Andi language

Short description: Northeast Caucasian language

Andi

Qwannab
къӀаваннаб мицӀцӀи qwavannab miċċi[1]
Pronunciation| ani
Native to| North Caucasus
Region| Southern Dagestan
Ethnicity| 11,800 Andi (2010 census)[2]

Native speakers

| 21,150 (2020 census)[3]

Language family

Northeast Caucasian

* Avar–Andic
* Andic
* Andi

Language codes
ISO 639-3| `ani`
Glottolog| `andi1255`[4]

Andi

Andi is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (2010)

Coordinates:  [ ⚑ ] 42°43′N 46°17′E﻿ / ﻿42.717°N 46.283°E﻿ / 42.717; 46.283

Andi is a Northeast Caucasian language belonging to the Avar–Andic branch spoken by about 5,800 ethnic Andi (2010) in the Botlikh region of Dagestan. The language is spoken in the villages Andi (along the river Andi-Koisu),[5] Gunkha, Gagatl, Ashali, Rikvani, Chanko, Zilo, and Kvanxidatl.[6]

## Contents

* 1 Dialects
* 2 Phonology
* 3 Orthography
* 4 Grammar
* 5 References
* 6 Further reading

## Dialects

There are four main dialects, Munin, Rikvani, Kvanxidatl, and Gagatl, which appear quite divergent. However, the dialects can be said to vary between villages: the "upper-group" contains Andi, Gagatl, Rikvani, and Zilo (where Andi and Zilo are considered their own dialects), whereas the "lower-group" contains Munin and Kvanxidatl. The upper-group lacks the affricate sound кьI.[6]

## Phonology

Andi has 43 consonants:[7]

| Labial  | Dental/
alveolar  | Post-
alveolar/
palatal  | Velar  | Uvular  | Pharyngeal/
Glottal

|
|
|
|
|
|

lenis | fortis | lenis | fortis | lenis | fortis | lenis | fortis
Nasal  | m | n |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Plosive  | voiceless | p | t |  |  |  | k | kː |  |  | ʔ
voiced | b | d |  |  |  | ɡ |  |  |  |
ejective | pʼ | tʼ |  |  |  | kʼ | kʼː |  |  |
Affricate  | voiceless |  | tsː |  | tʃ | tʃː |  |  | qχ |  |
voiced |  |  |  | dʒ |  |  |  |  |  |
ejective |  | tsʼ | tsʼː | tʃʼ | tʃʼː |  |  | qχʼ | qχʼː |
Fricative  | voiceless |  | s | sː | ʃ | ʃː | x |  | χ | χː | h
voiced | v | z |  | ʒ |  |  |  | ʁ |  | (ʕ)
Lateral  | continuant |  | ɬ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
affricate |  | tɬː | tɬʼː |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trill  |  | r |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Approximant  |  | l |  | j |  |  |  |  |  |

There are five vowels: /a, e, i, o, u/.

## Orthography

Although Andi is usually unwritten, there are attempts to write the language using Russian Cyrillic script. Speakers generally use Avar or Russian as their literary language(s).[2] There have been some 19th-century texts written in Andi.[8]

The 2015 translation of the Gospel of Luke uses the following alphabet: А а, Б б, В в, Г г, Гъ гъ, Гъгъ гъгъ, Гь гь, Д д, Е е, Ё ё, Ж ж, ЖӀ жӀ, З з, И и, Й й, К к, Кк кк, Къ къ, Кь кь, КӀ кӀ, КӀкӀ кӀкӀ, Л л, Лъ лъ, Лълъ лълъ, М м, Н н, О о, П п, Р р, С с, Сс сс, Т т, ТӀ тӀ, У у, Ф ф, Х х, Хх хх, Хъ хъ, Хь хь, Ц ц, Цц цц, ЦӀ цӀ, ЦӀцӀ цӀцӀ, Ч ч, Чч чч, ЧӀ чӀ, ЧӀчӀ чӀчӀ, Ш ш, Щ щ, ъ, ы, ь, Э э, Ю ю, Я я[9]

A 2018 primer uses the following alphabet:[10]

А а  | Б б  | В в  | Г г  | ГӀ гӀ  | Гь гь  | Гъ гъ  | ГъӀ гъӀ  | Д д  | Е е

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Ё ё  | Ж ж  | Жъ жъ  | ЖъӀ жъӀ  | З з  | И и  | Й й  | К к  | КӀ кӀ  | Кь кь
Къ къ  | КъӀ къӀ  | Л л  | ЛӀ лӀ  | Ль ль  | Лъ лъ  | ЛъӀ лъӀ  | М м  | Н н  | О о
П п  | ПӀ пӀ  | Р р  | С с  | Т т  | ТӀ тӀ  | У у  | Ф ф  | Х х  | ХӀ хӀ
Хь хь  | Хъ хъ  | Ц ц  | ЦӀ цӀ  | ЦъӀ цъӀ  | Ч ч  | ЧӀ чӀ  | ЧъӀ чъӀ  | Ш ш  | Щ щ
Ъ ъ  | Ь ь  | Ӏ  | Э э  | Ю ю  | Я я

## Grammar

Andi has 7 different series of localization: the meaning "inside" changes by number (singular -ла/-а, plural -хъи: гьакъу-ла 'in a home', гьакъоба-хъи 'in houses'). Number categories are expressed through ablaut (имуво воцци в-усон 'The father found the brother', but имуво воццул в-осон 'The father found the brothers'). In the village Andi, there is a difference between the speech of men and women; a man will say, for example, дин meaning 'I', мин meaning 'you', гьекIа 'person', but a woman will say ден 'I', мен 'you', гьекIва 'person'.[6]

## References

1. ↑ "The Andis". The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire. 1993. https://redbook.verbix.com/andis.shtml.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Andi Language (ANI)" (in en). https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ani/.
3. ↑ Том 5. «Национальный состав и владение языками». Таблица 7. Население наиболее многочисленных национальностей по родному языку
4. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Andi". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/andi1255.
5. ↑ The peoples of the Red Book: Akhvakhs
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 "Andijskij Yazyk". http://www.philology.ru/linguistics4/alekseev-99b.htm.
7. ↑ "Consonant Systems of the North-East Caucasian Languages". https://armazi.uni-frankfurt.de/armaziII/c_laut/nekavar.htm.
8. ↑ Агларов, М.А. (2001). Omarov, O. A.. ed. Dagestanskiĭ gosudarstvennyĭ universitet: 1931-2001 gg. Makhachkala: Izd-vo "I︠U︡piter". ISBN 978-5-7895-0041-5.
9. ↑ "Лукашди босам рергьанольльи хабар". 2015. https://ibt.org.ru/ftpmirror/pub/ebook/AND/AND/1-Лукашди босам рергьанолълъи хабар 2015/Luke.pdf.
10. ↑ ISBN 978-5-7696-5284-4

## Further reading

* Verhees, Samira (2020). "Evidentiality in the Rikvani Dialect of Andi". Iran and the Caucasus 24 (3): 309–324. doi:10.1163/1573384X-20200305. https://brill.com/view/journals/ic/24/3/article-p309_5.xml.
* Wixman, Ronald (1984). The Peoples of the USSR: An Ethnographic Handbook. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe. p. 11.
* Церцвадзе Ил. Андийский яз. Тб., 1965 (на груз. яз.);
* Алексеев М. Е. Андийский язык // Языки мира. Кавказские языки. М., 1999.
* Этимология 1539 андийских слов в БД «StarLing database server» Sergei Starostin
* [1] // The Book of Luke in Andi Language.
* [2] // Glottolog.org Language Map

* v
* t
* e

North Caucasian languages

The proposed North Caucasian languages family comprises of the Northwest Caucasian and Northeast Caucasian language families

Northwest
Caucasian|

| Abkhaz–Abaza|

* Abaza
* Abkhaz

|

Circassian|

* Adyghe
* Kabardian

Other languages|

* Ubykh

Northeast
Caucasian|

| Avar–Andic|

* Akhvakh
* Andi
* Avar
* Bagvalal
* Botlikh
* Chamalal
* Godoberi
* Karata
* Tindi

|

Tsezic|

* Bezhta
* Hinukh
* Hunzib
* Khwarshi
* Tsez

Dargin|

* Chirag
* Dargwa
* Itsari
* Kajtak
* Kubachi

Lezgic|

* Aghul
* Archi
* Budukh
* Kryts
* Lezgian
* Rutul
* Tabasaran
* Tsakhur
* Udi

Nakh|

* Bats
* Chechen
* Ingush

Other languages|

* Khinalug
* Lak

Italics indicate extinct languages

* v
* t
* e

Languages of the Caucasus

Caucasian
(areal)|

| Caspian|

| Avar–Andic|

* Andic
* Akhvakh
* Bagvalal–Tindi
* Botlix–Godoberi
* Chamalal
* Karata
* Literary Andi
* Avar

|

Dargic|

* Literary Dargwa and dialects
* Chirag
* Itsari
* Kajtak
* Kubachi

Didoic|

* Bezhta–Hunzib–Khwarshi
* Hinukh–Tsez

Lezgic|

* Aghul
* Archi
* Budukh
* Kryts
* Lezgian
* Rutul
* Tabasaran
* Tsakhur
* Udi

Nakh|

* Bats
* Chechen–Ingush

Others|

* Khinalug
* Lak

Kartvelian|

* Svan
* Karto-Zan
* Georgian
* Zan
* Laz
* Mingrelian

Pontic|

* Abazgi
* Abaza
* Abkhaz
* Circassian
* Adyghe
* Kabardian
* Ubykh

Indo-European|

| Armenian|

* Armenian

|

Germanic|

* German

Hellenic|

* Pontic Greek

Iranian|

| Eastern|

* Ossetian

|

Western|

* Judeo-Tat
* Kurdish
* Persian
* Talysh
* Tat

Slavic|

* Russian
* Ukrainian

Mongolic|

* Kalmyk

Turkic|

| Kipchak–Cuman|

* Karachay–Balkar
* Kumyk
* Urum

|

Kipchak–Nogai|

* Nogai

Oghuz|

* Azerbaijani
* Turkish
* Turkmen

Afroasiatic|

* Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
* Bohtan Neo-Aramaic

* Italics indicate extinct languages
* Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left.

See also
Languages of Armenia
Languages of Azerbaijan
Languages of Georgia
Languages of Russia

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