understanding the Dead Sea Scrolls (1st ed.). Random House. p. 336. ISBN 978-0679414483. https://archive.org/details/understandingdea00shan.
5. ↑ Biblos.com & Helps Ministries (2011–2018). "Joshua 18 Interlinear Bible". Biblehub.com. https://biblehub.com/interlinear/joshua/1.htm.
6. ↑ "Joshua 1 Swete's Septuagint". Biblehub.com. 1930. https://biblehub.com/sepd/joshua/18.htm.
7. ↑ Rahlfs 1935, Ιησούς του Ναυή.
8. ↑ Brenton 1879, p. 296.
9. ↑ Charles Van der Pool (1996). "Joshua 1 Apostolic Bible Polyglot". Biblehub.com. https://biblehub.com/interlinear/apostolic/joshua/18.htm.
10. ↑ Colunga & Turrado, ed (1946). "Joshua 1 VULGATE;NIV - Bible Gateway". biblegateway.com. https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Iosue+1&version=VULGATE;NIV.
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Biblos.com & Helps Ministries (2011–2018). "2 Samuel 8 Interlinear Bible". Biblehub.com. https://biblehub.com/interlinear/2_samuel/8.htm.
12. ↑ "Aleppo Codex : 2 Samuel : Chapter 8". catholiclibrary.org. https://catholiclibrary.org/bible/search?alep=y;sort=bibleBook.
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 "2 Samuel 8 Swete's Septuagint". Biblehub.com. 1930. https://biblehub.com/sepd/2_samuel/8.htm.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 Alfred Rahlfs (1935). "Βασιλειών Β' (2 Samuel Rahlfs)" (in el). Alfred Rahlfs' edition of the Septuagint. Greek Wikisource. https://el.wikisource.org/wiki/Βασιλειών_Β'_(Rahlfs)#8.
15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 Brenton 1879, p. 427.
16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 Charles Van der Pool (1996). "Apostolic Bible Polyglot 2 Samuel 8". Biblehub.com. https://biblehub.com/interlinear/apostolic/2_samuel/8.htm.
17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 Colunga & Turrado, ed (1946). "2 Samuel 8 VULGATE;NIV - Bible Gateway". biblegateway.com. https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Samuel+8&version=VULGATE;NIV.
18. ↑ 18.00 18.01 18.02 18.03 18.04 18.05 18.06 18.07 18.08 18.09 18.10 18.11 18.12 18.13 18.14 18.15 18.16 18.17 18.18 18.19 18.20 18.21 18.22 18.23 18.24 18.25 18.26 18.27 18.28 18.29 18.30 18.31 18.32 18.33 18.34 Biblos.com & Helps Ministries (2011–2018). "1 Kings 16 Interlinear Bible". Biblehub.com. https://biblehub.com/interlinear/1_kings/16.htm.
19. ↑ 19.00 19.01 19.02 19.03 19.04 19.05 19.06 19.07 19.08 19.09 19.10 19.11 19.12 19.13 19.14 19.15 19.16 19.17 19.18 19.19 19.20 19.21 19.22 19.23 19.24 19.25 19.26 19.27 19.28 19.29 19.30 19.31 19.32 19.33 "1 Kings 16 Swete's Septuagint". Biblehub.com. 1930. https://biblehub.com/sepd/1_kings/16.htm.
20. ↑ 20.00 20.01 20.02 20.03 20.04 20.05 20.06 20.07 20.08 20.09 20.10 20.11 20.12 20.13 20.14 20.15 20.16 20.17 20.18 20.19 20.20 20.21 20.22 20.23 20.24 20.25 20.26 20.27 20.28 20.29 20.30 20.31 20.32 Alfred Rahlfs (1935). "Βασιλειών Γ' (1 Kings Rahlfs)" (in el). Alfred Rahlfs' edition of the Septuagint. Greek Wikisource. https://el.wikisource.org/wiki/Βασιλειών_Γ'_(Rahlfs).
21. ↑ 21.00 21.01 21.02 21.03 21.04 21.05 21.06 21.07 21.08 21.09 21.10 21.11 21.12 21.13 21.14 21.15 21.16 21.17 Brenton 1879, p. 489.
22. ↑ 22.00 22.01 22.02 22.03 22.04 22.05 22.06 22.07 22.08 22.09 22.10 22.11 22.12 22.13 22.14 22.15 22.16 22.17 22.18 22.19 22.20 22.21 22.22 22.23 22.24 22.25 22.26 22.27 22.28 22.29 22.30 22.31 22.32 22.33 Charles Van der Pool (1996). "Apostolic Bible Polyglot 1 Kings 16". Biblehub.com. https://biblehub.com/interlinear/apostolic/1_kings/16.htm.
23. ↑ 23.00 23.01 23.02 23.03 23.04 23.05 23.06 23.07 23.08 23.09 23.10 23.11 23.12 23.13 23.14 23.15 23.16 23.17 23.18 23.19 23.20 23.21 23.22 23.23 23.24 23.25 23.26 23.27 23.28 23.29 23.30 23.31 23.32 Colunga & Turrado, ed (1946). "1 Kings 16 VULGATE;NIV - Bible Gateway". biblegateway.com. https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Kings+16&version=VULGATE;NIV.
24. ↑ Tov 1999, p. 549.
25. ↑ Brenton 1879, p. 489–490.
26. ↑ 26.00 26.01 26.02 26.03 26.04 26.05 26.06 26.07 26.08 26.09 26.10 26.11 26.12 26.13 26.14 Brenton 1879, p. 490.
27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 27.5 27.6 27.7 27.8 Biblos.com & Helps Ministries (2011–2018). "Song of Solomon 1 Interlinear Bible". Biblehub.com. https://biblehub.com/interlinear/songs/1.htm.
28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 28.5 28.6 28.7 "Song of Solomon 1 Swete's Septuagint". Biblehub.com. 1930. https://biblehub.com/sepd/songs/1.htm.
29. ↑ 29.00 29.01 29.02 29.03 29.04 29.05 29.06 29.07 29.08 29.09 29.10 29.11 29.12 29.13 29.14 29.15 29.16 29.17 29.18 29.19 Alfred Rahlfs (1935). "Άσμα Ασμάτων (Song of Songs Rahlfs)" (in el). Alfred Rahlfs' edition of the Septuagint. Greek Wikisource. https://el.wikisource.org/wiki/Άσμα_Ασμάτων_(Rahlfs).
30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4 30.5 30.6 30.7 30.8 Brenton 1879, p. 846.
31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 31.4 31.5 31.6 31.7 Charles Van der Pool (1996). "Apostolic Bible Polyglot Song of Solomon 1". Biblehub.com. https://biblehub.com/interlinear/apostolic/songs/1.htm.
32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 32.4 32.5 32.6 Colunga & Turrado, ed (1946). "Song of Songs 1 VULGATE;NIV - Bible Gateway". biblegateway.com. https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Song+of+Songs+1&version=VULGATE;NIV.
33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 Biblos.com & Helps Ministries (2011–2018). "Song of Solomon 2 Interlinear Bible". Biblehub.com. https://biblehub.com/interlinear/songs/2.htm.
34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 34.4 34.5 "Song of Solomon 2 Swete's Septuagint". Biblehub.com. 1930. https://biblehub.com/sepd/songs/2.htm.
35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 35.4 35.5 Charles Van der Pool (1996). "Apostolic Bible Polyglot Song of Solomon 2". Biblehub.com. https://biblehub.com/interlinear/apostolic/songs/2.htm.
36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 36.3 Colunga & Turrado, ed (1946). "Song of Songs 2 VULGATE;NIV - Bible Gateway". biblegateway.com. https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Song+of+Songs+2&version=VULGATE;NIV.
37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3 37.4 37.5 37.6 37.7 37.8 Brenton 1879, p. 847.
38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.3 Biblos.com & Helps Ministries (2011–2018). "Song of Solomon 3 Interlinear Bible". Biblehub.com. https://biblehub.com/interlinear/songs/3.htm.
39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 39.3 39.4 39.5 "Song of Solomon 3 Swete's Septuagint". Biblehub.com. 1930. https://biblehub.com/sepd/songs/3.htm.
40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 40.3 40.4 40.5 Charles Van der Pool (1996). "Apostolic Bible Polyglot Song of Solomon 3". Biblehub.com. https://biblehub.com/interlinear/apostolic/songs/3.htm.
41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 41.3 Colunga & Turrado, ed (1946). "Song of Songs 2 VULGATE;NIV - Bible Gateway". biblegateway.com. https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Song+of+Songs+2&version=VULGATE;NIV.
42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 Brenton 1879, p. 848.
43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 43.3 43.4 J.P. van de Giessen (2003). "Jesaja 7:14" (in nl). bijbelaantekeningen.nl. http://www.bijbelaantekeningen.nl/files/biblevers?Jesaja 7:14.
44. ↑ Biblos.com & Helps Ministries (2011–2018). "Isaiah 7 Interlinear Bible". Biblehub.com. https://biblehub.com/interlinear/isaiah/7.htm.
45. ↑ "Isaiah 7 Swete's Septuagint". Biblehub.com. 1930. https://biblehub.com/sepd/isaiah/7.htm.
46. ↑ Charles Van der Pool (1996). "Apostolic Bible Polyglot Isaiah 7". Biblehub.com. https://biblehub.com/interlinear/apostolic/isaiah/7.htm.
47. ↑ Brenton 1879, p. 858.
48. ↑ "Isaiah 7 Vulgata Clementina". Biblehub.com. 1592. https://biblehub.com/vul/isaiah/7.htm.
49. ↑ Colunga & Turrado, ed (1946). "Isaiah 7 VULGATE;NIV - Bible Gateway". biblegateway.com. https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=isaiah+7&version=VULGATE;NIV.
50. ↑ "Isaiah 29 Swete's Septuagint". Biblehub.com. 1930. https://biblehub.com/sepd/isaiah/29.htm.
51. ↑ Charles Van der Pool (1996). "Apostolic Bible Polyglot Isaiah 29". Biblehub.com. https://biblehub.com/interlinear/apostolic/isaiah/29.htm.
52. ↑ "Isaiah 40 Swete's Septuagint". Biblehub.com. 1930. https://biblehub.com/sepd/isaiah/40.htm.
53. ↑ Charles Van der Pool (1996). "Apostolic Bible Polyglot Isaiah 40". Biblehub.com. https://biblehub.com/interlinear/apostolic/isaiah/40.htm.
54. ↑ "Isaiah 40 Vulgata Clementina". Biblehub.com. 1592. https://biblehub.com/vul/isaiah/40.htm.
55. ↑ Colunga & Turrado, ed (1946). "Isaiah 40 VULGATE;NIV - Bible Gateway". biblegateway.com. https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=isaiah+40&version=VULGATE;NIV.
56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 "Isaiah 53 Swete's Septuagint". Biblehub.com. 1930. https://biblehub.com/sepd/isaiah/53.htm.
57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 Charles Van der Pool (1996). "Apostolic Bible Polyglot Isaiah 53". Biblehub.com. https://biblehub.com/interlinear/apostolic/isaiah/53.htm.
58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 Brenton 1879, p. 905.
59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 "Isaiah 53 Vulgata Clementina". Biblehub.com. 1592. https://biblehub.com/vul/isaiah/53.htm.
60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 Colunga & Turrado, ed (1946). "Isaiah 53 VULGATE;NIV - Bible Gateway". biblegateway.com. https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=isaiah+53&version=VULGATE;NIV.
61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 61.2 J.P. van de Giessen (2003). "Jesaja 53:11" (in nl). bijbelaantekeningen.nl. http://www.bijbelaantekeningen.nl/files/biblevers?Jesaja 53:11.

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* Brenton, Lancelot Charles Lee (1851). "Brenton's Septuagint Translation". Biblehub.com. https://biblehub.com/sep/genesis/1.htm.
* Brenton, Lancelot Charles Lee (1879). The Septuagint version of the OT, with an English translation. London: Samuel Bagster. pp. 1156. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/The_Septuagint_version_of_the_OT,_with_an_English_translation_(1879).pdf. Retrieved 14 May 2022.
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* Swete, Henry Barclay (1930). "Swete's Septuagint". Biblehub.com. https://biblehub.com/sepd/genesis/1.htm.
* Emanuel Tov, The Text-Critical Use of the Septuagint in Biblical Research (TCU), 1981 (1st edition), 1997 (2nd edition), 2015 (3rd edition).
* Emanuel Tov, Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible (TCHB), 1992 (1st edition), 2001 (2nd edition), 2012 (3rd edition), 2022 (4th edition).
* Emanuel Tov, Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible, Qumran, Septuagint: Collected Writings, Volume 3 (2015).
* Tov, Emanuel (1999). "38. The Septuagint Additions (‘Miscellanies’) in 1 Kings 2 (3 Reigns 2)". The Greek and Hebrew Bible: Collected Essays on the Septuagint. Vetus Testamentum Supplements. 72. Leiden: Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004275973_039. ISBN 9789004275973. https://brill.com/view/book/9789004275973/B9789004275973-s039.xml.
* Trible, Phyllis (1984). Texts of Terror: Literary-feminist Readings of Biblical Narratives. Philadelphia: Fortress Press. ISBN 0-8006-1537-9.
* van de Giessen, J. P. (2003). "Index Bijbelverzen" (in nl). bijbelaantekeningen.nl. http://www.bijbelaantekeningen.nl/files/page?1000.
* Van der Pool, Charles (1996). "Apostolic Bible Polyglot (ABP)". Biblehub.com. https://biblehub.com/interlinear/apostolic/genesis/1.htm.
* Wells, Bruce (2020). "On the Beds of a Woman: The Leviticus Texts on Same-Sex Relations Reconsidered". Sexuality and Law in the Torah. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 123–158. ISBN 9780567681607. https://www.academia.edu/42810771. Retrieved 16 May 2022.

## External links

* Digitized Hebrew and Greek Manuscripts: Access and Issues – Introduction to online biblical textual studies

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