Timeline of Buddhism

Short description: Chronology of the Buddhist religion

Part of a series on

Buddhism

History

* Timeline
* Gautama Buddha
* Pre-sectarian Buddhism
* Councils
* Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
* Decline in the Indian subcontinent
* Later Buddhists
* Buddhist modernism

* Dharma
* Concepts

* Four Noble Truths
* Noble Eightfold Path
* Dharma wheel
* Five Aggregates
* Impermanence
* Suffering
* Not-self
* Dependent Origination
* Middle Way
* Emptiness
* Morality
* Karma
* Rebirth
* Saṃsāra
* Cosmology

Buddhist texts

* Buddhavacana
* Early Buddhist Texts
* Tripiṭaka
* Mahayana Sutras
* Pāli Canon
* Tibetan canon
* Chinese canon

Practices

* Three Jewels
* Buddhist Paths to liberation
* Five precepts
* Perfections
* Meditation
* Philosophical reasoning
* Devotional practices
* Merit making
* Recollections
* Mindfulness
* Wisdom
* Sublime abidings
* Aids to Enlightenment
* Monasticism
* Lay life
* Buddhist chant
* Pilgrimage

Nirvāṇa

* Awakening
* Four Stages
* Arhat
* Pratyekabuddha
* Bodhisattva
* Buddha

Traditions

* Theravāda
* Pāli
* Mahāyāna
* Hinayana
* Chinese
* Vajrayāna
* Tibetan
* Navayana
* Newar

Buddhism by country

* Bhutan
* Cambodia
* China
* India
* Japan
* Korea
* Laos
* Mongolia
* Myanmar
* Russia
* Sri Lanka
* Taiwan
* Thailand
* Tibet
* Vietnam

* Outline

* v
* t
* e

The purpose of this timeline is to give a detailed account of Buddhism from the birth of Gautama Buddha to the present.

## Contents

* 1 Timeline
* 2 Dates
* 2.1 6th–5th century BCE
* 2.2 4th century BCE
* 2.3 3rd century BCE
* 2.4 2nd century BCE
* 2.5 1st century BCE
* 2.6 1st century
* 2.7 2nd century
* 2.8 3rd century
* 2.9 4th century
* 2.10 5th century
* 2.11 6th century
* 2.12 7th century
* 2.13 8th century
* 2.14 9th century
* 2.15 10th century
* 2.16 11th century
* 2.17 12th century
* 2.18 13th century
* 2.19 14th century
* 2.20 15th century
* 2.21 16th century
* 2.22 17th century
* 2.23 18th century
* 2.24 19th century
* 2.25 20th century
* 2.26 21st century
* 3 See also
* 4 References
* 5 Sources
* 5.1 Printed sources
* 5.2 Web-sources
* 6 External links

## Timeline

Template:Buddhist traditions timeline

## Dates

### 6th–5th century BCE

Date | Event

|

c. 563 BCE or c. 480 BCE | The Birth of Siddhartha Gautama. The approximate date of Gautama Buddha's birth and death are uncertain. Most historians in the early 20th century dated his lifetime as circa 563 BCE to 483 BCE.[1][2] More recently his death is dated later, between 411 and 400 BCE, while at a symposium on this question held in 1988, the majority of those who presented definite opinions gave dates within 20 years either side of 400 BCE for the Buddha's death.[1][3]
c. 413–345 BCE | Shishunaga, a minister of the ruling Hiranyaka dynasty of Magadha, is placed on the throne and begins the Shishunaga dynasty, after the sitting king is deposed by the people.

### 4th century BCE

Date | Event

|

383 BCE or c. 330 BCE[4] | The Second Buddhist council is convened by Kalasoka of the Shishunaga dynasty and held in Vaishali. The Sangha divides into the Sthaviravadins and the Mahasanghikas led by the monk Mahādeva, primarily over the question of addition or subtraction of rules from the Vinaya.[5]
345–321 BCE | The Nanda Empire briefly predominates in Magadha over the Shishunagas.[6]
326 BCE | Alexander the Great reaches North West India. The Indo-Greek Kingdom that arise in the aftermath has a large influence upon the development of Buddhism.[7]
c. 324 BCE | Pyrrho, a philosopher in Alexander the Great's court, may have learnt elements of Buddhist philosophy in India from the gymnosophists. Parts of Buddhism, most notably the three marks of existence, may have influenced his new philosophy of Pyrrhonism which he introduces into Hellenistic philosophy.[8]
c. 321 – c. 297 BCE | The reign of Chandragupta Maurya, grandfather of Ashoka, who subdues the Nanda Empire by c. 320 BCE, and gradually conquers much of northern India.[9]

### 3rd century BCE

Date | Event

|

c. 250 BCE | Third Buddhist council, convened by Ashoka and chaired by Moggaliputta-Tissa, compiles the Kathāvatthu to refute the heretical views and theories held by some Buddhist sects. Edicts of Ashoka in the Maurya Empire in support of Buddhism.
c. 250 BCE | Ashoka sends various Buddhist missionaries to faraway countries, as far as China, mainland Southeast Asia and the Malay kingdoms in the east and the Hellenistic kingdoms in the west, in order to make Buddhism known to them.
c. 250 BCE | First-fully developed examples of Kharosthi script in the inscriptions at Shahbaz Garhi and Mānsehrā in Gandhara.
c. 220 BCE | Theravada is officially introduced to Sri Lanka by the Mahinda, son of Ashoka, during the reign of Devanampiya Tissa of Anuradhapura.

### 2nd century BCE

Date | Event

|

185 BCE | General Pushyamitra Shunga overthrows the Maurya Empire and establishes the Shunga Empire, apparently starting a wave of persecution against Buddhism.
180 BCE | Demetrius I of Bactria invades India as far as Pataliputra and establishes the Indo-Greek Kingdom (180–10 BCE), under which Buddhism flourishes.
165–130 BCE | Reign of the Indo-Greek king Menander I, who converts to Buddhism under the sage Nagasena according to the account of the Milinda Panha.
121 BCE | The Chinese Emperor Han Wudi (156–87 BCE) receives two golden statues of the Buddha, according to inscriptions in the Mogao Caves, Dunhuang.

### 1st century BCE

Date | Event

|

c. 55 BCE | The Indo-Greek governor Theodorus enshrines relics of the Buddha, dedicating them to the deified "Lord Shakyamuni."
29 BCE | According to the Sinhalese chronicles, the content of the Pali Canon is written down in the reign of King Vaṭṭagamiṇi (29–17 BCE)[10]
2 BCE | The Hou Hanshu records the visit in 2 BCE of Yuezhi envoys to the Chinese capital, who give oral teachings on Buddhist sutras.[11]

### 1st century

Date | Event

|

67 | Liu Ying's sponsorship of Buddhism is the first documented case of Buddhist practices in China.
67 | Buddhism comes to China with the two monks Kasyapa and Dharmaraksha.[12]
68 | Buddhism is officially established in China with the founding of the White Horse Temple.[13][14][15]
78 | Ban Chao, a Chinese General, subdues the Buddhist Kingdom of Khotan.
c. 78–101 | According to Mahayana tradition, the Fourth Buddhist council takes place under Kushana king Kanishka's reign, near Jalandar, India.

### 2nd century

Date | Event

|

116 | The Kushans, under Kanishka, establish a kingdom centered on Kashgar, also taking control of Khotan and Yarkand in the Tarim Basin.
148 | An Shigao, a Parthian prince and Buddhist monk, arrives in China and proceeds to make the first translations of Theravada texts into Chinese.
c. 150–250 | Indian and Central Asian Buddhists travel to Vietnam.
178 | The Kushan monk Lokaksema travels to the Chinese capital of Loyang and becomes the first known translator of Mahayana texts into Chinese.

### 3rd century

Date | Event

|

c. 250 | Use of Kharoṣṭhī script in Gandhara stops.
c. 250–350 | Kharoṣṭhī script is used in the southern Silk Road cities of Khotan and Niya.
296 | The earliest surviving Chinese Buddhist manuscript dates from this year (Zhu Fo Yao Ji Jing, discovered in Dalian, late 2005).

### 4th century

Date | Event

|

320–467 | The university at Nalanda grows to support 3,000–10,000 monks.
372 | The monk Sundo (順道, or Shundao in Chinese) was sent by Fu Jian (337–385) (苻堅) of Former Qin to the court of the King Sosurim of Goguryeo, in modern-day Korea.[16] Subsequently, paper making was established in Korea.
384 | The Gandharan monk Marananta arrived in Baekje, in modern-day Korea, and the royal family received the strain of Buddhism he brought. King Asin of Baekje proclaimed, "people should believe in Buddhism and seek happiness."[16]
399–414 | Faxian travels from China to India, then returns to translate Buddhist works into Chinese.

### 5th century

Date | Event

|

c. 5th century | The kingdom of Funan (centered in modern Cambodia) begins to advocate Buddhism in a departure from Hinduism. Earliest evidence of Buddhism in Myanmar (Pali inscriptions). Earliest evidence of Buddhism in Indonesian (statues). Earliest reinterpretations of Pali texts. The stupa at Dambulla (Sri Lanka) is constructed.
402 | At the request of Yao Xing, Kumārajīva travels to Chang'an and translates many Buddhist texts into Chinese.
403 | In China, Lushan Huiyuan argues that Buddhist monks should be exempt from bowing to the emperor.
405 | Yao Xing honours Kumārajīva.
425 | Buddhism reaches Sumatra.
464 | Buddhabhadra reaches China to preach Buddhism.
485 | Five monks from Gandhara travel to the country of Fusang (Japan, or possibly the Americas), where they introduce Buddhism.
495 | The Shaolin Monastery is built in the name of Buddhabhadra, by edict of emperor Wei Xiao Wen.[17][18]

### 6th century

Date | Event

|

527 | Bodhidharma settles into the Shaolin Monastery in Henan province of China.[19]
531–579 | Reign of the Zoroastrian king, Khosrow I, who orders the translation of Jataka tales into Persian.
538 or 552 | Buddhism is introduced to Japan via Baekje (Korea), according to Nihonshoki; some scholars place this event in 538.
c. 575 | Zen adherents enter Vietnam from China.

### 7th century

Date | Event

|

607 | A Japanese imperial envoy is dispatched to Sui, China to obtain copies of sutras.
616–634 | Jingwan begins carving sutras onto stone at Fangshan, Yuzhou, 75km southwest of modern-day Beijing.[20]
617–649 | Reign of Songtsen Gampo of Tibet, who is traditionally held to be the first Tibetan King to promote the bringing of Buddhism to Tibet.[21]
627–645 | Xuanzang travels to India, noting the persecution of Buddhists by Sasanka (king of Gauda, a state in northwest Bengal) before returning to Chang'an in China to translate Buddhist scriptures.
c. 650 | End of sporadic Buddhist rule in the Sindh.
671 | Chinese Buddhist pilgrim Yijing visits Palembang, capital of the partly Buddhist kingdom of Srivijaya on the island of Sumatra, Indonesia, and reports over 1000 Buddhist monks in residence.
671 | Uisang returns to Korea after studying Chinese Huayan Buddhism and founds the Hwaeom school.

### 8th century

Date | Event

|

c. 8th century | Buddhist Jataka tales are translated into Syriac and Arabic as Kalilag and Damnag. An account of Buddha's life is translated into Greek by John of Damascus and widely circulated among Christians as the story of Barlaam and Josaphat. By the 14th century, this story of Josaphat becomes so popular that he is made a Catholic Saint.
736 | Huayan is transmitted to Japan via Korea, when Rōben invites the Korean Hwaeom monk Simsang to lecture, and formally founds Japan's Kegon tradition in the Tōdai-ji temple.
743–754 | The Chinese monk Jianzhen attempts to reach Japan eleven times, succeeding in 754 to establish the Japanese Ritsu school, which specialises in the vinaya (monastic rules).
760–830 | Construction is begun on Borobudur, the famous Indonesian Buddhist structure. It is completed as a Buddhist monument in 830, after about 50 years of work.[22]

### 9th century

Date | Event

|

804 | Under the reign of Emperor Kanmu of Japan, a fleet of four ships sets sail for mainland China. Of the two ships that arrive, one carries the monk Kūkai—recently ordained by the Japanese government as a Bhikkhu—who absorbs Vajrayana teachings in Chang'an and returns to Japan to found the Japanese Shingon school. The other ship carries the monk Saichō, who returns to Japan to found the Japanese Tendai school, partly based upon the Chinese Tiantai tradition.
838 to 841 | Langdarma rules in Tibet, and persecutes Buddhism
838–847 | Ennin, a priest of the Tendai school, travels in China for nine years. He reaches both the famous Buddhist mountain of Wutaishan and the Chinese capital, Chang'an, keeping a detailed diary that is a primary source for this period of Chinese history, including the Buddhist persecution.
841–846 | Emperor Wuzong of the Tang dynasty (given name: Li Yan) reigns in China; he is one of three Chinese emperors to prohibit Buddhism. From 843 to 845, Wuzong carries out the Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution, permanently weakening the institutional structure of Buddhism in China.
859 | The Caodong school of Zen is founded by Dongshan Liangjie and his disciples in southern China.

### 10th century

Date | Event

|

c. 10th century | Buddhist temple construction commences at Bagan, Myanmar.
c. 10th century | In Tibet, a strong Buddhist revival is begun.
971 | Chinese Song dynasty commissions Chengdu woodcarvers to carve the entire Buddhist canon for printing. Work is completed in 983; 130,000 blocks are produced, in total.
911 | A printed copy of the Song dynasty Buddhist canon arrives in Korea, impressing the government.

### 11th century

Date | Event

|

c. 11th century | Marpa, Konchog Gyalpo, Atisha, and others introduce the Sarma lineages into Tibet.
1009 | Vietnam's Lý dynasty begins, which is partly brought about by an alliance with the Buddhist monkhood. Ly emperors patronize Mahayana Buddhism, in addition to traditional spirits.
1010 | Korea begins carving its own woodblock print edition of the Buddhist canon. No completion date is known; the canon is continuously expanded, with the arrival of new texts from China.
1017 | In Southeast Asia, and especially in Sri Lanka, the Bhikkhuni (Buddhist nuns) Order dies out due to invasions. The bhikkhu line in Sri Lanka is later revived with bhikkhus from Burma.
1025 | Srivijaya, a Buddhist kingdom based in Sumatra, is raided by the Chola empire of southern India; it survives, but declines in importance. Shortly after the raid, the centre of the kingdom moves northward from Palembang to Jambi-Melayu.
1056 | King Anawrahta of Pagan Kingdom converts to Theravada Buddhism.
1057 | Anawrahta captures Thaton Lower Burma, strengthening Theravada Buddhism in the country.
1063 | A copy of the Khitans' printed canon arrives in Korea from mainland China.
1070 | Bhikkhus from Pagan arrive in Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka to reinstate the Theravada ordination line.
1084–1112 | In Myanmar, King Kyansittha reigns. He completes the building of the Shwezigon Pagoda, a shrine for relics of the Buddha, including a tooth brought from Sri Lanka. Various inscriptions refer to him as an incarnation of Vishnu, a chakravartin, a bodhisattva, and dharmaraja.

### 12th century

Date | Event

|

1100–1125 | Huizong reigns during the Chinese Song dynasty and outlaws Buddhism to promote the Dao. He is one of three Chinese emperors to have prohibited Buddhism.
1133–1212 | Hōnen establishes Pure Land Buddhism as an independent sect in Japan.
1164 | Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka destroyed by foreign invasion. With the guidance of two forest monks – Ven. Mahākassapa Thera and Ven. Sāriputta Thera, Parakramabahu I reunites all bhikkhus in Sri Lanka into the Mahavihara sect.
1171 | Anawrahta of Pagan upon request of King Vijayabahu I of Ceylon sends monks and scriptures to restart Buddhism in the island kingdom.
1181 | The self-styled bodhisattva Jayavarman VII, a devout follower of Mahayana Buddhism (though he also patronised Hinduism), assumes control of the Khmer kingdom. He constructs the Bayon, the most prominent Buddhist structure in the Angkor temple complex. This sets the stage for the later conversion of the Khmer people to Theravada Buddhism.
1190 | King Sithu II of Pagan realigns Burmese Buddhism with the Mahavihara school of Ceylon.

### 13th century

Date | Event

|

c. 1200 | The great Buddhist educational centre at Nalanda, India, (the origin of Buddhism) where various subjects were taught subjects such as Buddhism, Logic, Philosophy, Law, Medicine, Grammar, Yoga, Mathematics, Alchemy, and Astrology, is sacked, looted and burnt by Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji.
1222 | Birth of Nichiren Daishonin (1222–1282), the Japanese founder of Nichiren Buddhism.
1227 | Dogen Zenji takes the Caodong school of Zen from China to Japan as the Sōtō sect.
1236 | Bhikkhus from Kañcipuram, India, arrive in Sri Lanka to revive the Theravada ordination line.
1238 | The Thai Kingdom of Sukhothai is established, with Theravada Buddhism as the state religion.
1244 | Eiheiji Soto Zen Temple and Monastery are established by Dogen Zenji.
c. 1250 | Theravada overtakes Mahayana—previously practised alongside Hinduism—as the dominant form of Buddhism in Cambodia; Sri Lanka is an influence in this change.
1260–1270 | Kublai Khan makes the Buddhism (especially the Tibetan Buddhism) the de facto state religion of the Yuan dynasty, establishing the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs and appointing Sakya Imperial Preceptors.
1279–1298 | Sukhothai's third and most famous ruler, Ram Khamhaeng (Rama the Bold), reigns and makes vassals of Laos, much of modern Thailand, Pegu (Burma), and parts of the Malay Peninsula, thus giving rise to Sukhothai artistic tradition. After Ram Khamhaeng's death, Sukhothai loses control of its territories as its vassals become independent.
1285 | Arghun makes the Ilkhanate a Buddhist state.
1287 | The Pagan Empire, the largest Theravada kingdom of Southeast Asia, falls due to Mongol invasions.
1295 | Mongol leader Ghazan Khan is converted to Islam, ending a line of Tantric Buddhist leaders.

### 14th century

Date | Event

|

c. 1300 | In Persia, the historian Rashid-al-Din Hamadani records some eleven Buddhist texts circulating in Arabic translation, amongst which the Sukhavati-vyuha and Karanda-vyuha Sutras are recognizable. Portions of the Samyutta and Anguttara-Nikayas, along with parts of the Maitreya-vyakarana, are identified in this collection.
1305–1316 | Buddhists in Persia attempt to convert Uldjaitu Khan.
1312 | In the Mahayana tradition during the 13th century, the Japanese Mugai Nyodai became the first female abbess and thus the first ordained female Zen master.[23]
1321 | Sojiji Soto Zen Temple and Monastery established by Keizan Zenji.
1351 | In Thailand, U Thong, possibly the son of a Chinese merchant family, establishes Ayutthaya as his capital and takes the name of Ramathibodi.
1391–1474 | Gyalwa Gendun Drubpa, first Dalai Lama of Tibet.

### 15th century

Date | Event

|

1405–1431 | The Chinese eunuch admiral Zheng He makes seven voyages in this period, through southeast Asia, India, the Persian Gulf, East Africa, and Egypt. At the time, Buddhism is well-established in China, so visited peoples may have had exposure to Chinese Buddhism.

### 16th century

Date | Event

|

1578 | Altan Khan of the Tümed gives the title of Dalai Lama to Sonam Gyatso (later known as the third Dalai Lama).

### 17th century

Date | Event

|

c. 1600-1700s | When Vietnam divides during this period, the Nguyễn rulers of the south choose to support Mahayana Buddhism as an integrative ideology for the ethnically plural society of their kingdom, which is also populated by Chams and other minorities.
1614 | The Toyotomi family rebuilds a great image of Buddha at the Temple of Hōkōji in Kyōtō.
1615 | The Oirat Mongols convert to the Geluk school of Tibetan Buddhism.
1635 | In Zanabazar, the first Jebtsundamba Khutughtu is born as a great-grandson of Abadai Khan of the Khalkha.
1642 | Güüshi Khan of the Khoshuud donates the sovereignty of Tibet to the fifth Dalai Lama.

### 18th century

Date | Event

|

1753 | Sri Lanka reinstatement of monks ordination from Thailand – the Siyam Nikaya lineage.

### 19th century

Date | Event

|

1802–1820 | Nguyễn Ánh comes to the throne of the first united Vietnam; he succeeds by quelling the Tayson rebellion in south Vietnam with help from Rama I in Bangkok, then takes over the north from the remaining Trinh. After coming to power, he creates a Confucianist orthodox state and is eager to limit the competing influence of Buddhism. He forbids adult men to attend Buddhist ceremonies.
1820–1841 | Minh Mạng reigns in Vietnam, further restricting Buddhism. He insists that all monks be assigned to cloisters and carry identification documents. He also places new restrictions on printed material and begins the persecution of Catholic missionaries and converts that his successors (not without provocation) continue.
1844 | Elizabeth Peabody became the first person to translate any Buddhist scripture into English, translating a chapter of the Lotus Sutra from its French translation.[24][25]
1851–1868 | In Thailand, King Mongkut—himself a former monk—conducts a campaign to reform and modernise the monkhood, a movement that has continued in the present century under the inspiration of several great ascetic monks from the northeast part of the country.
1860 | In Sri Lanka, against all expectations, the monastic and lay communities bring about a major revival in Buddhism, a movement that goes hand in hand with growing nationalism; the revival follows a period of persecution by foreign powers. Since then, Buddhism has flourished, and Sri Lankan monks and expatriate lay people have been prominent in spreading Theravada Buddhism in Asia, the West, and even in Africa.
1879 | A council is convened under the patronage of King Mindon of Burma to re-edit the Pali canon. The king has the texts engraved on 729 stones, which are then set upright on the grounds of a monastery near Mandalay.
1880 | Madame Blavatsky and Colonel Olcott became the first Westerners to receive the refuges and precepts, the ceremony by which one traditionally becomes a Buddhist; thus Blavatsky was the first Western woman to do so.[26]
1882 | Jade Buddha Temple is founded in Shanghai, China, with two Jade Buddha statues imported from Burma.
1884 | Irish-born U Dhammaloka ordained in Burma; first named but not first known western bhikkhu.
1893 | The World Parliament of Religions meets in Chicago, Illinois; Anagarika Dharmapala and Soyen Shaku attend.
1896 | Using Fa Xian's records, Nepalese archaeologists rediscover the great stone pillar of Ashoka at Lumbini.
1899 | Gordon Douglas is ordained in Myanmar; until recently thought to be the first Westerner to be ordained in the Theravada tradition.

### 20th century

Date | Event

|

1902 | Charles Henry Allan Bennett a British national ordains as a Theravada monk in Ceylon as Bhikkhu Ananda Metteyya.
1903 | Formation of the International Buddhist Society known as Buddhasāsana Samāgama which went on to gain official representatives in Austria, Burma, Ceylon, China, Germany, Italy, America, and England.
1903 | First publication of periodical Buddhism: An Illustrated Review, goes on to appear on 500 to 600 reading tables of libraries across Europe.
1904 | First continental European, Anton Walther Florus Gueth, was accepted into the Sangha as Ñāṇatiloka Bhikkhu. Ñāṇatiloka went on to become the father of western monks in Ceylon.
1907 | The Buddhist Society of Great Britain and Ireland forms.
1908 | Charles Henry Allan Bennett a British national previously ordained as a Theravada monk as Bhikkhu Ananda Metteyya in Burma leads the First Buddhist Mission to the West.
1909 | Release of the periodical The Buddhist Review (1909 to 1922) by The Buddhist Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
1911 | U Dhammaloka tried for sedition for opposition to Christian missionaries in Burma.
1912 | The German monk Nyanatiloka founded the first monastery for Western Theravada monks, the Island Hermitage, in Sri Lanka.
1922 | Zenshuji Soto Mission is founded as the first Soto Zen temple in North America.
1926 | Officially The Buddhist Society of Great Britain and Ireland dissolved in 1925 and superseded by the Buddhist Lodge in London, in 1926.
1930 | Soka Gakkai is founded in Japan.
1949 | Mahabodhi Temple in Bodh Gaya is returned to partial Buddhist control.
1950 | World Fellowship of Buddhists is founded in Colombo, Sri Lanka.
1952 | German Dharmaduta Society founded by Asoka Weeraratna in Colombo, Sri Lanka on September 21, 1952, to spread Buddhism in Germany and other western countries.It was originally known as Lanka Dhammaduta Society.
1953 | The Buddhist Lodge had changed its name and was known as the Buddhist Society. It had relocated to its current address in Eccleston Square. Notably its journals have been Buddhism and The Middle Way and Christmas Humphreys was its president from 1926 until his death 1983.
1954 | The Sixth Buddhist Council is held in Rangoon, Burma, organized by U Nu. It ends in time for the 2500th anniversary of the passing of the Buddha according to the Burmese reckoning.
1955 | The Buddhist Society of India is founded in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
1956 | the father of the Indian Constitution and untouchable leader B. R. Ambedkar converts to Navayana Buddhism, with more than 650,000 followers—beginning the modern Neo-Buddhist movement.
1956 | The Zen Studies Society is founded in New York City to support the work of D.T. Suzuki.
1957 | First Theravada Buddhist Mission to Germany from Sri Lanka sponsored by the German Dharmaduta Society founded by Asoka Weeraratna. The Mission comprised Ven. Soma, Ven. Kheminde and Ven. Vinitha of the Vajiraramaya Temple in Colombo, and was accompanied by Asoka Weeraratna.
1957 | Establishment of the Berlin Buddhist Vihara in Berlin – Frohnau, Germany with residential monks from Sri Lanka, by the German Dharmaduta Society upon purchase of Das Buddhistische Haus founded by Dr. Paul Dahlke in 1924. This is the first Theravada Buddhist Vihara in continental Europe.
1957 | Caves near the summit of Pai-tai mountain, Fangshan district, 75 km southwest of Beijing, are reopened, revealing thousands of Buddhist sutras that had been carved onto stone since the 7th century. Seven sets of rubbings are made, and the stones are numbered, in work that continues until 1959.
1959 | The 14th Dalai Lama flees Tibet amidst unrest and establishes an exile community in India. Monasteries that participated in or sheltered agents of partisan violence were damaged, burned, or destroyed in the fighting.
1962 | The Dharma Realm Buddhist Association is founded by Tripitaka Master Shramana Hsuan Hua, who later founds the City of Ten Thousand Buddhas and ordains the first five fully ordained American Buddhist monks and nuns.
1962 | The San Francisco Zen Center is founded by Shunryu Suzuki.
1963 | Thích Quảng Đức immolates himself to protest the oppression of the Buddhist religion by Ngo Dinh Diem.
1965 | The Burmese government arrests over 700 monks in Hmawbi, near Rangoon, for refusing to accept government rule.
1965 | The Johnstone House Trust was formed with the objectives "to make available to the public facilities for study and meditation based on Buddhist and other religious teaching leading to mental and spiritual well-being, and to provide guidance for those in need of such help and in particular the utilisation of the property known as Johnstone House, Eskdalemuir, for such purposes." In 1967, the Johnstone House facilities were offered to Tibetan Buddhist lamas led by Akong Rinpoché, under whose guidance and direction the Kagyu Samyé Ling Tibetan Buddhist monastery became the first, and swiftly grew to become the largest, Tibetan Buddhist centre in Europe.
1966 | The World Buddhist Sangha Council is convened by Theravadins in Sri Lanka with the hope of bridging differences and working together. The first convention is attended by leading monks from many countries and sects, Mahayana as well as Theravada. Nine Basic Points Unifying the Theravada and Mahayana are written by Ven. Walpola Rahula are approved unanimously.
1966 | Freda Bedi, a British woman, becomes the first Western woman to take ordination in Tibetan Buddhism.[27]
1967 | Friends of the Western Sangha (later Friends of the Western Buddhist Order) founded by Urgyen Sangharakshita
1968 | August. First ordinations into the Western Buddhist Order (Founder: Urgyen Sangharakshita)
1968 | The Shurangama Sutra and Shurangama Mantra are lectured for the first time in the West (San Francisco) by Tripitaka Master Shramana Hsuan Hua during a 90-day retreat. The first five American Bhikshus and Bhikshunis are ordained in the Chinese tradition including the oldest still-in-robes American Bhikshuni nun Heng Chr.
1970s | Indonesian Archaeological Service and UNESCO restore Borobodur.
1974 | Wat Pah Nanachat, the first monastery dedicated to providing training and support for western Buddhist monks in the Thai Forest Tradition is founded by Venerable Ajahn Chah in Thailand. The monks trained here would later establish branch monasteries throughout the world.
1974 | The Naropa Institute (now Naropa University) is founded in Boulder, Colorado.
1974 | In Burma, during demonstrations at U Thant's funeral, 600 monks are arrested and several are bayoneted by government forces.
1975 | Lao Communist rulers attempt to change attitudes to religion—in particular, calling on monks to work, not beg. This causes many to return to lay life, but Buddhism remains popular.
1975 | The Insight Meditation Society is established in Barre, Massachusetts.
1975–1979 | Cambodian Communists under Pol Pot try to completely destroy Buddhism, and very nearly succeed. By the time of the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia in 1978, nearly every monk and religious intellectual has been either murdered or driven into exile, and nearly every temple and Buddhist library has been destroyed.
1976 | Bhikshus Rev. Heng Sure and Rev. Heng Chau, the American Buddhist Monk disciples of Ven. Tripitaka Master Hsuan Hua, for the sake of world peace, undertook an over six hundred mile three steps one bow pilgrimage from Los Angeles area to City of Ten Thousand Buddhas in Mendocino area, repeatedly taking three steps and one bow to cover the entire journey. In the entire 2.5 years taken to make the pilgrimage, Shramana Heng Sure observed a practice of total silence.
1976 | Following a demonstration in Burma, the government seeks to discredit the critical monk La Ba by claiming that he is a cannibal and a murderer.
1978 | In Burma, more monks and novices are arrested, disrobed, and imprisoned by the government. Monasteries are closed and property seized. The critical monk U Nayaka is arrested and dies, the government claiming it is suicide.
1980 | The Burmese military government asserts authority over the sangha, and violence against monks continues through the decade.
1982 | The Plum Village Monastery was founded by Thich Nhat Hanh and Chan Khong, two Vietnamese monastics, under the Plum Village Tradition.
1983 | The Shanghai Institute of Buddhism is established at Jade Buddha Temple, under the Shanghai Buddhist Association.
1988 | During the 1988 uprising, SPDC troops gun down monks. After the uprising, U Nyanissara, a senior monk, records a tape that discusses democracy in Buddhist precepts; the tape is banned.

In Estonia, the first political opposition party, Estonian National Independence Party was founded by the head of Estonian Buddhist Brotherhood, Vello Vaartnou.

1990 | August 27 – Over 7000 monks meet in Mandalay, in Burma, to call for a boycott of the military. They refuse to accept alms from military families or perform services for them. The military government seizes monasteries and arrests hundreds of monks, including senior monks U Sumangala and U Yewata. The monks face long-term imprisonment, and all boycotting monks are disrobed; some monks are tortured during interrogation.
1992 | The Buddha Statue of Hyderabad, India is installed, a work of former Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh, Late Sri N.T. Rama Rao. The 16-meter tall, 350-ton monolithic colossus rises high from the placid waters of picturesque Husain Sagar Lake. It is made of white granite, finely sculptured and stands majestically amidst the shimmering waters of the lake. It is later consecrated by Dalai Lama.
1996 | Subhana Barzagi Roshi became the Diamond Sangha's first female roshi (Zen teacher) when she received transmission on March 9, 1996, in Australia. In the ceremony Subhanna also became the first female roshi in the lineage of Robert Aitken Roshi.[28]
1996 | A Bhikkhuni (Buddhist nuns) Order and lineage is revived in Sarnath, India through the efforts of Sakyadhita, an International Buddhist Women Association. The revival is done with some resistance from some of the more literal interpreters of the Buddhist Vinaya (monastic code) and lauded by others in the community.
1998 | January 25 – Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) terrorists commit a deadly suicide attack on Sri Lanka's most sacred Buddhist site and a UNESCO World Heritage centre: the Temple of the Tooth, where Buddha's tooth relic is enshrined. Eight civilians are killed and 25 others are injured and significant damage is done to the temple structure, which was first constructed in 1592.
1998 | Sherry Chayat, born in Brooklyn, became the first American woman to receive transmission in the Rinzai school of Buddhism.[29]

### 21st century

Date | Event

|

2001 | May – Two of the world's tallest ancient Buddha statues, the Buddhas of Bamiyan, are completely destroyed by the Taliban in Bamyan, Afghanistan.
2002 | Khenmo Drolma, an American woman, became the first bhikkhuni in the Drikung Kagyu lineage of Buddhism, getting ordained in Taiwan in 2002.[30][31]
2003 | Ayya Sudhamma Bhikkhuni became the first American-born woman to gain bhikkhuni ordination in the Theravada school in Sri Lanka.[32][33][34]
2004 | Khenmo Drolma became the first westerner, male or female, to be installed as an abbot in the Drikung Kagyu lineage of Buddhism. She was installed as the abbot of the Vajra Dakini Nunnery in 2004.[30] The Vajra Dakini Nunnery does not follow the Eight Garudhammas.[35]
2004 | April – In Sri Lanka, Buddhist monks acting as candidates for the Jathika Hela Urumaya party win nine seats in elections.
2006 | March – Merle Kodo Boyd, born in Texas, became the first African–American woman ever to receive Dharma transmission in Zen Buddhism.[36][37]
2006 | April – The Government of the People's Republic of China sponsors the First World Buddhist Forum in Mount Putuo, Zhejiang Province. Notably absent was the Dalai Lama.
2007 | Myokei Caine-Barrett, born and ordained in Japan, became the first female Nichiren priest in her affiliated Nichiren Order of North America.[38]
2008 | After a 10-year process of advanced training culminating in a ceremony called shitsugo (literally "room-name"), Sherry Chayat received the title of roshi and the name Shinge ("Heart/Mind Flowering") from Eido Roshi, which was the first time that this ceremony was held in the United States.[39]
2010 | Western Buddhist Order (Founder: Urgyen Sangharakshita) changes name to Triratna Buddhist Order and Friends of the Western Buddhist Order to Triratna Buddhist Community.
2010 | The first Tibetan Buddhist nunnery in America (Vajra Dakini Nunnery in Vermont) was officially consecrated. It offers novice ordination and follows the Drikung Kagyu lineage of Buddhism. The abbot of the Vajra Dakini nunnery is Khenmo Drolma, an American woman, who is the first bhikkhuni in the Drikung Kagyu lineage of Buddhism, having been ordained in Taiwan in 2002.[30][31] She is also the first westerner, male or female, to be installed as an abbot in the Drikung Kagyu lineage of Buddhism, having been installed as the abbot of the Vajra Dakini Nunnery in 2004.[30] The Vajra Dakini Nunnery does not follow The Eight Garudhammas.[35]
2010 | The Soto Zen Buddhist Association (SZBA) approves a document honoring the women ancestors in the Zen tradition at its biannual meeting on October 8, 2010. Female ancestors, dating back 2,500 years from India, China, and Japan, may now be included in the curriculum, ritual, and training offered to Western Zen students.[40]
2011 | The Institute for Buddhist Dialectical Studies (IBD) in Dharamsala, India, conferred the degree of geshe on Venerable Kelsang Wangmo, a German nun, thus making her the world's first female geshe.[41][42]
2013 | Tibetan women were able to take the geshe exams for the first time.[43]
2014 | Nalanda University (also known as Nalanda International University) is a newly established university located in Rajgir, near Nalanda, Bihar, India. It has been established in a bid to revive the ancient seat of learning. The university has acquired 455 acres of land for its campus and has been allotted ₹2727 crores (around $454M) by the Indian government.[44] It is also being funded by the governments of China, Singapore, Australia, Thailand, and others.[45]
2016 | Twenty Tibetan Buddhist nuns became the first Tibetan women to earn geshe degrees.[46][47]
2018 | Sumedhārāma Buddhist Monastery[48] is established in Portugal, a branch monastery of the Thai Forest Tradition in the lineage of Venerable Ajahn Chah, being the first Theravāda monastery on the Iberian Peninsula.

## See also

* History of Buddhism
* Buddhism by country
* Ordination of women in Buddhism
* Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
* List of American Buddhists
* List of Buddhists
* Timeline of Zen Buddhism in the United States

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cousins 1996, pp. 57–63.
2. ↑ Schumann 2003, p. 10–13.
3. ↑ Prebish 2008, p. 2.
4. ↑ Harvey, Peter (2013). An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices (2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 88–90. Noting the date of seventy years after the passing of the Buddha, which, in the short chronology, would place the second council around 330 ±20 years.
5. ↑ Skilton, Andrew. A Concise History of Buddhism. 2004. p. 48
6. ↑ Raychaudhuri, H. C.; Mukherjee, B. N. (1996), Political History of Ancient India: From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of the Gupta Dynasty, Oxford University Press, pp. 204–209.
7. ↑ Narain, A.K. (1957). The Indo-Greeks. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 124
8. ↑ Beckwith, Christopher I. (2015). Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400866328. http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s10500.pdf.
9. ↑ R.K. Sen (1895). "Origin of the Maurya of Magadha and of Chanakya". Journal of the Buddhist Text Society of India. The Society. pp. 26–32. https://books.google.com/books?id=r0ZBAQAAMAAJ.
10. ↑ Geiger 1912.
11. ↑ Baldev Kumar (1973). Exact source needed!
12. ↑ Julch, Thomas (2016). The Middle Kingdom and the Dharma Wheel: Aspects of the Relationship between the Buddhist Saṃgha and the State in Chinese History. Brill. p. 47. ISBN 9789004322585.
13. ↑ Leffman, David; Simon Lewis; Jeremy Atiya (2003). Rough Guide to China. Rough Guides. p. 307. ISBN 1-84353-019-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=dA_QbQiZkB4C&pg=PA307.
14. ↑ Bao, Yuheng; Qing Tian; Letitia Lane (2004). Buddhist Art and Architecture of China. Edwin Mellen Press. pp. 84, 172. ISBN 0-7734-6316-X. https://books.google.com/books?id=LpRQAAAAMAAJ&q=white+horse+temple+china.
15. ↑ Harper, Damien (2007). China. Lonely Planet. pp. 462–463. ISBN 978-1-74059-915-3. https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetchin00dami/page/462.
16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Buswell, Robert E. (1991). Tracing Back the Radiance: Chinul's Korean Way of Zen. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 5, 6. ISBN 0824814274.
17. ↑ "A brief History of Kung Fu". http://www.easternmartialarts.com/kungfu_history.htm.
18. ↑ Canzonieri, Salvatore (February–March 1998). "History of Chinese Martial Arts: Jin Dynasty to the Period of Disunity". Han Wei Wushu 3 (9).
19. ↑ [1] The Art of Shaolin Kung Fu: The Secrets of Kung Fu for Self-Defense, Health and Enlightenment by Grandmaster Wong Kiew Kit
20. ↑ Lagerwey, John (2004). Religion and Chinese Society. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press. p. xviii.
21. ↑ Anne-Marie Blondeau, Yonten Gyatso, 'Lhasa, Legend and History,' in Françoise Pommaret(ed.) Lhasa in the seventeenth century: the capital of the Dalai Lamas, Brill Tibetan Studies Library, 3, Brill 2003, pp. 15–38.
22. ↑ Miksic says construction of Borobudur began around 760 or 770, with sporadic activity until around 830 AD. ISBN 0-87773-906-4 Munoz says the Sailendra king Samaratungga completed Borobudur in 825 AD. ISBN 978-981-4155-67-0
23. ↑ "Abbess Nyodai's 700th Memorial". Institute for Medieval Japanese Studies. http://www.medievaljapanesestudies.org/past-activities-programs/abbess-nyodais-700th-memorial.html.
24. ↑ Ford, James Ishmael (2006). Zen Master Who?. Wisdom Publications. p. 60. ISBN 0-86171-509-8. https://archive.org/details/zenmasterwhoguid00jame/page/60.
25. ↑ Lopez Jr., Donald S. (2016). "The Life of the Lotus Sutra". Tricycle Maqgazine (Winter).
26. ↑ Current Perspectives in Buddhism: Buddhism today : issues & global dimensions, Madhusudan Sakya, Cyber Tech Publications, 2011, p. 244
27. ↑ Nonfiction Book Review: The Revolutionary Life of Freda Bedi: British Feminist, Indian Nationalist, Buddhist Nun by Vicki Mackenzie. Shambhala. Publishersweekly.com. 28 March 2017. ISBN 978-1-61180-425-6. https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-1-61180-425-6. Retrieved 2017-06-10.
28. ↑ Subhana Barzaghi Roshi
29. ↑ Gonda, Jan (1969) (in en). Aspects of Early Viṣṇuism. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.. ISBN 978-81-208-1087-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=b8urRsuUJ9oC&dq=indra+superior+vishnu&pg=PA156.
30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 "Women Making History". Vajradakininunnery.org. http://www.vajradakininunnery.org/firstsforwomen.html.
31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 "Khenmo Drolma". Vajradakininunnery.org. http://www.vajradakininunnery.org/nyima.html.
32. ↑ The Outstanding Women in Buddhism Awards (2006)[Usurped!].
33. ↑ Carolina Buddhist Vihara (n.d.) .
34. ↑ Bhāvanā Society Forest Monastery (2007), p. 165.
35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 "Vajra Dakini Nunnery". Vajra Dakini Nunnery. http://www.vajradakininunnery.org/.
36. ↑ Ford, James Ishmael (2006). Zen master who? a guide to the people and stories of Zen. Boston: Wisdom Publications. ISBN 978-0-86171-509-1.
37. ↑ "Lincroft Zen Sangha | Bio". https://lincroftzen.org/bio/.
38. ↑ Zen T.C. Zheng. "Cultivating her faith: Buddhist order's first female priest tends to diverse congregation". Chron.com. http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/life/religion/6717424.html.
39. ↑ "Dharma Connections 2008 p.9". Zen Center of Syracuse. http://www.zencenterofsyracuse.org/sites/default/files/dharmaConnection2008.pdf.
40. ↑ "Chanting Names Once Forgotten: The Zen Women Ancestors Document". Lion's Roar. February 18, 2014. http://www.lionsroar.com/chanting-names-once-forgotten/.
41. ↑ "2,500 Years After The Buddha, Tibetan Buddhists Acknowledge Women". Huffington Post. 18 May 2011. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/michaela-haas/buddhism-women_b_862798.html.
42. ↑ "Geshe Kelsang Wangmo, An Interview with the World's First Female Geshe". Foundation for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition. September 11, 2012. http://fpmt.org/mandala-today/geshe-kelsang-wangmo-an-interview-with-the-worlds-first-female-geshe/.
43. ↑ "Buddhist nun professors or none?". onfaith. June 7, 2013. https://www.onfaith.co/onfaith/2013/06/07/buddhist-nun-professors-or-none.
44. ↑ "Sushma Swaraj inaugurates Nalanda University". Economic Times. 19 September 2014. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/sushma-swaraj-inaugurates-nalanda-university/articleshow/42921545.cms.
45. ↑ "Nalanda University reopens". Times of India. 1 September 2014. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Nalanda-University-reopens/articleshow/41410855.cms.
46. ↑ Nuns, Tibetan (2016-07-14). "Tibetan Buddhist Nuns Make History: Congratulations Geshema Nuns!". The Tibetan Nuns Project – Tnp.org. https://tnp.org/geshema/.
47. ↑ Sperry, Rod Meade (2016-07-15). "Twenty Tibetan Buddhist nuns are first ever to earn Geshema degrees". Lions Roar. Lionsroar.com. http://www.lionsroar.com/twenty-tibetan-buddhist-nuns-are-first-to-earn-geshema-degrees/.
48. ↑ "Mosteiro Budista Sumedhārāma". 2018-07-28. https://sumedharama.pt/.

## Sources

### Printed sources

* Cousins, L. S. (1996), "The dating of the historical Buddha: a review article", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Third Series 6 (1): 57–63, doi:10.1017/S1356186300014760, http://indology.info/papers/cousins
* Geiger, Wilhelm (1912), The Mahawamsa or Great Chronicle of Ceylon, Oxford University Press (for the Pali Text Society), https://archive.org/details/mahavamsagreatch00geigrich
* Prebish, Charles S. (2008), "Cooking the Buddhist Books: The Implications of the New Dating of the Buddha for the History of Early Indian Buddhism", Journal of Buddhist Ethics 15: 1–21, http://blogs.dickinson.edu/buddhistethics/files/2010/05/prebish-article.pdf
* Samuel, Geoffrey (2010), The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century, Cambridge University Press
* Schumann, Hans Wolfgang (2003), The Historical Buddha: The Times, Life, and Teachings of the Founder of Buddhism, Motilal Banarsidass Press, ISBN 8120818172
* Wayman, Alex (1997), Untying the Knots in Buddhism: Selected Essays, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., ISBN 8120813219

### Web-sources

## External links

* Theravada Buddhist Chronology
* Asakawa, K and Lodge, Henry Cabot (Ed.). Japan From the Japanese Government History. (In Progress at Project Gutenberg)
* Buddhist Bark Texts Found, BuddhaNet.
* A Buddhist Time-line
* Rock cut canon in China
* First Sri Lankan Buddhist mission to Germany 1957

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