Schwartz space

Short description: Function space of all functions whose derivatives are rapidly decreasing

For the Schwartz space of a semisimple Lie group, see Harish-Chandra's Schwartz space. For the Schwartz space of a locally compact abelian group, see Schwartz–Bruhat function.

In mathematics, Schwartz space 𝒮 is the function space of all functions whose derivatives are rapidly decreasing. This space has the important property that the Fourier transform is an automorphism on this space. This property enables one, by duality, to define the Fourier transform for elements in the dual space 𝒮* of 𝒮, that is, for tempered distributions. A function in the Schwartz space is sometimes called a Schwartz function.

A two-dimensional Gaussian function is an example of a rapidly decreasing function.

Schwartz space is named after French mathematician Laurent Schwartz.

## Contents

* 1 Definition
* 2 Examples of functions in the Schwartz space
* 3 Properties
* 3.1 Analytic properties
* 3.2 Relation of Schwartz spaces with other topological vector spaces
* 4 See also
* 5 References
* 5.1 Sources

## Definition

Let ℕ be the set of non-negative integers, and for any n∈ℕ, let ℕn:=ℕ×…×ℕ⏟n times be the n-fold Cartesian product.

The Schwartz space or space of rapidly decreasing functions on ℝn is the function space𝒮(ℝn,ℂ):={f∈C∞(ℝn,ℂ)∣∀α,β∈ℕn,‖f‖α,β<∞},where C∞(ℝn,ℂ) is the function space of smooth functions from ℝn into ℂ, and‖f‖α,β:=supx∈ℝn|xα(Dβf)(x)|. Here, sup denotes the supremum, and we used multi-index notation, i.e. xα:=x1α1x2α2…xnαn and Dβ:=∂1β1∂2β2…∂nβn.

To put common language to this definition, one could consider a rapidly decreasing function as essentially a function f such that f(x),f′(x),f′′(x),… , all exist everywhere on ℝ and go to zero as x->±∞ faster than any reciprocal power of x. In particular, 𝒮(ℝn,ℂ) is a subspace of C∞(ℝn,ℂ).

## Examples of functions in the Schwartz space

* If α is a multi-index, and a is a positive real number, then

xαe−a|x|2∈𝒮(ℝn).
* Any smooth function f with compact support is in 𝒮(ℝn). This is clear since any derivative of f is continuous and supported in the support of f, so (xαDα)f has a maximum in ℝn by the extreme value theorem.
* Because the Schwartz space is a vector space, any polynomial ϕ(x) can be multiplied by a factor e−a|x|2 for a>0 a real constant, to give an element of the Schwartz space. In particular, there is an embedding of polynomials into a Schwartz space.

## Properties

### Analytic properties

* From Leibniz's rule, it follows that 𝒮(ℝn) is also closed under pointwise multiplication:

f,g∈𝒮(ℝn)⇒fg∈𝒮(ℝn) In particular, this implies that 𝒮(ℝn) is an ℝ-algebra. More generally, if f∈𝒮(ℝ) and H is a bounded smooth function with bounded derivatives of all orders, then fH∈𝒮(ℝ).

* The Fourier transform is a linear isomorphism ℱ:𝒮(ℝn)⟶𝒮(ℝn).
* If f∈𝒮(ℝn) then f is Lipschitz continuous and hence uniformly continuous on ℝn.
* 𝒮(ℝn) is a distinguished locally convex Fréchet Schwartz TVS over the complex numbers.
* Both 𝒮(ℝn) and its strong dual space are also:

1. complete Hausdorff locally convex spaces,
2. nuclear Montel spaces,
3. ultrabornological spaces,
4. reflexive barrelled Mackey spaces.

### Relation of Schwartz spaces with other topological vector spaces

* If 1⩽p<∞, then 𝒮(ℝn) is a dense subset of Lp(ℝn).
* The space of all bump functions, Cc∞(ℝn), is included in 𝒮(ℝn).

## See also

* Bump function
* Schwartz–Bruhat function
* Nuclear space

## References

### Sources

* Hörmander, L. (1990). The Analysis of Linear Partial Differential Operators I, (Distribution theory and Fourier Analysis) (2nd ed.). Berlin: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-52343-X.
* Reed, M.; Simon, B. (1980). Methods of Modern Mathematical Physics: Functional Analysis I (Revised and enlarged ed.). San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-585050-6.
* Stein, Elias M.; Shakarchi, Rami (2003). Fourier Analysis: An Introduction (Princeton Lectures in Analysis I). Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-11384-X.
* Trèves, François (August 6, 2006). Topological Vector Spaces, Distributions and Kernels. Mineola, N.Y.: Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-45352-1. OCLC 853623322.

This article incorporates material from Space of rapidly decreasing functions on PlanetMath, which is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.

* v
* t
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Functional analysis (topics)

Topological vector spaces|

* Asplund
* Banach (list)
* Banach lattice
* Barrelled
* Bornological
* Brauner
* F-space
* Fréchet (tame)
* Hilbert (Inner product space
* Polarization identity)
* LF-space
* Locally convex (Seminorms/Minkowski functionals)
* Mackey
* Montel
* Nuclear
* Normed (norm)
* Quasinormed
* Reflexive
* Riesz
* Smith
* Stereotype
* Strictly convex
* Webbed
* Topological tensor product (of Hilbert spaces)

Topologies of function spaces|

* Dual
* Dual space (Dual norm)
* Operator
* Ultraweak
* Weak (polar
* operator)
* Mackey
* Strong (polar
* operator)
* Ultrastrong
* Uniform convergence

Linear operators|

* Adjoint
* Bilinear (form
* operator
* sesquilinear)
* (Un)Bounded
* Closed
* Compact (on Hilbert spaces)
* (Dis)Continuous
* Densely defined
* Fredholm
* Hilbert–Schmidt
* Functionals (positive)
* Normal
* Nuclear
* Self-adjoint
* Strictly singular
* Trace class
* Transpose
* Unitary

Operator theory|

* Banach algebras
* C*-algebras
* Spectrum (C*-algebra
* radius)
* Spectral theory (of ODEs
* Spectral theorem)
* Polar decomposition
* Singular value decomposition

Theorems|

* Banach–Alaoglu
* Banach–Mazur
* Banach–Saks
* Banach–Schauder (open mapping)
* Banach–Steinhaus (Uniform boundedness)
* Bessel's inequality
* Cauchy–Schwarz inequality
* Closed graph
* Closed range
* Eberlein–Šmulian
* Freudenthal spectral
* Gelfand–Mazur
* Gelfand–Naimark
* Goldstine
* Hahn–Banach (hyperplane separation)
* Kakutani fixed-point
* Krein–Milman
* Lomonosov's invariant subspace
* Mackey–Arens
* Mazur's lemma
* M. Riesz extension
* Riesz representation
* Parseval's identity
* Schauder fixed-point

Analysis|

* Abstract Wiener space
* Bochner space
* Differentiation in Fréchet spaces
* Derivatives (Fréchet
* Gateaux
* functional
* holomorphic)
* Integrals (Bochner
* Dunford
* Gelfand–Pettis
* regulated
* Paley–Wiener
* weak)
* Functional calculus (Borel
* continuous
* holomorphic)
* Inverse function theorem (Nash–Moser theorem)
* Measures (Lebesgue
* Projection-valued
* Vector)
* Weakly measurable function

Types of sets|

* Absolutely convex
* Absorbing
* Balanced
* Bounded
* Convex
* Convex cone (subset)
* Linear cone (subset)
* Radial
* Star-shaped
* Symmetric
* Zonotope

Subsets / set operations|

* Algebraic interior (core)
* Bounding points
* Convex hull
* Extreme point
* Interior
* Minkowski addition
* Polar

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