50 Cent Party

Short description: Internet commentators paid by the Chinese government

50 Cent Party

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The 50 Cent Party, also known as the 50 Cent Army or wumao (/ˈwuːmaʊ/; from Chinese: 五毛; literally: 'five dimes'), are Internet commentators who are paid by the authorities of the People's Republic of China to spread the propaganda of the governing Chinese Communist Party (CCP).[1][2][3] The program was created during the early phases of the Internet's rollout to the wider public in China.[1]

The name is derived from claims such commentators were reportedly paid RMB¥0.50 (5 jiao) for every post.[1][4] These commentators create comments or articles on popular Chinese social media networks that are intended to derail discussions which are critical of the CCP, promoting narratives that serve the government's interests and insulting or spreading misinformation about political opponents of the Chinese government, both domestic and abroad, often with an overtone of opposition to diversity, equity and inclusion, and of support for Russian imperialism.[5][6][7] Some of these commentators have labeled themselves ziganwu (Chinese: 自干五, short for 自带干粮的五毛, zì dài gānliáng de wǔmáo, lit. wumao who bring their own dry rations), claiming they are not paid by authorities and express their support for the Chinese government out of their own volition.[8]

Authors of a paper published in 2017 in the American Political Science Review estimate that the Chinese government fabricates 488 million social media posts per year, representing about 0.6 percent of the 80 billion posts generated on Chinese social media. In contrast to common assumptions, the 50 Cent Party consists mostly of paid bureaucrats who respond to government directives and rarely defend their government from criticism or engage in direct arguments because "... the goal of this massive secretive operation is instead to distract the public and change the subject."[4] Around 80 percent of the analyzed posts involve pro-China inspirational slogans, and 13 percent involve general praise and suggestions on governmental policies. To maximize their influence, such pro-government comments are made largely during times of intense online debate, and when online protests have a possibility of transforming into real life actions.[9] Despite the common allegation of the commentators getting paid for their posts, the paper suggested there was "no evidence" that they are paid anything for their posts, instead being required to do so as a part of their official party duties.[10]

## Contents

* 1 History
* 2 Range of operation
* 3 Terms
* 4 Effects and opinions
* 5 Countermeasures
* 6 See also
* 7 References
* 8 Further reading

## History

See also: Social:Chinese information operations and information warfare

In October 2004, the local CCP Propaganda Department of Changsha started hiring Internet commentators, in one of the earliest known uses of professional Internet commentators.[11]

In March 2005, the Ministry of Education enacted a systematic censorship of Chinese college bulletin board systems (BBS). The popular "Little Lily" BBS, run by Nanjing University, was forced to close. As a new system was prepared to be launched, school officials hired students as part-time web commentators, paid from the university's work-study funds, to search the forum for undesirable information and actively counter it with Party-friendly viewpoints. In the following months, party leaders from Jiangsu began hiring their own teams.[12] By mid-2007, web commentator teams recruited by schools, and party organizations were common across China. Shanghai Normal University employed undergraduates to monitor for signs of dissent and post on university forums.[13] These commentators not only operate within political discussions, but also in general discussions.[12][13] Afterwards, some schools and local governments also started to build similar teams.[14][15][16]

On 23 January 2007, Chinese leader Hu Jintao demanded a "reinforcement of ideological and public opinion front construction and positive publicity" at the 38th collective learning session of the Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party.[17] Large Chinese websites and local governments have been requested to publish the sayings of Hu, and select "comrades with good political quality" to form "teams of Internet commentators" by the CCP Central Committee (中共中央办公厅) and General Office of the State Council (国务院办公厅).[12][18]

Negative reporting of local authorities has increased on the Internet since then.[19] In one instance described on the China Digital Times, the Jiaozuo (Henan) City Public Security Bureau established a mechanism to analyze public opinion after criticism of the police handling of a traffic incident appeared on the Internet. The Bureau responded with 120 staff calling for the truth to be revealed in line with the public opinion, which gradually shifted and eventually supported the police position, denouncing the original poster.[19][20] In the aftermath of the 2008 Weng'an riot, Internet forums were filled with posts critical of the local authorities; the China Newsweek later reported that "the major task of the propaganda group was to organize commentators to past [sic] posts on websites to guide online public opinions."[20]

In 2010, the Shanghai Communist Youth League's official website published a summary, saying that there were more than 200 topics by Shanghai Municipal Authorities' Internet commentators posted at People's Daily, Xinhua News Agency, Eastday (东方网), Sina and Tianya after many incidents in 2009, including the Lotus Riverside incident, the forced installation of Green Dam Youth Escort software, the Putuo Urban Administrative incident, the control of H1N1, the Shanghai entrapment incident (钓鱼执法), the self-immolation of Pan Rong (潘蓉), etc. It was praised by the Shanghai Internet Publicity Office.[21]

In December 2014, a Chinese blogger hacked into and published email archives for the Internet Propaganda Department of Zhanggong District in Ganzhou, including over 2,700 emails of 50 Cent Party Internet commentators.[22][23] For instance, on 16 January 2014, Shi Wenqing, secretary of the Ganzhou branch of the CCP, held a televised "Internet exchange" in which he answered questions from a local news website forum; 50 Cent Party commentators were instructed to post seven discussion points, such as (translated) "I really admire Party Secretary Shi, what a capable and effective Party Secretary! I hope he can be the father of Ganzhou for years to come."[24]

## Range of operation

The Ministry of Culture now holds regular training sessions, where participants are required to pass an exam after which they are issued a job certification.[12] As of 2008, the total number of 50-cent operatives was estimated to be in the tens of thousands,[25] and possibly as high as 280,000–300,000.[12][26] Every large Chinese website is instructed by the Information Office to create a trained team of Internet commentators.[12] The Cyberspace Administration of China (shortened as Chinese: 网信办) directly recruit and provide continuous training for internet commentators (Chinese: 网评员) to respond to online emergencies under new forms of public opinion dissemination channels on various social media platforms,[27][28][29] and state-owned entities regularly hold commemoration ceremonies for outstanding staff on the provincial and county-levels.[30][31][32]

According to the Chinese Communists' opinions of the recruitment of university Work Committee (tentative), the university Internet commentators are mainly selected from cadres or student cadres at the local CCP Publicity Department of universities, Youth League, Office of Academic Affairs, Network Center, Admissions Employment Department, Political Theory Department, Teaching Department and other units.[33]

The court of Qinghe District, Huai'an organized a team of 12 commentators.[34] Gansu Province hired 650 commentators, sorted by their writing abilities.[35] Suqian Municipal Publicity Department's first 26 commentators' team were reported by Yangtse Evening Post in April 2005.[36] According to high-profile independent Chinese blogger Li Ming, the pro-Chinese government web commentators must number "at least in the tens of thousands".[37]

A 2016 Harvard study estimated that the group posts about 488 million social media comments per year.[38][4]

According to an article published by Xiao Qiang on his website China Digital Times, a leaked propaganda directive, sent to 50 Cent Party Internet commentators, stated their objective was the following:[39][40]

> In order to circumscribe the influence of Taiwanese democracy, in order to progress further in the work of guiding public opinion, and in accordance with the requirements established by higher authorities to "be strategic, be skilled", we hope that internet commentators conscientiously study the mindset of netizens, grasp international developments, and better perform the work of being an internet commentator. For this purpose, this notice is promulgated as set forth below:

>   1. To the extent possible make America the target of criticism. Play down the existence of Taiwan.
>   2. Do not directly confront [the idea of] democracy; rather, frame the argument in terms of "what kind of system can truly implement democracy."
>   3. To the extent possible, choose various examples in Western countries of violence and unreasonable circumstances to explain how democracy is not well-suited to capitalism.
>   4. Use America's and other countries' interference in international affairs to explain how Western democracy is actually an invasion of other countries and [how the West] is forcibly pushing [on other countries] Western values.
>   5. Use the bloody and tear-stained history of a [once] weak people [i.e., China] to stir up pro-Party and patriotic emotions.
>   6. Increase the exposure that positive developments inside China receive; further accommodate the work of maintaining [social] stability.[39][40]

## Terms

There is an alternate official term for the Internet commentator, as well as several unofficial terms coined by netizens for them:

| Chinese (Simp. / Trad.)  | Pinyin  | Literally in English  | Commonly in English  | Note

|
|
|
|
|

Official name (primary)  | 网络评论员 / 網絡評論員 | wǎngluò pínglùn yuán  | Internet commentator  | Abbreviation in Chinese: 网评员 / 網評員 (wǎng píng yuán)
Official name (secondary)  | 网络阅评员 / 網絡閱評員 | wǎngluò yuè píng yuán  | Internet examiner and commentator  | N/A
Unofficial term  | 五毛党 / 五毛黨 or simply 五毛 | wǔmáo dǎng or wǔmáo  | Five-dime Party, or simply "five dimes"  | 50 Cent Party, 50 Cent Army.  | The most common name, used pejoratively.
Unofficial term  | 网评猿 / 網評猿 | wǎng píng yuán  | ape that comments on the 'net  | N/A | A pejorative pronounced identically with the Chinese abbreviation 网评员; wǎng píng yuán above, punning yuán (猿; "ape; monkey") for yuán (员; "personnel, staff member").
Other English terms  | 红马甲 / 紅馬甲, 红卫兵 / 紅衛兵 | hóng mǎjiǎ, hóng wèibīng  | red vest, red guard[20][41] | The Chinese translation for these English terms are rarely used.

Among those names, "50 Cent Party" (五毛党) was the most common and pejorative unofficial term.[42]

According to Foreign Policy, Chinese cyberspace is also noted for its ideological contests between "rightists" – reformists who advocate Western-style democratic reforms, versus "leftists" – conservatives and neo-Confucianists who advocate Chinese nationalism and restructured socialism. In this backdrop, rightists sometimes refer to leftists derogatorily as "50 Centers", regardless of their actual employment background.[9]

The Hong Kong-based Apple Daily reported that although a search for "五毛党" ("50 Cent Party" in Chinese) on a search engine produces results, most were inaccessible and had been deleted.[43]

## Effects and opinions

The 50 Cent Party's activities were described by CCP general secretary and Chinese president Hu Jintao as "a new pattern of public opinion guidance";[44][45] they represent a shift from simply erasing dissenting opinions to guiding dialogue. In 2010, a contributor to The Huffington Post stated that some comments she received on one of her posts were from the 50 Cent Party;[46] she also stated that the 50 Cent Party monitors popular US websites, news sites and blogs and posts comments that advance Chinese governmental interests.[46]

David Wertime, writing in Foreign Policy, argued that the narrative where a large army of paid Internet commentators are behind China's poor public dialogue with its critics is "Orwellian, yet strangely comforting". Rather, many of the Chinese netizens spreading nationalist sentiment online are not paid, but often mean what they say.[9]

Patrick Winn of The World noted that in the English-speaking world, wumao is often used as a pejorative term against perceived supporters of the Chinese government, and in this way, it is often wrongly applied to Chinese nationalist posters who are often acting out of their own volition, thus making it easier to cast doubt on the sincerity of their beliefs and rile them up. An analyst from the Wilson Center noted that ethnic Chinese are more likely to be called wumao than other groups of people in the English-speaking world; she attributed some of this to racism due to the perception that they're less critical of the Chinese government.[47]

## Countermeasures

Facebook and Twitter have been removing accounts and pages that are of "coordinated state-backed operation".[48] In June 2020, Twitter removed 170,000 accounts which targeted 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests.[49]

## See also

* Great Firewall, a Chinese system to censor and regulate the Internet
* Internet censorship in China
* Internet water army, private astroturfing from paid Chinese writers paralleling the 50 Cent Party
* Little Pink, Chinese nationalist netizens
* State-sponsored Internet propaganda
* 1450 Internet army, the Taiwan independence version

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Han, Rongbin (June 1, 2015). "Manufacturing Consent in Cyberspace: China's "Fifty-Cent Army"" (in en). Journal of Current Chinese Affairs 44 (2): 105–134. doi:10.1177/186810261504400205. ISSN 1868-1026.
2. ↑ Yang, Xiaofeng; Yang, Qian; Wilson, Christo (2021-08-03). "Penny for Your Thoughts: Searching for the 50 Cent Party on Sina Weibo". Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media 9 (1): 694–697. doi:10.1609/icwsm.v9i1.14649. ISSN 2334-0770.
3. ↑ Steinfeld, Jemimah (17 December 2018). "The new "civil service" trolls who aim to distract: The government in China is using its civil servants to act as internet trolls. It's a hard management task generating 450 million social media posts a year" (in en). Index on Censorship 47 (4): 102–104. doi:10.1177/0306422018819361. ISSN 0306-4220.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 King, Gary; Pan, Jennifer; Roberts, Margaret E. (27 July 2017). "How the Chinese Government Fabricates Social Media Posts for Strategic Distraction, Not Engaged Argument" (in en). American Political Science Review 111 (3): 484–501. doi:10.1017/S0003055417000144. ISSN 0003-0554.
5. ↑ Weiwei, Ai (2012-10-17). "China's Paid Trolls: Meet the 50-Cent Party" (in en-US). https://www.newstatesman.com/long-reads/2012/10/china’s-paid-trolls-meet-50-cent-party.
6. ↑ Alex Linder (20 May 2016). "Chinese trolls write 488 million fake social media posts a year and don't even earn 50 cents for it". http://shanghaiist.com/2016/05/20/china_fakes_488_million_posts_yearly.php.
7. ↑ Sterbenz, Christina (October 17, 2014). "China Banned The Term '50 Cents' To Stop Discussion Of An Orwellian Propaganda Program" (in en-US). https://www.businessinsider.com/chinas-50-cent-party-2014-10.
8. ↑ Wong, Tessa (20 October 2021). "China: The patriotic 'ziganwu' bloggers who attack the West". BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-58922011.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Wertime, David (2016-05-19). "Meet the Chinese Trolls Pumping Out 488 Million Fake Social Media Posts" (in en-US). https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/05/19/meet-the-chinese-internet-trolls-pumping-488-million-posts-harvard-stanford-ucsd-research/.
10. ↑ Gallagher, Sean (13 June 2016). "Red astroturf: Chinese government makes millions of fake social media posts". https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2016/06/red-astroturf-chinese-government-makes-millions-of-fake-social-media-posts/.
11. ↑ Publicity Department of Hefei (24 May 2006). "关于南昌、长沙、郑州宣传文化工作的考察报告 (An Investigative Report Regarding Cultural Propaganda Work in Nanchang, Changsha, and Zhengzhou)" (in zh). http://swxcb.hefei.gov.cn/ContentDir/20065/24124915293.shtml. Screenshot
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 Bandurski, David (July 2008). "China's Guerrilla War for the Web". Far Eastern Economic Review. http://www.feer.com/essays/2008/august/chinas-guerrilla-war-for-the-web.
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 French, Howard W. (2006-05-09). "As Chinese Students Go Online, Little Sister Is Watching" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/09/world/asia/09internet.html.
14. ↑ "Error: no `|title=` specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in zh). sohu. http://news.sohu.com/20050429/n225390790.shtml.Error:+no+`|title=`+specified when+using+{{[[Template:Cite+web|Cite+web]]}}&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=sohu&rft_id=http://news.sohu.com/20050429/n225390790.shtml&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikibooks.org:Social:50_Cent_Party">
15. ↑ "Error: no `|title=` specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in zh). Government of Golog, Qinghai. http://www.guoluo.gov.cn/html/33/5154.html.Error:+no+`|title=`+specified when+using+{{[[Template:Cite+web|Cite+web]]}}&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Government+of+Golog,+Qinghai&rft_id=http://www.guoluo.gov.cn/html/33/5154.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikibooks.org:Social:50_Cent_Party">
16. ↑ "Error: no `|title=` specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in zh). Sichuan Provincial People's Government. http://www.sc.gov.cn/zwgk/zwdt/szdt/200907/t20090729_791744.shtml.Error:+no+`|title=`+specified when+using+{{[[Template:Cite+web|Cite+web]]}}&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Sichuan+Provincial+People's+Government&rft_id=http://www.sc.gov.cn/zwgk/zwdt/szdt/200907/t20090729_791744.shtml&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikibooks.org:Social:50_Cent_Party">
17. ↑ "Error: no `|title=` specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in zh). xinhua. http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2007-01/24/content_5648188.htm.Error:+no+`|title=`+specified when+using+{{[[Template:Cite+web|Cite+web]]}}&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=xinhua&rft_id=http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2007-01/24/content_5648188.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikibooks.org:Social:50_Cent_Party">
18. ↑ "Error: no `|title=` specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in zh). dwnews. http://politics.dwnews.com/news/2008-07-19/4159738.html.Error:+no+`|title=`+specified when+using+{{[[Template:Cite+web|Cite+web]]}}&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=dwnews&rft_id=http://politics.dwnews.com/news/2008-07-19/4159738.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikibooks.org:Social:50_Cent_Party">
19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Nan, Wu. Chinese Bloggers on the History and Influence of the “Fifty Cent Party” . China Digital Times. 15 May 2008
20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Zhong, Wu. China's Internet awash with state spies . Asia Times. 14 August 2008
21. ↑ "市级机关团工委2009年度工作总结 (2009 summary of works of the Municipal Authorities Youth League Working Committee)" (in zh). Shanghai Communist Youth League official site. 20 January 2010. http://www.shyouth.net/website/xinxiguanlibu/content.jsp?ct_id=61903&sj_dir=xxglb_jcdt. "2009年，市级机关网评员在市网宣办的业务指导下，先后参与了莲花河畔景苑倒楼事件、强制安装"绿坝"网络屏蔽软件、普陀区城管打人事件、甲型 H1N1 流感防控、"倒钩"执法事件、闵行区潘蓉自焚事件、地铁事故频发等以涉沪舆情为重点的网上舆论引导工作，在人民网、新华网、东方网及新浪、天涯社区等国内重点网站、主要商业网站、大型网络社区。发帖、跟帖、转帖200余篇，东方网评论频道录用各类网评文章20余篇，工作得到市网宣办的肯定。"
22. ↑ Henochowicz, Anne (2014-12-04). "Thousands of Local Internet Propaganda Emails Leaked" (in en-US). http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2014/12/thousands-local-internet-propaganda-emails-leaked/.
23. ↑ Rudolph, Josh (2014-12-10). "Zhanggong Leaks: History is the Best Judge" (in en-US). http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2014/12/zhanggong-leaks-history-best-judge/.
24. ↑ Sonnad, Nikhil (2014-12-18). "Hacked emails reveal China's elaborate and absurd internet propaganda machine" (in en). https://qz.com/311832/hacked-emails-reveal-chinas-elaborate-and-absurd-internet-propaganda-machine.
25. ↑ Bristow, Michael (16 December 2008). "China's internet 'spin doctors'". BBC News Online. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7783640.stm.
26. ↑ Fareed, Malik (2008-09-21). "China joins a turf war" (in en-GB). The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/media/2008/sep/22/chinathemedia.marketingandpr.
27. ↑ "Error: no `|title=` specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in zh). Cyberspace Administration of China, Boxiang County. 2023-07-27. https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_24008603.Error:+no+`|title=`+specified when+using+{{[[Template:Cite+web|Cite+web]]}}&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2023-07-27&rft.pub=[[Organization:Cyberspace+Administration+of+China|Cyberspace+Administration+of+China]],+Boxiang+County&rft_id=https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_24008603&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikibooks.org:Social:50_Cent_Party">
28. ↑ Liang, Fafei (2010-05-19). "Error: no `|title=` specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in zh). https://zqb.cyol.com/content/2010-05/19/content_3238436.htm.Error:+no+`|title=`+specified when+using+{{[[Template:Cite+web|Cite+web]]}}&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Liang&rft.aufirst=Fafei&rft.au=Liang, Fafei&rft.date=2010-05-19&rft_id=https://zqb.cyol.com/content/2010-05/19/content_3238436.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikibooks.org:Social:50_Cent_Party">
29. ↑ "Error: no `|title=` specified when using {{Cite web}}". 2021-11-25. https://www.yzwb.net/content/1324957.html.Error:+no+`|title=`+specified when+using+{{[[Template:Cite+web|Cite+web]]}}&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2021-11-25&rft_id=https://www.yzwb.net/content/1324957.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikibooks.org:Social:50_Cent_Party">
30. ↑ Zhang, Mingming; Zheng, Xianghua; Su, Wenna (2024-06-23). "Error: no `|title=` specified when using {{Cite web}}". https://hb.dzwww.com/p/p4VtCHpLfG0.html.Error:+no+`|title=`+specified when+using+{{[[Template:Cite+web|Cite+web]]}}&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Mingming&rft.au=Zhang, Mingming&rft.au=Zheng, Xianghua&rft.au=Su, Wenna&rft.date=2024-06-23&rft_id=https://hb.dzwww.com/p/p4VtCHpLfG0.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikibooks.org:Social:50_Cent_Party">
31. ↑ "Error: no `|title=` specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in zh). Cyberspace Administration of China, Zadoi County. 2019-11-14. https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_4957759.Error:+no+`|title=`+specified when+using+{{[[Template:Cite+web|Cite+web]]}}&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2019-11-14&rft.pub=[[Organization:Cyberspace+Administration+of+China|Cyberspace+Administration+of+China]],+Zadoi+County&rft_id=https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_4957759&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikibooks.org:Social:50_Cent_Party">
32. ↑ "Error: no `|title=` specified when using {{Cite web}}". 2023-05-21. http://www.cnhubei.com/content/2023-05/21/content_15870102.html.Error:+no+`|title=`+specified when+using+{{[[Template:Cite+web|Cite+web]]}}&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2023-05-21&rft_id=http://www.cnhubei.com/content/2023-05/21/content_15870102.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikibooks.org:Social:50_Cent_Party">
33. ↑ "为认真贯彻落实《中共中央、国务院关于进一步加强和改进大学生思想政治教育的意见》（中发〔2004〕16号）和《教育部、共青团中央关于进一步加强高等学校校园网络管理工作的意见》(教社政〔2004〕17号)精神，牢牢把握网上舆论主导权，为我省高等教育改革发展稳定提供良好的舆论环境，努力构建社会主义和谐校园，现就加强高校网络评论员队伍建设提出以下意见。"[citation needed]
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38. ↑ "China 'flooding' social media with fake posts". BBC News. 20 May 2016. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-36340514.
39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Qiang, Xiao (25 June 2011). "Leaked Propaganda Directives and Banned 'Future'". http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2011/06/future-banned-on-sina-weibo-search/.
40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 [1] Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.[self-published source]
41. ↑ Elgan, Mike (8 January 2009). "How China's '50 Cent Army' Could Wreck Web 2.0". Datamation (JupiterOnlineMedia). http://itmanagement.earthweb.com/columns/article.php/3795091/How+Chinas+50+Cent+Army+Could+Wreck+Web+2.0.htm.
42. ↑ Garnaut, John (14 July 2010). "China's plan to use internet for propaganda". The Age (Australia). http://www.theage.com.au/technology/technology-news/chinas-plan-to-use-internet-for-propaganda-20100713-109hc.html.
43. ↑ "China hires, trains 'online commentators' to influence public opinion – daily". Apple Daily. 5 October 2007
44. ↑ Podger, Corrinne (21 August 2008). "China marshalls army of bloggers". Radio Australia. http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/programguide/stories/200808/s2342236.htm.
45. ↑ Bandurski, David (2008-06-25). "Propaganda leaders scurry off to carry out the "spirit" of Hu Jintao's "important" media speech" (in en-US). https://chinamediaproject.org/2008/06/25/propaganda-leaders-scurry-off-to-carry-out-the-spirit-of-hu-jintaos-media-speech/.
46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Usha, Haley (4 October 2010). "China's Fifty Cent Party for Internet Propaganda". Huffington Post. https://www.huffingtonpost.com/usha-haley/chinas-fifty-cent-party-f_1_b_749989.html.
47. ↑ "What's a WUMAO anyway? (mentioned at 1:28, 2:57)" (in en). January 2020. https://theworld.org/segments/2024/04/04/whats-a-wumao-anyway.
48. ↑ Lee, Dave (2019-08-20). "Twitter and Facebook block HK misinformation" (in en-GB). BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-49402222.
49. ↑ "Disclosing networks of state-linked information operations we've removed". 2020-06-12. https://blog.twitter.com/en_us/topics/company/2020/information-operations-june-2020.html.

## Further reading

* Anonymous (17 June 2015). "How to Spot a State-Funded Chinese Internet Troll". https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/06/17/how-to-spot-a-state-funded-chinese-internet-troll/.
* Articles related to the 50 Cent Party on China Digital Times

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Disinformation

Types|

* Alternative facts
* Big lie
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* Cherry picking
* Circular reporting
* Deception
* Deplatforming
* Doublespeak
* Echo chamber
* Euphemistic misspeaking
* Euromyth
* Factoid
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* by country
* online
* Fallacy
* False accusation
* False flag
* Fear, uncertainty, and doubt
* Filter bubble
* Gaslighting
* Half-truth
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* Ideological framing
* Internet manipulation
* Media manipulation
* Potemkin village
* Post-truth politics
* Propaganda
* Quote mining
* Scientific fabrication
* Smearing
* Social bot
* Spin
* View from nowhere
* Whataboutism
* Yellow journalism

Books|

* Disinformation by Ion Mihai Pacepa
* Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy
* The KGB and Soviet Disinformation
* The Case for Latvia
* Who's Who in the CIA

Operations and events|

* 1995 CIA disinformation controversy
* CIA Kennedy assassination conspiracy theory
* Clockwork Orange plot
* Funkspiel
* Habbush letter
* Information Operations Roadmap
* Jihadunspun.com
* Jonestown conspiracy theories
* K-1000 battleship
* Media censorship and disinformation during the Gezi Park protests
* Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection
* Niger uranium forgeries
* Operation INFEKTION
* Operation Neptune
* Operation Shocker
* Operation Toucan
* Pope Pius XII and Russia
* Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections
* Seat 12
* Strategy of tension
* Trolls from Olgino
* U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B
* Russian web brigades
* Vote Leave
* Yellow rain

Opposition|

* Active Measures Working Group
* Counter Misinformation Team
* Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act
* East StratCom Team
* FactCheck.org
* PolitiFact
* Snopes.com
* United States Information Agency

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