The Fourteen Infallibles

Short description: Muhammad, Fatima, and the Twelve Imams in Twelver Shia Islam

See also: Religion:The Four Companions

Template:The Fourteen Infallible Template:Twelvers

Part of a series on Islam
Shia Islam

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Ahl al-Kisa

* Muhammad
* Ali
* Fatimah
* Hasan
* Husayn

Holy women

* Fatimah
* Khadija bint Khuwaylid
* Umm Salama
* Zaynab bint Ali
* Umm Kulthum bint Ali
* Umm ul-Banin
* Fatimah bint Hasan
* Sukayna bint Husayn
* Rubab
* Shahrbanu
* Fatimah bint Musa
* Hakimah Khātūn
* Narjis
* Fatimah bint Asad
* Umm Farwah bint al-Qasim
* Sayyida Ruqayya bint Ali
* Sayyida Nafisa

* v
* t
* e

Stylized rendition of the names of the 14 infallibles

The Fourteen Infallibles (Arabic: ٱلْمَعْصُومُون ٱلْأَرْبَعَة عَشَر, al-Maʿṣūmūn al-ʾArbaʿah ʿAšar; Persian: چهارده معصومین, Čahârdah Ma'sūmīn) in Twelver Shia Islam are the Islamic prophet Muhammad, his daughter Fatima Zahra, and the Twelve Imams. All are considered to be infallible under the theological concept of ismah.[1][2] Accordingly, they have the power to commit sin but by their nature are able to avoid doing so, which is regarded as a miraculous gift from God.[3] The Infallibles are believed to follow only God's desire in their actions because of their supreme righteousness, consciousness, and love for God.[4] They are also regarded as being immune to error in practical matters, in calling people to religion, and in the perception of divine knowledge.[5] Some Twelver Shia believe the Fourteen Infallibles are superior to the rest of creation and to the other major prophets.[6]

## Contents

* 1 Family tree
* 2 List of the Infallibles
* 3 See also
* 4 Notes
* 5 References
* 6 Sources
* 7 External links

## Family tree

| | Muhammad
(مُحَمَّد)| | | |

|
|
|
|
|
|

| | | | | | | | | |
| | Fatimah
(فَاطِمَة)| | Ali
(عَلِيّ)|

| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | |
| | Hasan
(ٱلْحَسَن)| | Husayn
(ٱلْحُسَيْن)| |
| | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Ali Zayn al-Abideen
(عَلِيّ زَيْن ٱلْعَابِدِين)| |
| | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Muhammad al-Baqir
(مُحَمَّد ٱلْبَاقِر)| |
| | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Ja'far al-Sadiq
(جَعْفَر ٱلصَّادِق)| |
| | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Musa al-Kazim
(مُوسَىٰ ٱلْكَاظِم)| |
| | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Ali al-Rida
(عَلِيّ ٱلرِّضَا)| |
| | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Muhammad al-Jawad
(مُحَمَّد ٱلْجَوَّاد)| |
| | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Ali al-Hadi
(عَلِيّ ٱلْهَادِي)| |
| | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Hasan al-Askari
(ٱلْحَسَن ٱلْعَسْكَرِيّ)| |
| | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Hujjat Allah al-Mahdi
(حُجَّة ٱللَّٰه ٱلْمَهْدِيّ)| |

## List of the Infallibles

Name

* * *

Kunya  | Title
Arabic | Date of birth and death

* CE
* AH[lower-alpha 1]

* * *

Place of birth

| Importance  | Cause and place of death

* * *

Place of burial[lower-alpha 2]

|
|
|
|

Muhammad ibn Abdullah
مُحَمَّد ٱبْن عَبْد ٱللَّٰه صَلَّىٰ ٱللَّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَآلِهِ

* * *

Abu al-Qasim[7]
أَبُو ٱلْقَاسِم |

* Rasūl Allāh
(رَسُول ٱللَّٰه)
(Messenger of God)[7]
* Khātam al-ʾAnbiyāʾ
(خَاتَم ٱلْأَنْبِیَاء)
(Seal of the Prophets)[8]
* al-Muṣṭafā
(ٱلْمُصْطَفَىٰ)
(The Chosen)

* 570 – 632[7]
* 53 BH[9]–10[10]

* * *

Makkah, Hijaz[7] | Considered by Muslims to be the last prophet sent by God to mankind. According to Muslims, God revealed to him the Quran, which is God's word.[7] | Fell ill and died in Madinah.[7] According to some Shi'as and fewer Sunnis, he was fatally poisoned instead, with the exact circumstances being disputed between them.

* * *

Buried in Madinah, Hijaz.[7]

Fatimah bint Muhammad
فَاطِمَة ٱبْنَت مُحَمَّد عَلَيْهَا ٱلسَّلَام

* * *

ʾUmm ʾAbīhā[11]
أُمّ أَبِیهَا |

* az-Zahrāʾ
(ٱلزَّهْرَاء)
(The Luminous)[12]
* Sayyidat Nisā Ahl Al Jannahʾ
(سَیِّدَة نساء اهل الجنة)
(The Chief of the Women of Heaven)[13]
* al-Batūl
(ٱلْبَتُول)
(The Chaste)[14]
* aṭ-Ṭāhirah
(ٱلطَّاهِرَة)
(The Pure)[15]
* aṣ-Ṣiddīqah
(ٱلصِّدِّیقَة)
(The Honest)[16]

* 615 – 633 [12]
* 8 BH[17]– 11[18]

* * *

Makkah, Hijaz[19] | Her father Muhammad called her "a part of me".[12] She is also regarded as "the mother of the Imams".[20][21] | According to most Shias, Fatimah suffered a fatal injury while defending Ali against the first Sunni caliph.[22]

* * *

The exact location of her grave is unknown but is believed to be in Madinah.[13]

Ali ibn Abi Talib
عَلِيّ ٱبْن أَبِي طَالِب عَلَيْهِ ٱلسَّلَام

* * *

Abu al-Hasan[23]
أَبُو ٱلْحَسَن |

* ʾAmīr al-Muʾminīn
(أَمِير ٱلْمُؤْمِنِين)
(Commander of the Faithful)[24]
* al-Murtaḍā
(ٱلْمُرْتَضَىٰ)
(The Beloved)
* al-Waṣīy
(ٱلْوَصِيّ)
(The Successor)
* al-Walīy
(ٱلْوَلِيّ)
(The Wali)

* 600 – 661[24]
* 22 or 16 BH – 40 AH [25]

* * *

Makkah, Hijaz[24] | Cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad. According to Twelver Shia belief, he was the only person to have been born in the Ka'bah, the holiest site in Islam, and the first male to openly accept Islam. Considered by Shia Islam as the rightful Successor of Muhammad.[26] Sunnis also acknowledge him as the fourth Caliph.[18] He holds a high position in almost all Sufi tariqa (religious orders); members of these orders trace their lineage to Muhammad through Ali.[24] | Assassinated by Abd al-Rahman ibn Muljam, a Kharijite, in Kufa, Iraq, who struck his head with a poisoned sword while he was in prostration praying on the Night of Qadr in the month of Ramadan.[24][27]

* * *

Buried at the Imam Ali Mosque in Najaf, Iraq, 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) southwest of the place of his assassination in Kufa.[18]
Hasan ibn Ali
ٱلْحَسَن ٱبْن عَلِيّ عَلَيْهِ ٱلسَّلَام

* * *

Abu Muhammad[23]
أَبُو مُحَمَّد |

* al-Mujtabā
(ٱلْمُجْتَبَىٰ)
(The Chosen)[28]
* Sibṭ an-Nabīy
(سِبْط ٱلنَّبِيّ)
(Grandson of the Prophet)

* 625 – 670[29]
* 3 – 50[18]

* * *

Madinah, Hijaz[29] | The eldest surviving grandson of Muhammad, through his mother, Fatimah, Hasan succeeded his father Ali as the caliph in Kufa; but after a seven-month reign he relinquished control of Iraq following a peace treaty with Muawiya I.[29] | He was poisoned fatally by his wife in Madinah by order of Caliph Muawiya.[30]

* * *

Buried in Jannat al-Baqi, Madinah.[29]
Husayn ibn Ali
ٱلْحُسَيْن ٱبْن عَلِيّ عَلَيْهِ ٱلسَّلَام

* * *

Abu Abdillah[31]
أَبُو عَبْد ٱللَّٰه |

* Sayyid ash-Shuhadāʾ
(سَيِّد ٱلشُّهَدَاء)
(Master of the Martyrs)[32]
* al-Maẓlūm
(ٱلْمَظْلُوم)
(The Tyrannized)
* Sibṭ an-Nabīy
(سِبْط ٱلنَّبِيّ)
(Grandson of the Prophet)

* 626 – 680[33]
* 4 – 61[18]

* * *

Madinah, Hijaz[34] | Grandson of Muhammad and younger brother of Hasan, Husayn rejected the legitimacy of Caliph Yazid I, the son of Muawiyah. As a result, he and his family were killed in the Battle of Karbala by Yazid's forces.[18] Ever since the battle, the commemoration of Husayn ibn Ali's martyrdom has been at the core of Shia rituals and identity.[34] | Killed and beheaded at the Battle of Karbala.[34]

* * *

Buried at the Imam Husayn Shrine, Karbala, Iraq.[34]
Ali ibn Husayn
عَلِيّ ٱبْن ٱلْحُسَيْن ٱلسَّجَّاد عَلَيْهِ ٱلسَّلَام

* * *

Abu Muhammad[35]
أَبُو مُحَمَّد |

* as-Sajjād
(ٱلسَّجَّاد)
(The Consistently Prostrating)[36]
* Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn
(زَيْن ٱلْعَابِدِين)
(Ornament of the Worshippers)[37][38]

* 658/59[38] – 712[39]
* 38[38]– 95 [36][39]

* * *

Madinah, Hijaz[38] | The author of the prayers in Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya,[36] ("The Scripture of Al-Sajjad", "The Psalm of the Household of the Prophet").[39] | He was fatally poisoned by order of Caliph al-Walid I in Madinah.[39]

* * *

Buried in Jannat al-Baqi, Madinah.[36]
Muhammad ibn Ali
مُحَمَّد ٱبْن عَلِيّ ٱلْبَاقِر عَلَيْهِ ٱلسَّلَام

* * *

Abu Ja'far[31][40]
أَبُو جَعْفَر |

* Bāqir al-ʿUlūm
(بَاقِر ٱلْعُلُوم)
(The Opener of Knowledge)[41][40]

* 677 – 732[40]
* 57 – 114[40]

* * *

Madinah, Hijaz[40] | Sunni and Shia sources consider Al-Baqir an early and pre-eminent legal scholar who was revered for having educated many students.[36][40] | He was fatally poisoned by Ibrahim ibn Walid ibn 'Abdallah in Madinah by order of Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik.

* * *

Buried in Jannat al-Baqi, Madinah[36]
Ja'far ibn Muhammad
جَعْفَر ٱبْن مُحَمَّد ٱلصَّادِق عَلَيْهِ ٱلسَّلَام

* * *

Abu Abdillah[42][36]
أَبُو عَبْد ٱللَّٰه |

* aṣ-Ṣādiq
(ٱلصَّادِق)
(The Honest)[43][44]

* 702 – 765[36]
* 83 – 148[36]

* * *

Madinah, Hijaz[45] | As-Sadiq established the Ja'fari school of jurisprudence and developed the theology of the Twelvers.[36] He taught many scholars in different fields, including Abu Hanifah[36] and Malik ibn Anas in fiqh, Wasil ibn Ata and Hisham ibn Hakam in Islamic theology, and Geber in science and alchemy.[45] | He was fatally poisoned in Madinah by order of Caliph Al-Mansur.[45]

* * *

Buried in Jannat al-Baqi, Madinah[36]

* al-Kāẓim
(ٱلْكَاظِم)
(The Confined)[46]

* 744 – 799[36]
* 128 – 183[36]

* * *

Madinah, Hijaz[46] | Al-Kazim was leader of the Shia community during the schism between the Ismaili and other branches of Islam after the death of the previous Imam Jafar al-Sadiq.[47] He established a network of agents who collected the khums in the Shia community of the Middle East and the Greater Khorasan. He holds a high position in the Mahdavia, the members of which trace their lineage to Muhammad through him.[48] | He was imprisoned and fatally poisoned in Baghdad, Iraq, by order of Caliph Harun al-Rashid.[49]

* * *

Buried in the Kazimayn shrine, Baghdad, Iraq[36][46]
Ali ibn Musa
عَلِيّ ٱبْن مُوسَىٰ ٱلرِّضَا عَلَيْهِ ٱلسَّلَام

* * *

Abu al-Hasan II[50]
أَبُو ٱلْحَسَن ٱلثَّانِي |

* ar-Riḍā
(ٱلرِّضَا)
(The Pleasing)[46][51]

* 765 – 817[36]
* 148 – 203[36]

* * *

Madinah,
Hijaz[52] | Made crown prince by Caliph Al-Ma'mun, Ar-Rida was known for his discussions and debates with both Muslim and non-Muslim religious scholars.[53] | He was fatally poisoned in Mashad, Iran, by order of Caliph Al-Ma'mun.[53]

* * *

Buried in the Imam Reza shrine, Mashad, Iran[53]
Muhammad ibn Ali
مُحَمَّد ٱبْن عَلِيّ ٱلْجَوَّاد عَلَيْهِ ٱلسَّلَام

* * *

Abu Ja'far[31]
أَبُو جَعْفَر |

* al-Jawwād
(ٱلْجَوَّاد)
(The Generous)[54][55]
* at-Taqīy
(ٱلتَّقِيّ)
(The God-Fearing)[53][55]

* 809[53] or 810 – 835[53]
* 195 – 220[55]

* * *

Madinah,
Hijaz[55] | Al-Jawad was known for his generosity and piety in the face of persecution by the Abbasid caliphate.[56] | He was fatally poisoned by his wife, the daughter of Caliph Al-Ma'mun, in Baghdad, Iraq, by order of Caliph Al-Mu'tasim.[55]

* * *

Buried in the Kazmain shrine, Baghdad, Iraq.[53]
Ali ibn Muhammad
عَلِيّ ٱبْن مُحَمَّد ٱلْهَادِي عَلَيْهِ ٱلسَّلَام

* * *

Abu al-Hasan III[57]
أَبُو ٱلْحَسَن ٱلثَّالِث |

* al-Hādī
(ٱلْهَادِي)
(The Guide)[58][59]
* an-Naqīy
(ٱلنَّقِيّ)
(The Pure)[53][59]

* 828 – 868 [59]
* 212 – 254[59]

* * *

Surayya, a village near Madinah, Hijaz[59] | Al-Naqi taught religious sciences until 243/857.[53] He strengthened the network of deputies in the Shia community. He sent them instructions and in turn received financial contributions from the faithful, from the khums and religious vows.[59] | He was fatally poisoned in Samarra, Iraq, by order of caliph Al-Mu'tazz.[55]

* * *

Buried in the Al Askari Mosque, Samarra, Iraq.[53]
Hasan ibn Ali
ٱلْحَسَن ٱبْن عَلِيّ ٱلْعَسْكَرِيّ عَلَيْهِ ٱلسَّلَام

* * *

Abu al-Mahdi[60]
أَبُو ٱلْمَهْدِيّ |

* al-ʿAskarīy
(ٱلْعَسْكَرِيّ)
(The Garrison Town One)[61][62]

* 845/6 – 874[62]
* 231 – 260 [62]

* * *

Madinah,
Hijaz[62] | Like his father, Al-Askari was placed under house arrest, which would last most of his life, by the Abbasid Caliph Al-Mu'tamid, .[63] During this time, repression of the Shia communities was great because of their growing size and power.[64] | He was fatally poisoned by order of Caliph Al-Mu'tamid in Samarra, Iraq.[65]

* * *

Buried in the Al Askari Mosque, Samarra, Iraq.[53]
Mohammad ibn al-Hasan
حُجَّة ٱللَّٰه ٱبْن ٱلْحَسَن ٱلْمَهْدِيّ عَلَيْهِ ٱلسَّلَام

* * *

Abu al-Qasim[32]
أَبُو ٱلْقَاسِم |

* al-Mahdīy
(ٱلْمَهْدِيّ)
(The Guided)[66][67]
* al-Qāʾim
(ٱلْقَائِم)
(The Riser)[32]
* al-Ghāʾib
(ٱلْغَائِب)
(The Hidden)[68][69]
* Sāhib az-Zamān
(صَاحِب ٱلزَّمَان)
(The Authority of the Era)[60]
* Baqīyat Allah
(بَقِيَّة ٱللَّٰه)
(Remainder of Allah's)
* al-Ḥujjah ʾĀl Muḥammad
(ٱلْحُجَّة آل مُحَمَّد)
(The Proof of the House of Muhammad)[70]

* 868 – Present[71]
* 255 or 256[53] – Present[71]

* * *

Samarra, Iraq[72] | According to Twelver Shia doctrine, he is the current Imam and the promised Mahdi, a messianic figure who will return with the prophet Isa (Jesus). He will reestablish the rightful governance of Islam and establish justice and peace in the earth.[73] | According to Twelver Shia doctrine, he has been living in the Occultation since 872, and will continue as long as God wills.[71]

## See also

* Shia Islam
* Twelvers
* Ahl al-Bayt
* Ahl al-Kisa
* Twelve Imams
* Imamat doctrine
* Ismah
* Criticism of Twelver Shia Islam
* Salawat

## Notes

1. ↑ The abbreviation CE refers to the Common Era solar calendar, while AH refers to the Islamic Hijri lunar calendar
2. ↑ Except the Twelfth Imam

## References

1. ↑ Dabashi 2006, p. 463
2. ↑ Corbin 1993, p. 48
3. ↑ Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1989, p. 98
4. ↑ Donaldson 1933, p. 326
5. ↑ Ansariyan 2007, p. 89
6. ↑ Algar 1990
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 Nasr 2006
8. ↑ Mir 1987, p. 171
9. ↑ Tabatabaei 1975, p. 131
10. ↑ Tabatabaei 1975, p. 134
11. ↑ Walbridge 2001, p. 103
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Chittick 1980, p. 136
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Klemm 2014
14. ↑ Ordoni 2009, p. 94
15. ↑ Ordoni 2009, p. 70
16. ↑ Ordoni 2009, p. 56
17. ↑ Qurashī 2007, p. 38
18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 Chittick 1980, p. 137
19. ↑ Dungersi 1994, p. 4
20. ↑ Hughes 2013, p. 258
21. ↑ Rayshahri 2008, p. 68
22. ↑ Lammens 2012
23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Rizvi 1988, p. 48
24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 Nasr, Seyyed Hossein. "Ali". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9005712/Ali. Retrieved 2007-10-12.
25. ↑ Ahmed 2005, p. 234
26. ↑ Mashita 2002, p. 69
27. ↑ Tabatabaei 1979, p. 192
28. ↑ Corbin 1993, p. 50
29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 Madelung 2003
30. ↑ Tabatabaei 1975, p. 173
31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 Rizvi 1988, p. 49
32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 Amir-Moezzi 1994, p. 174
33. ↑ Tabatabaei 1975, pp. 198–199
34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 Madelung 2004
35. ↑ Qurashī 2007, p. 17
36. ↑ 36.00 36.01 36.02 36.03 36.04 36.05 36.06 36.07 36.08 36.09 36.10 36.11 36.12 36.13 36.14 36.15 36.16 Chittick 1980, p. 138
37. ↑ Madelung 1985
38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.3 Madelung, Wilferd. "ʿALĪ B. ḤOSAYN B. ʿALĪ B. ABĪ ṬĀLEB, ZAYN-AL-ʿĀBEDĪN". Encyclopaedia Iranica. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ali-b-hosayn-b-ali. Retrieved 2007-11-08.
39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 39.3 Tabatabaei 1975, pp. 178–179
40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 40.3 40.4 40.5 Madelung, Wilferd. "BĀQER, ABŪ JAʿFAR MOḤAMMAD". Encyclopaedia Iranica. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baqer-abu-jafar-mohammad. Retrieved 2007-11-08.
41. ↑ Madelung 1988
42. ↑ "Jaʿfar A-Ṣādeq". Encyclopaedia Iranica. 5 April 2012. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/jafar-al-sadeq. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
43. ↑ Tabatabaei 1975, p. 15
44. ↑ Tabatabae (1979), p.203–204
45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 45.2 Tabatabaei 1975, p. 180
46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 46.3 Tabatabaei 1975, p. 181
47. ↑ Tabatabaei 1975, p. 68
48. ↑ Sachedina 1988, pp. 53–54
49. ↑ Amir-Moezzi 2011, p. 207
50. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Ali al-Reza in Iranica`
51. ↑ Tabatabae (1979), pp.205–207
52. ↑ Tabatabaei 1975, pp. 182–183
53. ↑ 53.00 53.01 53.02 53.03 53.04 53.05 53.06 53.07 53.08 53.09 53.10 53.11 Chittick 1980, p. 139
54. ↑ Tabatabaei 1975, p. 183
55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 55.2 55.3 55.4 55.5 Tabatabae (1979), p. 207
56. ↑ Qurashī 2005
57. ↑ Madelung 1985a
58. ↑ Dungersi 2005, p. 16
59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 59.2 59.3 59.4 59.5 Madelung, Wilferd. "ʿALĪ AL-HĀDĪ". Encyclopaedia Iranica. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ali-al-hadi-abul-hasan-b. Retrieved 2007-11-08.
60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 Rizvi 1988, p. 50
61. ↑ Halm 1987
62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 62.2 62.3 Halm, H. "ʿASKARĪ". Encyclopaedia Iranica. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/askari-abu-mohammad-hasan-b. Retrieved 2007-11-08.
63. ↑ Dungersi 2005, p. 188
64. ↑ Tabatabaei 1975, p. 184
65. ↑ Dungersi 2005, p. 196
66. ↑ Amir-Moezzi 2007
67. ↑ "THE CONCEPT OF MAHDI IN TWELVER SHIʿISM". Encyclopaedia Iranica. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/islam-in-iran-vii-the-concept-of-mahdi-in-twelver-shiism. Retrieved 2014-07-07.
68. ↑ Amir-Moezzi 1994, p. 115
69. ↑ "ḠAYBA". Encyclopaedia Iranica. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gayba. Retrieved 2014-07-07.
70. ↑ "Muhammad al-Mahdi al-Hujjah". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9054165/Muhammad-al-Mahdi-al-Hujjah. Retrieved 2007-11-08.
71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 71.2 Tabatabaei 1975, p. 186
72. ↑ Tabatabaei 1975, p. 185
73. ↑ Tabatabaei 1979, pp. 211–214

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## External links

* A Chronological List of the Fourteen Infallibles
* A Brief History of the Fourteen Infallibles by WOFIS World Organization for Islamic Services Tehran -Iran
* The Brief History of the Fourteen Infallibles by Mohammad Hussein il’adeeb

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