Bari language

Short description: Nilotic language spoken in South Sudan and Uganda

Not to be confused with Barí language or Bari language (Ubangian).

Bari

Barian
Karo, Kutuk
Region| South Sudan
Ethnicity| Karo peoples
Speakers| L1: 770,000 (2017)e25
L2: 180,000 (2013)[1]

Language family

Nilo-Saharan?

* Eastern Sudanic
* Southern Eastern
* Nilotic
* Eastern
* Bari

Dialects|

* Kakwa
* Kuku
* Mandari

Writing system

| Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3| `bfa`
Glottolog| `bari1283` Barian[2]
`bari1284` Bari[3]

Bari is the Nilotic language of the Karo people, spoken over large areas of Central Equatoria state in South Sudan, across the northwest corner of Uganda, and into the Democratic Republic of Congo.

Bari is spoken by several distinct tribes: the Bari people themselves, the Pojulu, Kakwa, Nyangwara, Mundari, and Kuku. Each has its own dialect. The language is therefore sometimes called Karo or Kutuk ('mother tongue') rather than Bari.

Bari is a tone language. It has vowel harmony, subject–verb–object word order, and agglutinative verbal morphology with some suppletion. A very competent dictionary and grammar were published in the 1930s, but are very difficult to find today. More recently, a dissertation has been published on Bari tonal phonology, and another dissertation on Bari syntax is available.

## Contents

* 1 Dialects
* 2 Phonology
* 2.1 Consonants
* 2.2 Vowels
* 3 Orthography
* 4 References
* 4.1 General References
* 5 External links

## Dialects

Dialects are:

* Bari proper (Beri)
* Pöjulu (Pajulu, Fadjulu, Fajelu, Madi)
* Kakwa (Kakua, Kwakwak) [radio broadcasts in Uganda]
* Nyangbara (Nyangwara, Nyambara)
* Mandari (Mondari, Mundari, Chir, Kir, Shir)
* Kuku
* Nyepu (Nyefu, Nyepo, Nypho, Ngyepu)
* Ligo (Liggo)

## Phonology

### Consonants

This table is based on Spagnolo (1933).[4]

| Labial  | Alveolar  | Palatal  | Velar  | Glottal

|
|
|
|
|

Nasal  | m | n | ɲ | ŋ |
Plosive  | voiceless | p | t |  | k | ʔ
voiced | b | d | ɟ | g |
Implosive  | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ |  |
Fricative  |  | s |  |  | (h)
Rhotic  |  | r |  |  |
Approximant  | w | l | j |  |

* /ɟ/ may also be heard as an affricate [dʒ] in free variation.
* /l/ can be heard as a flap [ɾ] when in between /u/.

### Vowels

Bari and their kin, the Kakwa, have a cross-height[clarification needed] vowel-harmony system.[5][6]

| +ATR  | -ATR

|
|

Front  | Central  | Back  | Front  | Central  | Back
Close  | i |  | u | ɪ |  | ʊ
Mid  | e |  | o | ɛ |  | ɔ
Open  |  | ɑ̘ |  |  | a |

## Orthography

The Bari alphabet is used by the Bari, Kakwa, Pojulu, and Kuku in South Sudan. There are four digraphs, ʼB, ʼD, ʼY and Ny, and the letter eng, Ŋ.

Bari alphabet  Uppercase  | A | B | ʼB | D | ʼD | E | G | J | I | Y | ʼY | K | L | M | N | Ŋ | Ny | O | Ö | P | R | S | T | U | W

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Lowercase  | a | b | ʼb | d | ʼd | e | g | j | i | y | ʼy | k | l | m | n | ŋ | ny | o | ö | p | r | s | t | u | w
Bari special characters  Uppercase  | Ŋ | Ö

|
|

Lowercase  | ŋ | ö
Alternatives  | ng | o
Uppercase Unicode (hexadecimal)  | 014A  | 00D6
Lowercase Unicode (hexadecimal)  | 014B  | 00F6
Unicode Character Code Chart  | Latin Extended A  | Latin-1

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `e25`
2. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Barian". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/bari1283.
3. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Bari". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/bari1284.
4. ↑ Spagnolo, Lorenzo M. Bari grammar. 1933. Verona, Missioni Africane.. OCLC: 34898784
5. ↑ SIL Bibliography: Yokwe and Hall 1981
6. ↑ Hout, Katherine (2019). Dominance-as-markedness: evidence from Bari. Studies in African Linguistics, Volume 48, Number 2, 2019: University of California San Diego. pp. 206–224.

### General References

1. Bari Language, Sudan Primer: Sillabari Ko Kutuk Na Bari. The Catholic Press Institute. Juba, Sudan.
2. Owen, R.C.R. Bari grammar and vocabulary. 1908\. OCLC: 25040516
3. Spagnolo, Lorenzo M. Bari grammar. 1933\. Verona, Missioni Africane. OCLC: 34898784
4. Vossen, Rainer. The Eastern Nilotes. (Kölner Beiträge zur Afrikanistik, 9.). 1982. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.
5. Yokwe, Eluzai. The tonal grammar of Bari. Doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. 1987.

## External links

| Bari language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator

|

* Kitap Kwakwaset The Book of Common Prayer in Bari (1953)
* https://web.archive.org/web/20090215100524/http://www.openroad.net.au/languages/african/

Template:Languages of South Sudan

* v
* t
* e

Languages of Uganda

Official languages|

* English
* Swahili
* Ugandan Sign Language

Indigenous
languages|

| Bantu|

* Amba
* Gungu
* Khayo
* Gwere
* Khayo
* Kiga
* Kinyarwanda
* Luganda
* Luhya
* Marachi
* Masaba
* Nkore
* Nkore-Kiga
* Nyole
* Nyoro
* Ruuli
* Samia
* Singa
* Soga
* Talinga
* Tooro

|

Nilo-Saharan|

* Acholi
* Adhola
* Alur
* Aringa
* Bari
* Elgon
* Ik
* Karamojong
* Kuku
* Lango
* Lugbara
* Nyang'i
* Pökoot
* Soo
* Southern Luo
* Teso

Others|

* Runyakitara
* Nubi
* Oropom

* v
* t
* e

Eastern Sudanic languages

Northern k languages

| Nubian|

* Birgid
* Hill Nubian
* Kenzi-Dongolawi
* Midob
* Nobiin
* Old Nubian

|

Nara|

* Nara

Nyima|

* Ama
* Dinik

Taman|

* Sungor
* Tama

Southern n languages

| Surmic|

| North|

* Majang

|

Southeast|

* Kwegu
* Meʼen
* Mursi
* Suri

Southwest|

* Didinga
* Kacipo-Balesi
* Murle
* Laarim
* Tennet

Eastern Jebel|

* Aka
* Gaam
* Kelo
* Molo

Temein|

* Doni
* Temein
* Tese

Daju|

| Eastern|

* Liguri
* Shatt

|

Western|

* Beigo
* Daju Mongo
* Njalgulgule
* Nyala
* Sila

Nilotic languages

| Eastern Nilotic|

* Bari

| Teso–Turkana|

* Karimojong
* Teso
* Toposa
* Turkana

|

Lotuko|

* Lango
* Lokoya
* Lopit
* Lotuko

Ongamo–Maa|

* Camus
* Maasai
* Ongamo
* Samburu

Western Nilotic|

| Burun|

* North Burun
* South Burun

|

Dinka–Nuer|

* Dinka
* Nuer
* Reel

Luo languages|

* Anuak
* Belanda Bor
* Luwo
* Päri
* Shilluk
* Southern Luo
* Thuri

Southern Nilotic|

* Datooga
* Kalenjin
* Omotik

0.00

(0 votes)

Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bari language. Read more

|

Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Social:Bari_language&oldid=4007941"
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template