Bengali–Assamese languages

Short description: Sub group of the Indo-Aryan languages in the Indian subcontinent

Bengali–Assamese

Gauda–Kamarupa
Geographic
distribution| Bangladesh, India , Myanmar, Nepal
Linguistic classification| Indo-European

* Indo-Iranian
* Indo-Aryan
* Eastern
* Bengali–Assamese

Early form

Magadhi Prakrit

Glottolog| gaud1237 (Gauda–Kamrupa)[1]

A map showing geographical distribution of the sub-branches of Bengali–Assamese languages according to the classification of Suniti Kumar Chatterji.[2]

The Bengali–Assamese languages (also Gauda–Kamarupa languages) is a grouping of several languages in the eastern Indian subcontinent. This group belongs to the Eastern zone of Indo-Aryan languages. The languages in this group according to Glottolog includes Assamese, Bengali, Bishnupriya, Chakma, Chittagonian, Hajong, Kharia Thar, Kurmukar, Lodhi (also categorised as a Munda language), Mal Paharia, Noakhailla, Rajbangshi, Rohingya, Sylheti, Tangchangya and Surjapuri.

## Contents

* 1 Languages
* 2 Language comparison chart
* 2.1 Verbs
* 3 References
* 4 Bibliography

## Languages

Language  | Native name  | Script  | Alphabet  | Number of speakers (in millions)  | Native region

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Assamese | অসমীয়া
Oxomiya | Bengali–Assamese script  | Assamese alphabet  | 15.3[3] |  India (Assam)
Bengali | বাংলা
Bangla | Bengali–Assamese script  | Bengali alphabet  | 261.8[4] |  Bangladesh (national and official)
India (West Bengal, Jharkhand, Tripura, parts of Assam, Andaman and Nicobar islands)
Bishnupriya Manipuri | বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী
Bișnupriya Monipuri | Bengali–Assamese script  | Bengali alphabet[5] |  |  India (Assam, Manipur and Tripura)
Bangladesh (Sylhet Division)
Chakma  | 𑄌𑄋𑄴𑄟
চাকমা
Sangma | Bengali–Assamese script
Chakma script
Latin script[6] |  | 0.32[7] |  Bangladesh (Chittagong Division)
India (Mizoram and Tripura)
Myanmar (Rakhine State)
Chittagonian | চাটগাঁইয়া সিটাইঙগা
siʈaiŋga | Bengali–Assamese script
Arabic script
Latin script[8] | Chittagonian Alphabet  | 13[9] |  Bangladesh (Chittagong Division)
Myanmar (Rakhine State)
Hajong | হাজং
Hazong | Bengali–Assamese script
Latin script  | Assamese alphabet[10][11]
Bengali alphabet[12] | 0.06[12] |  India (Assam and Meghalaya)
Bangladesh (Mymensingh Division)
Rangpuri/
Kamtapuri/
Rajbongshi  | রংপুরী
কামতাপুরী
রাজবংশী
কোচ ৰাজবংশী
राजबंशी
Rongpuri
Kamatapuri
Rajbongši
Kʊch rajbongsi
Rajbanshi | Bengali–Assamese script, Devanagari[13] | Bengali alphabet,[14]
Assamese alphabet[15] | 10.8[14] |  Bangladesh (Rangpur Division)
India (West Bengal and Assam)
Nepal (Province No. 1)
Noakhalian  | নোয়াখাইল্লা
Noakhailla | Bengali–Assamese script  | Bengali alphabet  | 7  |  Bangladesh (Greater Noakhali)
India (Tripura)
Rohingya | رُاَࣺينڠَ
Ruáingga | Arabic script
Hanifi script
Latin script[16] |  | 2.52[17] |  Myanmar (Rakhine State)
Bangladesh (Chittagong Division)
Surjapuri | सुरजापुरी
সুরজাপুরী
Surjapuri | Devanagari
Bengali–Assamese script  | Bengali alphabet  | 2.26[18] |  India (Bihar, West Bengal)
Sylheti  | ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ
ছিলটি
Siloŧi | Bengali–Assamese script
Sylheti Nagari script  | Sylheti alphabet[19] | 11.8[19] |  Bangladesh (Sylhet Division)
India (Assam, Meghalaya, North Tripura)
Tanchangya  | 𑄖𑄧𑄐𑄴𑄌𑄧𑄁𑄉𑄴𑄡
তঞ্চংগ্যা
Toncongya | Chakma script[6] |  | 0.02[20] |  Bangladesh (Chittagong Hill Tracts)

## Language comparison chart

* = borrowed terms (including tatsamas, ardhatatsamas and other borrowings)

English  | Assamese | Bengali | Chakma  | Chittagonian | Hajong | Kamata  | Rohingya | Sylheti

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beautiful  | dhunia, xundor  | shundor  | dol  | khubsurôt,šundor  |  |  | cúndor*, hásin*  | šundor*, kubsurot*, mayasurot
big  | daṅor/daṅar, bor  | boṛo, ḍagor, ḍaṅor  |  | đôñr  |  | boro, daṅar  | boro, ákbor*, kobira*  | boṛo
blood  | tez, rokto*  | rôkto*, khun*, lohu  | lo  | lou, rôktô  |  |  | lou, hún*, kún*  | lou, roxto*, kun*
bread  | ruti (flat), pau*ruti, luf*, bred*  | pão*ruṭi, ruṭi (flat)  |  | fõruţi  |  |  | fiçá, luthi  | ruṭi (flat), luf*
brother  | bhai (younger), kokai/kaka (elder), dada (elder)*  | bhai, dada, bhaiya  |  | bái, bôdda  |  | bhai  | bái  | bái
cat  | mekuri, birali, biral  | biṛal, beṛal, billi, bilai, biṛali  |  | bilai,bilei  |  |  | bilai  | mekur, bilai
dark  | andhar, endhar  | ãdhar, andhar, ondhokar*  |  | ãdár  |  |  | añdár, miyonda  | andáir
daughter  | zi, mai, zhia  | meye, konna*, jhi  |  | zee, maifuā  |  | beti  | futúni, zíi  | zi, fuṛi
day  | din, rüz*, bela  | din, bêla, roz*, dibôš*  |  | din  |  | din  | din  | din, ruz*
dog  | kukur  | kukur, kutta  |  | kutto  |  |  | kuñr  | atu, kutta
door  | duar*, dorza*, dar  | dôrza*, duar*, doja*, dôroza*, dôrwaza*  |  | duōr, kebar  |  | duar*  | duar*  | xeir, dorza*, duar*
earth  | bhũi, p(r)ithiwi/p(r)ithibi*, dunia*  | duniya*, prithibi*, dhora, jahan*  |  | duniye,fithibi,  |  |  | duniyai*  | duniai*, dunia*, zahan*
egg  | koni, dima  | ḍim, anḍa, boida*  | boda*  | đim,anḍa  |  | ḍima  | andha, dhim  | enḍa, ḍim, boida*
elephant  | hati  | hati  |  | áti  |  | hati  | áñti, háñtih  | átti
eye  | soku, sokhu, noyon*  | chokh, chokkhu*, ãkhi, noyon*  |  | sóg  |  |  | suk  | soku, uki, souk
father  | deuta*, bap, büpai/bapa, baba*, aba/abba/abu/abbu*  | bap, abba, baba, waled*, abbu*, babaji, pita*  |  | baf, ba,abba  |  |  | abbá*  | baf, bazi
fear  | bhoy, dor  | bhôy*, ḍor  |  | đôr  |  |  | ḍor  | ḍor
finger  | aṅuli  | aṅgul, onguli*  |  | ôuñl  | ouñl  |  |  | aṅguil
fire  | zui, aguni*, ogni*  | agun*, ogni*, nar*, atosh*, anol*, pabok*, dahon*  |  | ôin*  |  |  | ooin*  | aguin*, nar*, atosh*
fish  | mas  | machh  |  | mas  |  | mas  | mas  | mas, mai*
food  | khüabostu*, ahar*, khayddo*, khana*  | khabar, khaon, khana*, khani*, khaddo*, ahar*  |  | hána  |  | hána, háñna  | xani
god  | bhogowan*, issôr*, deu, khüda*  | Khoda*, isshôr*, bhagôban*,allah* ,shrishtikarta*, Ishôr  |  | khúda*,rôb, ūôr ôla  |  |  | ila*, rob*, ixor*  | mobud*, mola*, rob*, xoda*, bhogòban*
good  | bhal  | bhalo  |  | bála, gôm  | bhala  | bhal  | gom  | bála
grass  | ghah, kher (hay)  | ghaš, khôṛ (hay)  |  | kér  |  | ghaṣ  | kérr  | ga, gaš
hand  | hat  | hat  |  | át  |  | hat  | árt  | át
hand fan  | bisoni  | hat-pakha, biuni, bijoni  |  | bisôin, bisein  |  |  |  | bisoin, fanka
head  | mur, matha, math  | matha, shir*, kolla*  |  | mata, hôlla  |  |  | matá  | sir*, xolla*, mata
heart (emotion)  | hia, ontor*, koliza/koilza, hidoy*  | hridôy*, ôntor*, hiya, dil*, kolob*, kolija  |  | dil*, hôilze, ridôy, ôntôr  |  |  | dil*  | dil*, hia
heart (organ)  | dil, amothu  | hritpindo*,dil*, kolija  |  |  |  |  | dil*  | gurda
horse  | ghüra  | ghoṛa  |  | gúṛa  |  |  | gúñra, gúra  | gúṛa
house  | ghor  | ghôr, baṛi, basha, khana*  |  | gór  |  |  | gor, bari  | gór, bari, xan*
hunger  | bhük  | khudha*, khida*, khide*, bhuk  |  | búk  |  |  | búk  | buk, feto(r) buk
language  | bhaxa*, mat (call), kotha*, raw  | bhaša*, buli, joban*  | hodá*  | basha,zúban,buli  |  | raw, bhaṣa*  | zoban*, hodá*  | mat, bul, rau, zoban*, basha*
laughter  | hahi  | haši  |  | aši  |  | haṣi  |  | aši
life  | ziwon/zibon, ziu (soul), zindegi*, hayat*  | jiu, jibôn*, zindegi*, hayat*  |  | zibon,zindegi*,hayat*  |  | zibon  |  | zindegi*, hayat*
moon  | zün, san(d), sond(r)o*  | chád, chôndro*,bôdôr*, shashôdhor*, chand  |  | sãn  | san  |  | san  | san(d), sondoni
mother  | ma, ai, mai, ammi/amma*  | ma, amma*, ammu, waleda*, mata*, ai, mamoni  |  | ma  |  | maö, ai  |  | mai, ai, maizi
mouth  | mukh*  | mukh*  |  | mukh*  |  | muk*  |  | muk*
name  | nam, naü  | nam  |  | nam  |  |  | nam  | nam
night  | rati, nixa*, ratri*  | rat, ratri*, shob*  |  | rait  |  | rati  | rait  | rait, rati, nii, shob*, lailot*
peace  | xanti*, xokah  | shanti*, aman*, salamôt*  |  | šanti*  |  | ṣanti*  |  | niraii, shanti*, salamôt*
place  | thai, zega/zaga*, than  | jayga*, ṭhai, sthan*, jaga*  |  | ṭai, zāga*  |  |  |  | zega*, tan
queen  | rani  | rani, shahbanu*  |  | rani  |  | rani  | rani  | rani, razbibi, sha(h)banu*
rest  | zironi, aram*  | aram*, bisram*, jirano*, jiron*  |  | dom*,zirôn,aram gôrôn  |  |  |  | zirani, aram*
river  | noi, gaṅ, nodi*  | nôdi*, doriya*, ɡaṅg  |  | dôijja*,dôirge  |  |  | hál  | ɡaṅg, nodi*
road  | bat, ali, rasta*, poth*  | rasta*, shoṛok, pôth*  |  |  |  |  |  | sorox, rah*, rasta*, ail, fot*
salt  | nimokh*, lün, nun  | lôbôn*, nun, nomok*  |  | nun, lôbôn*  |  |  |  | nimox*, nun, lobon*
sister  | bhoni (younger), ba/bai (elder)  | apa, bon, didi, apu, api, didimoni, bubu, boin  |  | bóin,afa/bôbbu/dî/afu (elder)  |  |  |  | bóin, buai
small  | xoru  | chhoṭo, pati  |  | guro  |  |  |  | huru, nii, kuṭimuti, gura, titkina, geda, suṭu
son  | put, pü, putro/putto*  | chhele, putro*, put, poa, bêṭa  |  | (morod) fuā, fut  |  | beṭa  | fut  | fut, fua
soul  | ziu, atma*  | attã*, pran*, pôran*, ruh*,jiu  |  | foran*, rû*  |  |  |  | ru*, atma*, zaan*
sun  | beli, xuruz*, xuydzo*  | shurjo*, shuruj*  |  | beil, šuroz*  |  |  | beil  | suruz*, shurzo*
ten  | doh, dos*  | dosh  |  | doš  |  | doṣ  |  | dosh, do
three  | tini  | tin  |  | tín  |  |  | tin  | tin
village  | gaü  | gram*, gã, gão  |  | geram  |  |  |  | gau
waist  | kokal, kakal  | komor*, maja  |  | keĩl  |  |  | keñil  | xomor*, xaxal
water  | pani  | pani, jôl*  |  | fani  | pani  | pani, zol*  | faní  | fani, ab*, tam
when  | ketia, ketiyake  | kôkhon, kobe, kon shomoy*, kon bêla  |  | hótte  |  | könbela  |  | kunbala(n->m), kunomoy
wind  | botah/batah, hawa*  | batash*, hawa*, ba, bayu*, bao, bat*, anil*  |  | ába*, bataš*  |  |  |  | boyar, batash*, hawa*
wolf  | kukurnesia bagh, xial (jackal, fox)  | nekṛe-bagh, sheyal/shiyal (jackal, fox)  |  | neṛi kutta  |  |  |  | atubag, hial (jackal, fox)
woman  | maiki manuh, tiri*, tirüta, mohila*  | mohila*, nari*, beṭi manush, ccheri  |  | maiye fua,maifuā (soft)  |  | beṭi saöa  |  | beṭi, moíla*
year  | bosor, son*  | bochhor, shal*, borsho*  |  | bosor  |  | bosor  |  | fira, bosor, son*, shal*
yes  | hoy, o, ü̃, mm  | hễ, ji*, agge, hã  |  | ô, ôy  |  |  | ô, ôy  | óe, i, zi* óe
no  | nohoy, nai, ühü, na  | na, nai, nay, noy, nei, non  |  | nô, nôy  |  |  | nô, nôy  | na, nai, nay
yesterday  | kali, züa-kali  | (goto*-)kal(-ke), (gelo-)kal(-ke),kal(-ke)  |  | goto* hail, goto* halia  |  |  |  | (gese-)xail(-ku), xail(-ku)
English  | Assamese | Bengali | Chakma  | Chittagonian | Hajong | Kamata  | Rohingya | Sylheti

* = borrowed terms (including tatsamas, ardhatatsamas and other borrowings)

### Verbs

English  | Assamese | Sylheti  | Bengali | Chakma  | Chittagonian | Kamata  | Rohingya | Hajong

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ask  | xudh-, xudhpus kor- (investigate)  | zika-, fus-, zar-  | jiggaśa kor-, puchh-, puch kor-, jiggesh kor-, jiga-  |  | pũsar ɡor-  |  |  |
bite  | kamur-, kamür mar-  | xamṛa-, xamor mar-  | kamoṛ mar-, kamṛa-  |  | hõr-  |  |  |
blow  | phu de-, phuk-, phu kor-  | fu de-, hu de-  | phu de-  |  |  |  |  |
breathe  | uxah lo-  | dom lo-  | šãš ne-, šãš lo-, dôm ne-, dôm lo-  |  |  |  |  |
bring  | an-  | an-  | an-  |  | an-  |  |  |
can  | par-  | far-  | par-  |  |  |  |  |
catch  | dhor-  | dór-  | dhôr-  |  |  |  |  |
come  | ah-  | a-  | aś-  |  | a-  |  | a-  | ah-
count  | gon-, hisap kor-, gonti kor-  | gon-, isab xor-  | gon-, hišab kôr-  |  |  |  |  |
cry  | kand-, kan-  | xand-, xan-  | kãd-  |  | hãd-  |  |  |
cut  | kat-  | xaṭ-  | kaṭ-  |  |  |  |  |
do  | kor-  | xor-  | kôr-  |  | gor-  |  | ɡor-  |
die  | mor-, dhuka-  | mor-  | môr-  |  | mor-  |  |  |
dig  | khand-  | kur-, kus-  | khõṛ-, khõc-  |  |  |  |  |
drink  | kha-, pi kha-, pi-  | xa-, fia xa-, fi-  | kha-, pan kor-, pi-  |  |  |  |  |
eat  | kha-  | xa-  | kha-  |  |  |  | há-  |
fall  | por-  | foṛ-  | poṛ-  |  |  |  |  |
fear  | bhoy kha-, dora-  | ḍora-  | bhoy pa-, ḍora-  |  |  |  |  |
fight  | zũz-, maramari/moramori kor-  | mair xor-, xaijja xor-  | maramari kor-, jhogṛa kôr-  |  |  |  |  |
float  | üpoṅ-, bhah-  | bai-, bo-  | bhaš-  |  |  |  |  |
flow  | bo-  | bo-  | bo-  |  |  |  |  |
fly  | ur-  | uṛ-  | uṛ-  |  | ur-  |  | ur-  |
give  | de-, di-  | de-, di-  | de-  |  |  |  |  |
go  | za-, ɡo-/ge-  | za-, ɡo-, ɡe-  | ja-, ɡe-  |  | za-, zo-  |  | za-, zo-  |
happen  | ho-  | ó-  | ho-  |  | ó-  |  |  |
hear  | xun-  | hun-  | śun-  |  | un-  |  |  |
hit  | mar-, pit-, kila-  | mar-, fiț-, kila-  | mar-, kela-  |  |  |  |  |
kill  | mar-, mari pela-  | mar-, mari de-  | mar-, mere fel-, mariya fal-  |  |  |  |  |
know  | zan-  | zan-  | jan-  |  |  |  |  |
laugh  | hah-  | aś-  | haś-  |  | aś-  |  |  |
learn  | xik-, xikh-  | hik-  | śekh-, śikh-  |  |  |  |  | hik-
lie (in bed)  | baɡor-, kati ho-, bisonat/bisnat por-  | xait o-, hut-  | shuye por-  |  |  |  |  |
live  | thak-, zi(ai) thak-, tik-, basi thak-  | tax-, zia-, basi tax-  | thak-, jibito thak-, jinda thak-, bece thak-, bãchiya thak-  |  | thah-  |  |  |
look  | sa-  | sa-  | dekh-, ca-, taka-  |  | sa-  |  |  |
open  | khul-  | kúa-  | khol-, khul-  |  | uid-, khúl-  |  |  |
play  | khel-  | xél-  | khel-  |  |  |  |  |
pull  | tan-  | ṭan-  | ṭan-  |  |  |  |  |
push  | thel-  | ṭel-, dekka-  | ṭhel-  |  |  |  |  |
read  | porh/poh/por-  | foṛ-  | poṛ-  |  | foṛ-  |  |  |
run  | dour-, daur-  | douṛ-  | douṛa-, choṭ-, chuṭ-  |  | dũr-  |  |  |
say  | ko-, mat-, bul-  | xo-, mat-  | bol-, ko-  | ho-  | ho-  |  |  |
scratch  | ãsür-  | xawza-, xamsa-  | ãcoṛ de-, ãcṛa-, khamca-  |  |  |  |  |
see  | dekh-  | dex-  | dekh-  |  | sa-  |  |  |
sew  | xi-, sila-, bo- (weave)  | sia-  | śela-, śila  |  |  |  |  |
sing  | ɡa-, gan ga-  | ɡa-  | ɡa-, gan ga-  |  |  |  |  |
sit  | boh-  | bo-  | boś-  |  | bo-  |  |  |
sleep  | xu-, ɡhuma-, tüponi za/mar-  | hut-, ɡúma-  | ɡhuma-, śo-, śu-  |  | ɡhum za-  |  |  |
smell  | xuṅ-  | huṅ(ɡ)-  | śũk-, śõk-  |  | ũ-  |  |  |
spit  | thu pela-, pik-, pik pela-  | sef fal-, fik fal- (betel nut/leaf)  | thu phel-, thu phal-  |  |  |  |  |
split  | phal-  | atra-  | bhag kor-, bhang-  |  |  |  |  |
squeeze  | sep-, hẽs-  | sif-  | cap-, pesh-, cip-  |  |  |  |  |
stand  | thio ho-, thia-  | uba-  | dãṛa-, khaṛa-  |  |  | thio-  | tía-  |
stab  | khũs-, han-  | kus-, gauua-  |  |  |  |  |  |
suck  | suh-, sup-, xüh-  | sua-  | chosh-, chush-  |  |  |  |  |
swell  |  | ful-, fit-  |  |  | phuler  |  |  |
swim  | xatũr-  | hatra-  | śatar kor-, shatra-  |  |  |  |  |
think  | bhab-, sinta kor-, sint-  | bab-, sinta xor-  | bhab-, cinta kôr-, mone kôr-  |  |  |  |  |
throw  | dolia-  | ița-, iṭa mar-  | chõṛ-, ḍhêla mar-, dol-  |  |  |  |  |
tie  | bandh-  | ban(d)-  | bãdh-  |  |  |  |  |
vomit  | bomi kor-  | bait xor-  | bomi kor-  |  |  |  |  |
walk  | khüz karh-, bul-  | aṭ-  | hãṭ-  |  | ãd-  |  |  |
want  | lag-, bisar-  | maɡ-, sa-  | ca-  |  | sa-  |  |  |
wash  | dhu-  | dó-  | dho-  |  |  |  | dú-  |
wipe  | mos-, müs-  | fus-, mus-  | moch-, much-, poch-, puch-  |  |  |  |  |
English  | Assamese | Sylheti  | Bengali | Chakma  | Chittagonian | Kamata  | Rohingya | Hajong

## References

1. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Gauda–Kamrupa". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/gaud1237.
2. ↑ Suniti Kumar Chaterjee (1926). The origin and development of Bengali language. p. 140. https://archive.org/details/OriginDevelopmentOfBengali/page/n235/mode/1up.
3. ↑ "Assamese". Ethnologue. https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ASM.
4. ↑ "Bengali". Ethnologue. https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ben.
5. ↑ Kim, Amy; Kim, Seung. Bishnupriya (Manipuri) speakers in Bangladesh: a sociolinguistic survey. SIL INTERNATIONAL. p. 11. https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/74/05/96/74059695388257055076108658933060858639/silesr2008_003.pdf. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Chakma". Ethnologue. https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ccp.
7. ↑ "Chakma". Ethnologue. https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ccp.
8. ↑ "Chittagonian". Ethnologue. https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ctg.
9. ↑ "Chittagonian". Ethnologue. https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ctg.
10. ↑ (Hajong Phillips)
11. ↑ "Hajong". https://omniglot.com/writing/hajong.htm.
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Hajong". Ethnologue. https://www.ethnologue.com/language/haj.
13. ↑ Minahan, James B. (30 August 2012) (in en). Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-660-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=fOQkpcVcd9AC&pg=PT342. "Generally, the Rajbongshi language is known as Rangpuri in Bangladesh and Kamta or Rajbangshi in India. The language is usually written in Bengali script in Bangladesh, while the Kamtapura script is favored in India. In Nepal, the language is Devanagari script which is also sometimes used by the Indian Rajbongshis."
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "Rangpuri". Ethnologue. https://www.ethnologue.com/language/rkt.
15. ↑ "As a ritual of purgation they are discarding the Bengali /r/ with a dot and the same is replaced with the original /r/ with a diagonal slash, as used in Assamese script despite the fact that the Rajbanshis in Bengal have been conditioned to use the Bengali /r/ owing to the long processes of forceful imposition of Bengali language upon them." (Pradhani 2012:52)
16. ↑ "Rohingya". Ethnologue. https://www.ethnologue.com/language/rhg.
17. ↑ "Rohingya". Ethnologue. https://www.ethnologue.com/language/rhg.
18. ↑ "Surjapuri". Ethnologue. https://www.ethnologue.com/language/sjp.
19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 "Sylheti". Ethnologue. https://www.ethnologue.com/language/syl.
20. ↑ "Tangchangya". Ethnologue. https://www.ethnologue.com/language/tnv.

## Bibliography

* Hajong, Abonis; Phillips, D; Phillips, V (2008), Hajong–English Phrase Book, SIL International, https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/17/94/43/17944307071856830681259992851645036622/Hajong_Phrasebook.pdf
* Pradhani, Jyotirmoy (2012). "Resonance of Identity in Rajbanshi Poetry". The NEHU Journal X (1). http://dspace.nehu.ac.in/bitstream/1/7719/1/Resonance of Identity.pdf.

* v
* t
* e

Modern Indo-Aryan languages

Dardic|

* Bateri
* Dameli
* Domaaki
* Gawar-Bati
* Indus Kohistani
* Kalami
* Kalasha-mun
* Kashmiri
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* Kundal Shahi
* Mankiyali
* Nangalami
* Palula
* Pashayi
* Sawi
* Shina
* Shumashti
* Torwali
* Ushoji

Northern|

| Eastern|

* Doteli
* Jumli
* Nepali

|

Central|

* Garhwali
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Western|

* Bhadarwahi
* Bilaspuri
* Dogri
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North-
western|

| Punjabi|

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* dialects

|

Lahnda|

* Hindko
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Sindhi|

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Western|

| Gujarati|

* Aer
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* Lisan ud-Dawat
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|

Bhil|

* Bhili
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* Kalto
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Rajasthani|

* Bagri
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* Jaipuri
* Malvi
* Marwari
* Mewari
* Dhatki

Others|

* Domari
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* list of languages

Central|

| Western|

* Braj Bhasha
* Bundeli
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* Hindustani
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|

Eastern|

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Others|

* Danwar
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Eastern|

| Bihari|

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* Caribbean Hindustani
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* Magahi
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* Musasa
* Sadri
* Tharu
* Kochila

|

Bengali–
Assamese|

* Assamese
* Bengali
* dialects
* Bishnupriya Manipuri
* Chakma
* Chittagonian
* Goalpariya
* Hajong
* Kamrupi
* Kamtapuri
* Kharia Thar
* Kurmukar
* Rohingya
* Surjapuri
* Sylheti
* Tanchangya

Odia|

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Halbic|

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Others|

* Mal Paharia

Southern|

| Marathi–Konkani|

* Konkani
* Marathi
* others..

|

Insular|

* Maldivian
* Sinhala

Unclassified|

* Bazigar
* Chinali
* Sheikhgal
* Kholosi

Pidgins/
creoles|

* Andaman Creole Hindi
* Haflong Hindi
* Nagamese
* Nefamese
* Vedda

See also: Old and Middle Indo-Aryan; Indo-Iranian languages; Nuristani languages; Iranian languages

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