Torah reading

Short description: Jewish tradition that involves the public reading from a Torah scroll

Not to be confused with Torah study or haftarah.

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Torah reading (Hebrew: קריאת התורה, romanized: K'riat haTorah, lit. '"Reading [of] the Torah"'; Ashkenazic pronunciation: Kriyas haTorah) is a Jewish religious tradition that involves the public reading of a set of passages from a Torah scroll. The term often refers to the entire ceremony of removing the scroll (or scrolls) from the Torah ark, chanting the appropriate excerpt with special cantillation (trope), and returning the scroll(s) to the ark. It is also commonly called "laining" (lein is also spelt lain, leyn, layn; from the Yiddish לייענען (leyenen), which means "to read").[1]

Regular public reading of the Torah was introduced by Ezra the Scribe after the return of the Judean exiles from the Babylonian captivity (c. 537 BCE), as described in the Book of Nehemiah.[2] In the modern era, Orthodox Jews practice Torah reading according to a set procedure almost unchanged since the Talmudic era.[3] Since the 19th century CE, Reform and Conservative Judaism have made adaptations to the practice of Torah reading, but the basic pattern of Torah reading has usually remained the same:

As a part of the morning or afternoon prayer services on certain days of the week or holidays, a section of the Pentateuch is read from a Torah scroll. On Shabbat (Saturday) mornings, a weekly section (known as a sedra or parashah) is read, selected so that the entire Pentateuch is read consecutively each year.[4][5][6][7] On Sabbath afternoons, Mondays, and Thursdays, the beginning of the following Sabbath's portion is read. On Jewish holidays (including chol hamoed, Chanukkah and Purim), Rosh Chodesh, and fast days, special sections connected to the day are read.

Many Jews observe an annual holiday, Simchat Torah, to celebrate the completion of the year's cycle of readings.

## Contents

* 1 Origins and history of the practice
* 1.1 Triennial cycle
* 2 Occasions when the Torah is read
* 3 Procedure
* 3.1 Hagbaha
* 3.2 Aliyot
* 3.2.1 The first Aliyah
* 3.2.2 The benedictions of the Aliyah
* 3.3 Gelila
* 3.4 Maftir
* 3.5 Haftarah
* 3.6 Returning the Torah
* 4 What is read
* 4.1 Weekly portion
* 4.2 Daily portion
* 4.3 Jewish holidays
* 4.4 Order of precedence for special readings
* 5 Simchat Torah
* 6 Women and Torah reading
* 6.1 Orthodox congregations
* 6.1.1 Traditional congregations
* 6.2 Conservative, Reform, Reconstructionist, and Renewal
* 7 Conservative Judaism
* 8 Reform, Reconstructionist, and Renewal Judaism
* 8.1 Torah Tape
* 9 See also
* 9.1 Other religions
* 10 References
* 11 Further reading
* 12 External links

## Origins and history of the practice

The introduction of public reading of the Torah by Ezra the Scribe after the return of the Judean exiles is described in Nehemiah Chapter 8. However, the reading of the Torah three times a week (albeit not as many verses) is said to go back to the times of Moses.[8]

The mitzvah of Torah reading was based on the Biblical commandment of Hakhel (Deuteronomy 31:10–13), by which once every 7 years the entire people was to be gathered, "men, women and children,"[9] and hear much of Deuteronomy, the final volume of the Pentateuch, read to them (see the closing chapters of the Talmudic tractate Sotah) by the King.

Torah reading is discussed in the Mishna and Talmud, primarily in tractate Megilla.

### Triennial cycle

An alternative triennial cycle of Torah readings also existed at that time, a system whereby each week a seder was read, that portion was approximately a third of the current parasha. According to the Jewish Encyclopedia, the triennial cycle "was the practice in Palestine, whereas in Babylonia the entire Pentateuch was read in the synagogue in the course of a single year."[10] As late as 1170 Benjamin of Tudela mentioned Egyptian congregations that took three years to read the Torah.[11] and this is corroborated by the Rambam who mentions in his Mishneh Torah that a few communities in his time still read the Torah in three years.[12]

Joseph Jacobs, in the Jewish Encyclopedia article mentioned, notes that the transition from the triennial to the annual reading of the Law and the transference of the beginning of the cycle to the month of Tishri are attributed by Sándor Büchler to the influence of Rav (175–247 CE):

> This may have been due to the smallness of the sedarim under the old system, and to the fact that people were thus reminded of the chief festivals only once in three years. It was then arranged that Deut. xxviii. should fall before the New Year, and that the beginning of the cycle should come immediately after the Feast of Tabernacles. This arrangement has been retained by the Karaites and by modern congregations.

The current practice in Orthodox synagogues follows the annual/Babylonian cycle. At the time of the Jewish Encyclopedia's publication (1901–06), the author noted that there were only "slight traces of the triennial cycle in the four special Sabbaths and in some of the passages read upon the festivals, which are frequently sections of the triennial cycle, and not of the annual one".[13]

In the 19th and 20th centuries, some Conservative (as evidenced in the Etz Hayim chumash) and most Reform,[14] Reconstructionist[15] and Renewal congregations have switched to a triennial cycle, where the first third of each parashah is read one year, the second third the next year and the final third in a third year. This must be distinguished from the ancient practice, which was to read each seder in serial order regardless of the week of the year, completing the entire Torah in three (or three and a half) years in a linear fashion.

## Occasions when the Torah is read

The beginning each weekly parashah (usually the first segment of seven) from the Torah is read during Sabbath afternoons and in the morning services on Mondays and Thursdays. The entire weekly parashah is read on Shabbat mornings. Most major and minor festival and fast days have a unique Torah reading devoted to that day. The Torah is also read during afternoon services on fasts and Yom Kippur.

When the Torah is read in the morning, it comes after Tachanun or Hallel, or, if these are omitted, immediately after the Amidah. The Torah reading is followed by the recitation of the Half Kaddish.

When the Torah is read during the afternoon prayers, it occurs immediately before the Amidah.

## Procedure

Reading from the Torah according to Sephardic custom

The term "Torah reading" is often used to refer to the entire ceremony of taking the Torah scroll (or scrolls) out of its ark, reading excerpts from the Torah with a special tune, and putting the scroll(s) back in the Ark.

The Torah scroll is stored in an ornamental cabinet, called a holy ark (aron kodesh), designed specifically for Torah scrolls. The Holy Ark is usually found in the front of the sanctuary, and is a central element of synagogue architecture. When needed for reading, the Torah is removed from the ark by someone chosen for the honor from among the congregants; specific prayers are recited as it is removed. The Torah is then carried by the one leading the services to the bimah — a platform or table from which it will be read; further prayers are recited by the congregation while this is done.

Ikuv keriah, rarely practiced today, was a procedure by which community members could have their grievances addressed by interfering with the service at the time the Torah was removed from the Ark.

### Hagbaha

1657 depiction of Hagbaha (right)

In the Sefardic tradition, the Torah is lifted before the reading, and this is called "Levantar", Spanish for "to lift up". In the Yemenite tradition, the Torah remains in a resting position while just the parchment is raised.

In Ashkenazic tradition, lifting is called "Hagbaha" and is usually done after the reading, although some Nusach Sefard communities, especially in Israel, have adopted the Sephardic custom of doing it before the reading. The order was a matter of medieval dispute but the position of the Kol Bo, lifting before, eventually lost to that of Moses Isserles and is followed in only a few Ashkenazic communities.[16] Two honorees are called: the Magbiah ("lifter") performs Hagbaha ("lifting [of the Torah]") and displays the Torah's Hebrew text for all to see,[17][18] after which the Golel ("roller") performs Gelila ("rolling" [of the Torah]") and puts on the cover, belt, crown, and/or other ornaments (this role, originally distinguished, is now often given to minors). In Conservative, Reform, Reconstructionist, and some Open Orthodox congregations, these roles may also be performed by a woman. The respective titles for women are "Magbihah" and "Golelet". Rashi says on Megillah 32a that these roles were originally performed by the same honoree.

As the Hagbaha is performed, the congregation points toward the Torah scroll with their pinky fingers and recites Deut. 4:44, "And this is the Law which Moses set before the people of Israel", adding, "on the word of the LORD, by hand of Moses." The custom of pointing has no clear origin. The medieval Ashkenazic custom (according to Moses Isserles) was to bow toward the scroll during Hagbaha; pointing is mentioned by Mordecai Crispin of Rhodes (c. 1730-1790) in a work published by his grandson in 1836;[19] pointing with the pinky, first recorded as a "Russian" custom by the 1912 Jewish Encyclopedia, was codified by the Me'am Loez in 1969.[20] Twentieth-century additions to the Me'am Loez were written by an Ashkenazi, Shmuel Kroizer, but the Sephardic prestige of the work has helped the custom become near-universal among both Sephardic and Ashkenazi Jews.[16]

In Ashkenazic congregations, the Magbiah will usually sit holding the scroll until after the Haftarah is performed and the chazzan takes it from him to return it to the ark. In some congregations, the scroll is instead placed on the bimah or handed to a different honoree (frequently a minor) to sit and hold.

### Aliyot

A synagogue official, called a gabbai, then calls up several people (men in most Orthodox and some Conservative congregations, men and women in others, and both men and women at Reform congregations) in turn, to be honored with an aliyah (Hebrew: עליה, pl. עליות aliyot; "ascent" or "going up"). The honoree, or oleh (plural olim), stands at the bima and recites a blessing, after which either the oleh or, more usually, a designated reader reads a section of the day's Torah portion, followed by another blessing recited by the oleh.

There are always at least three aliyot in a given Torah-reading service:

Number of aliyot | Occasion

|

3 | Mondays and Thursdays, Shabbat afternoon, fast days (morning and afternoon), Hanukkah, Purim, Yom Kippur afternoon
4 | Rosh Chodesh, Chol HaMoed
5 | Passover (Yom Tov days only, excluding chol hamoed), Shavuot, Rosh Hashanah, Sukkot (Yom Tov days only, excluding chol hamoed), Shemini Atzeret, Simchat Torah
6 | Yom Kippur morning
7 | Shabbat (Saturday) morning

On Saturday mornings, there are seven olim, the maximum of any day, but more may be added if desired, by subdividing these seven aliyot or repeating passages (according to the custom of some communities). When a festival or Yom Kippur coincides with Shabbat the readings are divided into seven aliyot instead of five or six.

In most congregations, the oleh does not himself read the Torah aloud. Rather, he stands near it while a practiced expert, called a ba'al keri'ah ("one in charge of reading"; sometimes ba'al kore), reads the Torah, with cantillation, for the congregation. The oleh follows along with the expert, reading in a whisper. In Yemenite communities, the oleh reads the portion himself, while on the Sabbath and Festival mornings another person, usually a young boy, recites the targum after each verse.

In both Orthodox and Conservative congregations, it is common practice to give out an aliyah to a man (or woman, in Conservative congregations) who has just recovered from a serious illness, or returned from a long trip, or survived some other significant danger, in order to allow him (or her) to recite a special blessing, known as "benching gomel", although technically one can "bench gomel" even without receiving an Aliyah.

Aliyot are also given to a groom-to-be, or in egalitarian congregations, the bride-to-be and groom-to-be, together, in a pre-wedding ceremony known as an "aufruf".

In Jewish custom, baby boys are named in a special ceremony, known as a brit milah, but baby girls are often named during the Torah reading, with the father (in non-egalitarian congregations) or both parents (in egalitarian congregations) being called up for an aliyah prior to the naming, and a special blessing for the baby.

#### The first Aliyah

According to Halachah, followed by Orthodox Judaism, the first oleh (person called to read) is a kohen  and the second a levi; the third oleh is Yisr'el, -- Jews who are neither kohen  nor levi. Regarding subsequent Aliyot (4–7 on the Sabbath), according to the Ashkenazic tradition, these must be given to Yisr'elim, whereas according to the Sephardic tradition, they can be given to anyone.[21] This assumes that such people are available; is there is no Kohen, a Yisrael is traditionally called for the first Aliyah, and halachic authorities debate whether in such a case a Levi may be called for the first Aliyah.[22] If no Levi is present, the same Kohen is traditionally called for the first two Aliyot.[23] If only Kohanim or Leviim are present, they are traditionally called one after the other, and if in such a situation there is one Yisrael, he can be called for the first Aliyah.[24] The first two aliyot are sometimes referred to as "Kohen " and "Levi (or simply as rishon and sheini, especially on shabbat morning)," while the rest are known by their number (in Hebrew). This practice is also followed in some but not all Conservative synagogues. Reform and Reconstructionist Judaism have abolished special ritual roles for the descendants of the Biblical priestly and levitical castes.

Each oleh, after being called to the Torah, approaches it, recites a benediction, a portion is read, and the oleh concludes with another benediction. Then the next oleh is called.

In Ashkenazi congregations, as well as some Sephardi congregations, the gabbai recites a Hebrew verse upon calling the first person to the Torah. Afterward, men are called with: "Ya'amod (Let him arise), [Hebrew Name] ben (son of) [Father's Hebrew name] [Ha-Kohen (the Kohen) / Ha-Levi (the Levite)] (the name of the Aliyah in Hebrew)." (In Conservative and Reform synagogues where women may receive aliyot, women are called with "Ta'amod (Let her arise), [Hebrew Name] bat (daughter of) [Father's Hebrew name] [Ha-Kohen (the Kohen) / Ha-Levi (the Levite)] (the name of the Aliyah in Hebrew)." In some egalitarian communities, the mother's Hebrew name is added along with the father's, or both parents are included in the case of same-sex parents). In some communities, a mi she-beirach is recited for the person after he received his Aliyah; in other communities, this is done only on shabbat morning or only for special occasions.

These aliyot are followed by half-kaddish. When the Torah is read in the afternoon, kaddish is not recited at this point, but rather after the Torah has been returned to the Ark (the exception being in the Chabad custom, where the Kaddish is recited immediately after the reading instead of after the Torah has been returned to the Ark).

#### The benedictions of the Aliyah

The oleh hastens from their seat to the desk, going directly to the desk without any interruptions. Although around the world, including North America, many congregations will have a trained scroll reader for the actual recitation, the very considerable honor of the reading is attributed to the oleh. If there was a previous portion read, the previous oleh then steps aside from the desk. The oleh takes their place at the desk facing the open scroll, the verse where their portion begins is pointed out for them, they may kiss the scroll (usually by kissing the corner of their prayer shawl or the Torah wrapping and then touching that to the scroll), and then they may close their eyes, or avert their face, or otherwise indicate that the blessing they are about to recite is not being read from the text of the Torah. While reciting the blessings they hold both handles of the scroll, and if the actual scroll reading is done by someone else, the oleh steps to the side but continues to hold with one hand one of the scroll's handles.[25]

The preliminary blessing

The oleh says, preferably in a confident voice (as this is a call for a congregational response):[26]

בָּרְכוּ אֶת יְיָ הַמְבֹרָךְ׃
Bar'chu es Adonai ham'vorach.[lower-alpha 1]
You will bless The Lord the Blessed one.° (°  or "who is to be blessed ")

The congregation responds with the traditional blessing:
בָּרוּךְ יְיָ הַמְבֹרָךְ לְעוֹלָם וָעֶד׃
Baruch Adonai ham'vorach l'olam va'ed.
Bless The Lord who is (to be) blessed forever and eternally.

The oleh now repeats the blessing just uttered by the congregation.

The oleh will then say:
בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה יְיָ אֱלֹהֵינוּ מֶלֶךְ הָעוֹלָם
אֲשֶׁר בָּחַר בָּנוּ מִכָּל הָעַמִּים וְנָתַן לָנוּ אֶת תּוֹרָתוֹ׃
בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה יְיָ נוֹתֵן הַתּוֹרָה׃
Baruch atah Adonai, Eloheynu melech ha'olam.
Asher bachar banu mikol ha'amim v'nasan lanu es toraso.
Baruch atah Adonai, nosen hatorah.
Blessed are You O Lord, our God, king of all existence,
Who chose us from among all nations and gave us His Torah.
Blessed are You, O Lord, giver of the Torah.[27]

[Congregation: ]  Amen.

The concluding benediction

The portion of the Torah is then read. If a more skilled person is doing the recitation, the oleh will follow the reading (using the scroll or a printed book) in a subdued voice, as will the members of the congregation. When the portion is finished, the oleh then says the concluding benediction:

בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה יְיָ אֱלֹהֵינוּ מֶלֶךְ הָעוֹלָם
אֲשֶׁר נָתַן לָנוּ (אֶת תּוֹרָתוֹ) תּוֹרַת אֶמֶת
וְחַיֵי עוֹלָם נָטַע בְּתוֹכֵנוּ׃
בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה יְיָ נוֹתֵן הַתּוֹרָה׃
Baruch atah Adonai, Eloheynu melech ha'olam.
Asher nasan lanu (Sephardim add: et torato) Toras emes.
Ve'chayey 'olam nata' besochenu.
Baruch atah Adonai, nosen ha-torah.
Blessed are You O Lord, our God, king of the Universe,
Who has given us the Torah of truth,
and planted life everlasting within us.
Blessed are You, O Lord, giver of the Torah.

[Congregation: ]  Amen.

At this point, if the oleh has recently been in danger of death (such as serious sickness or surgery or a journey on a boat (which some extend to an airplane flight) or captivity), they will add the Birkhat HaGomel – a blessing of thanks to God "who has dealt kindly with me". The officiant may add a benediction for the oleh's good health, and there are some other blessings that may be added depending on the situation. The oleh will kiss the scroll again, and may shake hands with the oleh of the previous portion, who now returns to their seat, and if there is another portion to be read, the oleh steps aside for the next oleh, stands beside the desk while the next oleh reads their portion, sometimes shakes their hand and offers felicitation, thanks the officiant and the actual scroll reader for the honor they have received, and then returns to their seat – but slowly, as if reluctant to leave the scroll, and probably will pause on the way to accept the felicitations of various members of the congregation.[28]

In North America, and elsewhere, many congregations extend the honor of an aliyah to visitors or new members, to members who have recently attained a major life event, and to the relatives of the bar/bat mitzvah child. Refusing an aliyah is regarded as an insult to the Torah itself.[29] It would be desirable that anyone who might expect such an honor would rehearse these blessings beforehand in order to do a creditable performance when the occasion occurs.[30]

1. ↑ Transliterations in this section are based on Ashkenazi pronunciation.

### Gelila

After the reading, if the Torah is not in a wooden case, the Golel ("roller") performs Gelila ("rolling up"), then binds the Torah with a sash and replaces the Torah's cover. This honor is sometimes given to a child under Bar Mitzvah age.

### Maftir

On days when a haftarah is read (see Haftarah below), there is a final aliyah after the kaddish, called maftir. The person called to that aliyah, as well, is known as "the maftir." On holidays, maftir is read from the Torah verses describing the sacrifices brought in the Temple in Jerusalem on that particular holiday. In progressive synagogues alternative readings are read. On a regular Sabbath that does not have a special Maftir, the maftir is a repetition of the last few verses of the parsha.

When the Torah is read on Tisha Bav in the morning, on the afternoon of a fast day, and on Yom Kippur afternoon, the third aliyah is considered the maftir, and is followed immediately by the haftarah.

### Haftarah

On Saturday and holiday mornings, as well as on Tisha B'av in the morning (in many communities), the afternoons of fast days (in many communities) and Yom Kippur, the Torah reading concludes with the haftarah – a reading from one of the Books of Prophets. The haftarah usually relates in some way to either the Torah reading of that day, a theme of the holiday, or the time of year.

### Returning the Torah

The Torah scroll is then put back in its ark to the accompaniment of specific prayers.

In Ashkenazic communities, the Chazzan takes the Torah scroll in his right arm and recites "Let them praise the name of HaShem, for his name alone will have been exalted." The congregation then responds with Psalm 148, verses 13–14. In other communities, the verses recited may differ.

## What is read

The cycle of weekly readings is fixed. Because the Hebrew calendar varies from year to year, two readings are sometimes combined so that the entire Pentateuch is read over the course of a year.

### Weekly portion

On Shabbat mornings, the weekly Torah portion (parashah) is read. It is divided into seven or more aliyot (see above for more on aliyot).

### Daily portion

On Monday and Thursday mornings (except if there is another special reading) and on Saturday afternoons, a small section of the upcoming week's parashah is read, divided into three aliyot

### Jewish holidays

On Jewish holidays, the reading relates to the day. For example, on Passover the congregation reads various sections of the Pentateuch that relate to that holiday.

### Order of precedence for special readings

When multiple special occasions occur at the same time, there is a standard order of precedence. Generally speaking, when major Jewish holidays occur on Shabbat the holiday portion is read, although divided into the seven portions for Shabbat rather than the number appropriate for the holiday — there is a special reading for when Shabbat coincides with the Chol HaMoed (intermediate days) of Passover or Sukkot. However, when Shabbat coincides with minor holidays, such as Rosh Chodesh (New month) or Hanukkah, the regular reading for Shabbat is read, plus an additional reading (maftir) relevant to the occasion. The additional reading is read from a second scroll if available. On rare occasions, such as when a Rosh Chodesh falls on a Shabbat that also commemorates another occasion, such as Hanukkah or when one of the four special additional readings read prior to Passover (Shekalim or Hachodesh), there are two additional readings and three scrolls (if available) are read; in such a case the regular Parsha is divided up into six readings, the seventh reading is for Rosh Chodesh, and the maftir is for the other special occasion.

## Simchat Torah

On Simchat Torah (Hebrew: שמחת תורה, lit. 'Joyous celebration of the Torah'), the order of weekly readings is completed, and the day is celebrated with various customs involving the Torah. In many communities, the Torah is read at night – a unique occurrence, preceded in many communities by seven rounds of song and dance (hakafot, sing. hakafah; some communities have hakafot without subsequently reading the Torah.) During the hakafot, most or all of the synagogue's Torah scrolls are removed from the Holy Ark, and carried around the Bimah by members of the congregation.

On the day of Simchat Torah (in Judaism, day follows night), some communities repeat the seven rounds of song and dance to varying degrees, while in others the Torah scrolls are only carried around the Bimah (seven times) symbolically. Afterwards, many communities have the custom of calling every member of the congregation for an aliyah, which is accomplished by repeatedly re-reading the day's five aliyot. The process is often expedited by splitting the congregants into multiple rooms, to each of which a Torah is brought for the reading, and traditionally care must be taken that a minyan is present for the entirety of each reading.

Following the regular aliyot, the honor of Hatan Torah ("Groom of the Torah") is given to a distinguished member of the congregation, who is called for an aliyah in which the remaining verses of the Torah are read, to complete that year's reading. Another member of the congregation is honored with Hatan Bereishit ("Groom of Genesis"), and receives an aliyah in which the first verses of the Torah, containing the creation account of Genesis, are read (a second copy of the Torah is usually used, so that the first need not be rolled all the way to the beginning while the congregants wait). In the Italian Nusach, this reading is read from a printed book without reciting a blessing. Afterwards, the services proceed in the usual manner, with the maftir and haftarah for Simchat Torah.

## Women and Torah reading

### Orthodox congregations

The Talmud states that "anyone can be called up to read from the Torah, even a minor and even a woman, but our sages taught that we do not call a woman on account of Kevod Hatzibur" (the dignity of the congregation; Megillah 23a). This statement is mirrored in the Shulchan Aruch, Orach Hayim 282:3.

* It would slight the community because it would appear to others that the men in the community were not well educated enough to read from the Torah because it was assumed that a community would not have a woman read from the Torah if there were men who could do so.
* It imposes unnecessary bother on the congregation, or that disturbs the seriousness and propriety of the synagogue service.
* In the time of the Talmud and Shulchan Aruch, women were widely considered second-class members of society, and therefore women were not worthy representatives of the community.

#### Traditional congregations

Mendel Shapiro and Daniel Sperber permit women to participate in regular Torah reading on Shabbat, in services known as "partnership minyanim". This innovation is not accepted in Orthodox communities,[31] including almost all Modern Orthodox communities. Prominent Modern Orthodox posqim, including Hershel Schachter, Mordechai Willig, Nisson Alpert, and others have ruled that this practice is not permitted.[32]

A small number of Modern Orthodox congregations have added all-female prayer groups, where women are permitted to read the Torah to an audience of women, though without blessings, aliyot, or associated liturgy. The Chief Rabbi of the Commonwealth, Rabbi Ephraim Mirvis stated that women were not permitted to read from the Torah in the United Synagogues.[33]

### Conservative, Reform, Reconstructionist, and Renewal

Most but not all Conservative congregations permit women to have an aliyah for at least part of the reading. Many Conservative congregations, and nearly all Reform, Reconstructionist, and Renewal congregations, practice complete gender egalitarianism.

## Conservative Judaism

Conservative Judaism generally follows practices for Torah reading similar to Orthodox Judaism except that:

* In most but not all Conservative synagogues, women can receive an aliyah and can chant from the Torah out loud ("leyn"). This has been an option for Conservative synagogues since 1955.[34]
* In some Conservative synagogues, women who are B'not Kohen (daughter of a Kohen) or B'not Levi (daughter of a Levite) can be called for the first or second aliyot. In Israel and some congregations in North America, only men are permitted to be called for the Kohen and Levite aliyot even if women can be called for the other aliyot.
* Some Conservative synagogues do not call a Kohen or a Levite first at all, although Conservative Judaism as a whole retains some elements of special tribal roles.
* Some Conservative congregations use a triennial cycle, reading approximately a third of the Torah every year and completing the reading in three years.

## Reform, Reconstructionist, and Renewal Judaism

In addition to changes mentioned above for Conservative Judaism, these movements generally practice:

* complete gender egalitarianism;
* abolition of tribal distinctions among kohen, levi, and yisrael on grounds of egalitarianism. In some cases (such as Bar or Bat Mitzvah ceremonies) only one person will read the text;
* aliyot may be given out as a means of honoring members for their contributions to the congregation instead of on the basis of the ancient castes.
* abridgement of the portion read (sometimes by instituting a triennial cycle) and reducing of the number of aliyot (most congregations);
* some congregations may modify the order of the portions read;
* main Shabbat service on Friday night with Torah reading (some Reform congregations);
* some synagogues will give the option for the reader either to chant or simply read aloud the text;

### Torah Tape

A Torah Tape[35] is a recording of a lecture on a Torah topic. Historically these were physical tapes,[36] Initially, Torah Tape patrons would purchase the tapes for a dollar a piece, but later on it moved to a lending-library model,[37] under which they were either sold or loaned by Torah Tape libraries. Today content is available from web sites, at times on a subscription model.[38]

By 2019 the number of tapes produced was in the millions, including the public lectures by Avigdor Miller.[36][39] Torah Tape libraries have been opened beyond the NY/Tri-state area.[40] Yissocher Frand's Torah Tapes are recordings of lectures he gives in Baltimore[41]

## See also

* Aliyah (Torah)
* Weekly Torah portion
* Hebrew cantillation
* Haftarah
* Minyan
* Sefer Torah
* Torah ark
* Yom Tov Torah readings
* Torah study
* Yad

### Other religions

* Qur'an reading, in Islam
* Lesson, in Christianity
* Bible study, private or small group reading predominantly in Protestant Christianity

## References

1. ↑ "Leyenen". http://yiddishwordoftheweek.tumblr.com/post/1389832259/leyenen-לייענען. "Leyenen is the popular term for the public reading of sections of the Torah and megiles [...] on Shabes and holidays. [...] a designated member of the community (the leyener) who would have to spend time memorising the proper way to read the text"
2. ↑ "8", Nehemiah, Tanakh, Mechon Mamre, http://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt35b08.htm .
3. ↑ The exceptions being that most communities (except for Yemenites) ceased in the early Middle Ages to translate the Torah reading into Aramaic as was done in Talmudic times. In addition, in Talmudic times, the one receiving an Aliyah would read his own portion, but most communities today have an institution of a Baal keriah who reads on behalf of all of those receiving Aliyot.
4. ↑ The division of parashot found in the modern-day Torah scrolls of all Jewish communities (Ashkenazic, Sephardic, and Yemenite) is based on the systematic list provided by Maimonides in Mishneh Torah, Laws of Tefillin, Mezuzah and Torah Scrolls, chapter 8. Maimonides based his division of the parashot for the Torah on the Aleppo Codex. Though initially doubted by Umberto Cassuto, this has become the established position in modern scholarship (see the Aleppo Codex article for more information.)
5. ↑ Conservative and Reform synagogues may read parashot on a triennial rather than annual schedule.
6. ↑ Richard D. Rogovin (Fall 2006), "The Authentic Triennial Cycle: A Better Way to Read Torah?", United Synagogue Review, http://www.uscj.org/The_Authentic_Trienn7085.html .
7. ↑ "Bechol Levavcha", Let us learn, Worship, Union of American Hebrew Congregations, http://urj.org/worship/letuslearn/s7bechol/ .
8. ↑ Rambam, Mishneh Torah, Hilchot Tefillah 12:1
9. ↑ Deuteronomy 31:12
10. ↑ Joseph Jacobs, "Triennial cycle", Jewish Encyclopedia, http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/14508-triennial-cycle , citing Megillah 29b.
11. ↑ Asher, ed., Itinerary, p. 98 ,
12. ↑ Rambam, Mishneh Torah, Hilkhot tefillah u-virkat kohanim 13:1, viewed on Sefaria on January 16, 2025.
13. ↑ Triennial Cycle, Funk & Wagnalls Company, 1907, p. 257, https://books.google.com/books?id=VDwyAQAAMAAJ&dq="slight+traces+of+the+triennial+cycle+in+the+four+special+Sabbaths"&pg=PA257 .
14. ↑ "Parashah", Wisdom, Worship, URJ, http://urj.org/worship/wisdom/parashah/ .
15. ↑ Teutsch, Rabbi David A, ed. (2004), Kol Haneshamah, Shabbat Vehagim (3rd ed.), The Reconstructionist Press, p. 710 .
16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Ron, Tzvi. "Pointing to the Torah and other Hagbaha Customs". Hakira: 289ff. https://hakirah.org/Vol15Ron.pdf.
17. ↑ Ronald L. Eisenberg, Hagbah & Gelilah: Raising and dressing the Torah, My Jewish Learning, http://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/hagbah-gelilah/ .
18. ↑ "The Synagogue", Glossary of Hebrew and English Terms, Scheinerman, http://scheinerman.net/judaism/Synagogue/ .
19. ↑ "HebrewBooks.org Sefer Detail: דברי מרדכי -- קריספין, מרדכי". https://hebrewbooks.org/9300.
20. ↑ (in en) The Jewish Encyclopedia: A Descriptive Record of the History, Religion, Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People from the Earliest Times to the Present Day. Funk and Wagnalls. 1912. https://books.google.com/books?id=KJUhPf1EE4sC&pg=PA516.
21. ↑ Shulchan Aruch OC 135:10.
22. ↑ Yosef Karo, Shulchan Aruch OC 135:6 and glosses of Moshe Isserles there, as well as other commentaries. Accessed on Sefaria on January 16, 2025.
23. ↑ Yosef Karo, Shulchan Aruch OC 135:8, accessed on Sefaria on January 16, 2025.
24. ↑ Yosef Karo, Shulach Aruch OC 135:12, accessed on Sefaria on January 16, 2025.
25. ↑ Nosson Scherman, The Complete ArtScroll Siddur [Nusach Ashkenaz] (2nd ed. 1987, Brooklyn, Mesorah Publications) page 1041 ("Laws of Prayer", nr. 103–104); also Yosef Karo, Schulchan Aruch (1565), part 1, Rabbi Dr. Azriel Rosenfeld, Chapter 8 – The Torah Readinghttp://www.edah.org/backend/JournalArticle/1_2_henkin.pdf.
26. ↑ Loud enough for the congregation to hear plainly. Nosson Scherman, The Complete ArtScroll Siddur [Nusach Ashkenaz] (2nd ed. 1987, Brooklyn, Mesorah Publications) page 1041 ("Laws of Prayer", nr. 105). The entire set of blessings of the aliyah appears for the first time in the Siddur Rav Amram Hashalem (The Complete Prayerbook of Rabbi Amram, ca. 870). Bernard S. Jacobson, The Sabbath Service (English translation 1981, Tel Aviv, Sinai Pub'g) page 264. It appears that, originally, in antiquity, only one blessing was recited at the beginning of the first portion and one at the conclusion of the last portion, with no blessings for the portions in between, but by Talmudic times the practice had changed to what is still done now. Macy Nulman, The Encyclopedia of Jewish Prayer (1993, N.J.: Jason Aronson) s.v. "Birkat Hatorah" page 106; Ze'ev Greenwald, Shaarei Halachah: A summary of law for Jewish living (Hebrew 1993, English translation 2000, New York: Feldheim Publishers) pages 76–77.
27. ↑ This blessing is found in the Talmud, Berachot 11b, where Rabbi Hamnuna is quoted as saying "This is the best of all blessings." Bernard S. Jacobson, The Sabbath Service (Engl.transl. 1981, Tel Aviv, Sinai Pub'g) page 264; Macy Nulman, The Encyclopedia of Jewish Prayer (1993, N. J.: Jason Aronson) s.v. "Birkat Hatorah" pages 105–106. The "simple but sublime words" mean that, while the Torah is meant not for Jewry alone but for all mankind, the Israelite nation was selected for the duty of proclaiming the Torah to the rest of the world. Joseph H. Hertz, Authorised Daily Prayer Book (NYC: Bloch Publ'g Co., rev.ed. 1948) page 486.
28. ↑ Nosson Scherman, The Complete ArtScroll Siddur [Nusach Ashkenaz] (2nd ed. 1987, Brooklyn, Mesorah Publications) page 1042 ("Laws of Prayer", nr. 107-112); Adin Steinsaltz, A Guide to Jewish Prayer (Hebrew ed. 1994, Engl.transl. 2000, NY, Schocken Books) page 260.
29. ↑ Adin Steinsaltz, A Guide to Jewish Prayer (Hebrew ed. 1994, Engl. transl. 2000, NY, Schocken Books) page 259.
30. ↑ An example is sending a copy of the blessings with transliteration with invitations to a bar mitzvah, in Ronald H. Isaacs, Reaching for Sinai (1999, NJ, KTAV Publ'g) page 41.
31. ↑ Yehuda Herzl Henkin (2001), "Qeri'at Ha-Torah by Women: Where We Stand Today", The Edah Journal: Halakhic Possibilities for Women 1 (2), http://www.edah.org/backend/JournalArticle/1_2_henkin.pdf .
32. ↑ Be'ikve ha-tson, pages 21-37 (The link is to Otzar Hachochmah, for which the first 40 pages of the file are available to all and the rest is available to subscribers only, such that the Teshuva cuts off in the middle to non-subscribers).
33. ↑ JTA (19 December 2013). "Britain's Chief Rabbi Calls for Ban on Women Reading from Torah" (in en-US). https://www.jewishpress.com/news/breaking-news/britains-chief-rabbi-calls-for-ban-on-women-reading-from-torah/2013/12/19/.
34. ↑ Shmuel Rosner (January 17, 2007), The Next Jewish Challenge, Slate, http://www.slate.com/articles/life/faithbased/2007/01/the_next_jewish_challenge.html .
35. ↑ Levi Welton. "Circumcision, Berzerkeley, and the Power of Five Minutes". https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/4980535/jewish/Circumcision-Berzerkeley-and-the-Power-of-Five-Minutes.htm.
36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Eytan Kobre (November 13, 2019). "In Record Numbers". Mishpacha. https://mishpacha.com/in-record-numbers. Retrieved June 16, 2024. "In 1970, it began operating officially under the Torah Tapes name".
37. ↑ Gerald M. Schreck. "An 'Author' in History". Jewish Action (OU). https://jewishaction.com/jewish-world/people/an-author-in-history.
38. ↑ "The Torah Tape Legend: Reb Mayer Dovid Apfelbaum z"l". September 28, 2019. https://matzav.com/the-torah-tape-legend-reb-meyer-dovid-apfelbaum-zl/.
39. ↑ R'Simcha Bunim Cohen (2004). Rabbi Avigdor Miller SPEAKS, VOL. II. Mesorah. p. 29. ISBN 1-57819-445-8.
40. ↑ Moshe Sterman, ed. "Chicago Community Kollel Audio Torah Tape Library". Jewish Chicago (JUF.org). https://www.juf.org/guide/detail.aspx?id=21098. Retrieved June 17, 2024.
41. ↑ .Moishe Mendlowitz. Just One Jew. Feldheim Publishers. pp. 74, 88. ISBN 978-1-59826-361-9.

## Further reading

* Gidon Rothstein, "Women's Aliyyot in Contemporary Synagogues." Tradition 39(2), Summer 2005.
* Joel B. Wolowelsky, "On Kohanim and Uncommon Aliyyot." Tradition 39(2), Summer 2005.
* Aryeh A. Frimer and Dov I. Frimer, "Women, Kri'at haTorah and Aliyyot (with an Addendum on Partnership Minyanim)", Tradition, 46:4 (Winter 2013), 67–238, Hebrew translation.

## External links

* Hyperlinked table of Torah readings
* Summary of Reading by Weekly Parasha
* Akhlah: Torah readings for children
* Torah´s Studies
* Text, transliteration and recording of Torah blessings

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