Christian communism

Short description: Belief that Jesus taught communism

A variation of the hammer and sickle with the hammer replaced by a Christian cross, used by some Christian communists.

Not to be confused with Christian socialism.

Christian communism is a theological view that the teachings of Jesus compel Christians to support religious communism. Although there is no universal agreement on the exact dates when communistic ideas and practices in Christianity began, many Christian communists argue that evidence from the Bible suggests that the first Christians, including the Apostles in the New Testament, established their own small communist society in the years following Jesus' death and resurrection.[1] Many advocates of Christian communism and other communists, including Karl Kautsky, argue that it was taught by Jesus and practised by the apostles themselves.[2] This is generally confirmed by historians.[3]

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Communism

Concepts

* Anti-capitalism
* Class conflict
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* Collective leadership
* Collectivism
* Common ownership
* Commune
* Commune (model of government)
* Communist society
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* From each according to his ability,
to each according to his needs
* Gift economy
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* Wage slavery
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* World communism
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Aspects

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with national parliamentary representation
* List of communist parties
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Anthem

* "The Internationale"

Related topics

* Anarchism
* Social
* Anti-communism
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* Anti-communist mass killings
* Anti-fascism
* Anti-globalization movement
* Capitalism
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* Crimes against humanity
under communist regimes (Mass killings)
* Critical theory
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* Old Left
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* Marx's theory of alienation
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* Syndicalism
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* v
* t
* e

There are those who hold the view that the early Christian Church, such as the one described in the Acts of the Apostles, was an early form of communism or religious socialism. The view is that communism was just Christianity in practice and Jesus was the first communist.[4]

## Contents

* 1 History
* 1.1 Church Fathers
* 1.2 European High Middle Ages
* 1.3 Renaissance
* 1.4 Reformation and early modernity
* 1.5 Beginning of the Age of Enlightenment
* 1.6 Late modern period
* 1.6.1 China
* 2 Basis
* 3 Groups
* 4 Reception
* 5 Relation with Marxism
* 6 See also
* 7 References
* 8 Bibliography
* 9 Further reading
* 10 External links

## History

Christian communism was based on the concept of koinonia, which means common or shared life, which was not an economic doctrine but an expression of agape love.[5] It was the voluntary sharing of goods amongst the community.[6] Acts 4:35 records that in the early Christian Church in Jerusalem "[n]o one claimed that any of their possessions was their own, but shared everything in common." The pattern helped the early Christians to survive after the siege of Jerusalem and was taken seriously for several centuries.[7] While it later disappeared from church history, it remained within monasticism[8] and was an important supporting factor in the rise of feudalism. This ideal returned in the 19th century with monasticism revival and the rise of religious movements wanting to revive the early Christian egalitarianism. Because they were accused of atheism due its association with Marxism, they preferred communalism to describe their Christian communism.[9]

### Church Fathers

Christ Driving the Money Changers from the Temple by El Greco

The early Church Fathers, like their non-Abrahamic religious predecessors, maintained that human society had declined to its current state from a now lost egalitarian social order.[10] Several historians view the early Christian Church, as described in the Acts of the Apostles (specifically the omnia sunt communia reference in Acts 2:44-45 and Acts 4:32-35),[2][10][11] as an early form of communism.[12][13][14] Among Christian communists, the view is that communism was just Christianity in practice and Jesus was a communist.[4] Later historians across several centuries supported the reading of early church communities as communistic in structure.[15][16][17]

### European High Middle Ages

From the High Middle Ages in Europe, various groups supporting Christian communist and rural communalist ideas were occasionally adopted by reformist Christian sects. An early 12th century proto-Protestant group originating in Lyon known as the Waldensians held their property in common in accordance with the Book of Acts but were persecuted by the Catholic Church and retreated to Piedmont.[18]

Around 1300, the Apostolic Brethren in northern Italy were taken over by Fra Dolcino, who formed a sect known as the Dulcinians, which advocated ending feudalism, dissolving hierarchies in the church, and holding all property in common.[18] The Peasants' Revolt in England has been an inspiration for "the medieval ideal of primitive communism", with the priest John Ball of the revolt being an inspirational figure to later revolutionaries,[19] and having allegedly declared that "things cannot go well in England, nor ever will, until all goods are held in common."[20]

### Renaissance

In the 16th century, English writer Thomas More, who is venerated in the Catholic Church as a saint, portrayed a society based on common ownership of property in his treatise Utopia, whose leaders administered it through the application of reason.[21]

### Reformation and early modernity

Several groupings in the English Civil War supported this idea, especially Gerrard Winstanley's Diggers,[22] who espoused clear communistic and agrarianist ideals.[23][24] Oliver Cromwell and the Grandees' attitude to these groups was at best ambivalent and often hostile.[25] Thomas Müntzer led a large Anabaptist communist movement during the 16th-century German Peasants' War,[26][27] which Friedrich Engels analysed in The Peasant War in Germany.[28][29]

The Hutterites believed in strict adherence to biblical principles and church discipline, and practised a form of communism.[30] In the words of historians Max Stanton and Rod Janzen, the Hutterites "established in their communities a rigorous system of Ordnungen, which were codes of rules and regulations that governed all aspects of life and ensured a unified perspective. As an economic system, Christian communism was attractive to many of the peasants who supported social revolution in sixteenth century central Europe", such as the German Peasants' War, and Engels came to view Anabaptists as proto-communists.[31]

### Beginning of the Age of Enlightenment

Criticism of the idea of private property continued into the Enlightenment era of the 18th century through such thinkers as the deeply religious Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Raised a Calvinist, Rousseau was influenced by the Jansenist movement within the Catholic Church. The Jansenist movement originated from the most orthodox Roman Catholic bishops who tried to reform the Catholic Church in the 17th century to stop secularization and Protestantism. One of the main Jansenist aims was democratizing to stop the aristocratic corruption at the top of the Church hierarchy.[32]

### Late modern period

In Christian Europe, communists were believed to have adopted atheism. In Protestant England, communism was too close to the Catholic communion rite, hence socialist was the preferred term.[33] Friedrich Engels argued that in 1848, when The Communist Manifesto was published, socialism was respectable in Europe while communism was not. The teachings of Jesus are frequently described as socialist, especially by Christian socialists, such as Terry Eagleton.[34] The Owenites in England and the Fourierists in France were considered respectable socialists, while working-class movements that "proclaimed the necessity of total social change" denoted themselves communists. This branch of socialism produced the communist work of Étienne Cabet in France and Wilhelm Weitling in Germany.[35] Weitling was the leader of the Christian communist League of the Just whose stated goal was "the establishment of the Kingdom of God on Earth, based on the ideals of love of one's neighbor, equality and justice".[36] This was also referred to by the League as the "new Jerusalem".[citation needed]

In the earliest years of the Mormon movement, Joseph Smith promoted the law of consecration and the concept of the United Order. Today, some Mormon fundamentalist groups still apply this principle.[37][38] Christian socialism was one of the founding threads of the Labour Party in the United Kingdom and is said to begin with the uprising of John Ball and Wat Tyler in the 14th century.[39]

Pehr Götrek translated The Communist Manifesto into Swedish the same year it was published in German. He made changes in it from his Christian influence, such as changing the now famous quote, Workers of the world, unite! to Folkets röst, guds röst! (Vox populi, vox Dei, or "People's voice is God's voice"). He also wrote several works criticising the developing capitalist society from a Christian perspective.[40] Igal Halfin of Tel Aviv University argues the Marxist ethos that aims for unity reflects the Christian universalist teaching that humankind is one and that there is only one god who does not discriminate among people.[41]

Early 20th century science fiction author and socialist Olaf Stapledon stated that "Marxism and Christianity spring from the same emotional experience".[42] Fidel Castro believed, "Christ chose the fishermen because he was a communist",[43] In his book "Fidel and Religion", Castro states that there is a "great coincidence between Christianity's objectives and the ones we Communists seek, between the Christian teachings of humility, austerity, selflessness, and loving thy neighbour and what we might call the content of a revolutionary's life and behaviour". Castro saw a similarity to his goals with the goals of Christ: "Christ multiplied the fish and the loaves to feed the people. That is precisely what we want to do with the Revolution and socialism", adding that, "I believe Karl Marx could have subscribed to the Sermon on the Mount".[44]

Nicaraguan Sandinista activist, priest and former Minister for Culture Ernesto Cardenal was a proponent of the idea of Christian communism, saying "Christ led me to Marx...for me, the four Gospels are all equally Communist. I’m a Marxist who believes in God, follows Christ and is a revolutionary for his Kingdom".[45] He later said "The Bible is full of revolutions. The prophets are people with a message of revolution. Jesus of Nazareth takes the revolutionary message of the prophets. And we also will continue trying to change the world and make revolution. Those revolutions failed, but others will come".[46]

#### China

Site of King Shiwang's Residence of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (zh), used by Taiping Rebellion general Li Shixian as a command centre in Zhejiang[citation needed]

The participants of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom rebellion, a syncretic Christian-Shenic theocratic kingdom, are viewed by the Chinese Communist Party as proto-communists.[47] Soong Ching-ling, a Methodist, was recognized in China with the title of Honorary President of the People's Republic of China.

## Basis

Christian communists typically regard biblical texts in Acts 2 and Acts 4 as evidence that the first Christians lived in a communist society.[10][11][12] Scholars generally agree that the Acts of the Apostles and the Gospel of Luke were written by the same person. In Luke 12:33, Jesus commands his disciples to sell what they have and give alms, and in Luke 14:33 says that no one can be his disciple who has not forsaken all his possessions. Historians generally confirm the view that a form of communism was taught by Jesus and practised by the apostles.[3]

> "All who believed were together and had all things in common; they would sell their possessions and goods and distribute the proceeds to all, as any had need. ... Now the whole group of those who believed were of one heart and soul, and no one claimed private ownership of any possessions, but everything they owned was held in common. ... There was not a needy person among them, for as many as owned lands or houses sold them and brought the proceeds of what was sold. They laid it at the apostles' feet, and it was distributed to each as any had need."[48]

> --Acts 2:44–45, Acts 4:32–35

The Masses, 1917 political cartoon by the socialist cartoonist Art Young

Among those historians who support the Christian communist view, Montero offers anthropological evidence that the practices recounted in Acts 4:32–35 were historical and were practised widely and taken seriously during at least the first two centuries of Christianity.[7] Other biblical evidence of anti-capitalistic belief systems include Matthew 6:24,[49] which said: "No one can serve two masters. Either you will hate the one and love the other or you will be devoted to the one and despise the other. You cannot serve both God and money."[50] The slogan "Each according to his abilities" has biblical origins. Acts 11:29 states: "Then the disciples, every man according to his ability, determined to send relief unto the brethren which dwelt in Judaea." Additionally, the phrase "To each according to his needs" has a biblical basis in Acts 4:35, which says "to the emissaries to distribute to each according to his need".[51][52]

Various authors, including Thomas Wharton Collens,[53] José Porfirio Miranda (es),[54][55] and José Míguez Bonino, describe biblical sources supporting a common-property society. Bonino wrote: "Is it altogether absurd to re-read the resurrection today as a death of the monopolies, the liberation from hunger, or a solidary form of ownership?" Bonino and Miranda argue against the belief that "Scripture has various meanings", which in their view allow Western conservative theologians "to prevent the Bible from revealing its own subversive message", and that "use the Biblical text ... to defend the status-quo of a pre-revolutionary situation", as summarized by Andrew Kirk. Miranda said: "I am not introducing the Bible to Marx. ... I only wish to understand what the Bible says. ... We want to take the Bible seriously."[56]

Christian communism does not depend merely on the principles of the early apostles, and Christian communists argue that anti-capitalist ideals are deeply rooted in the Christian faith. While modern capitalism had not yet formed in the time of Jesus, his message was overwhelmingly against the love of money and greed, and in support of the poor. Christian communists see the principles of Christ as staunchly anti-capitalist in nature. Since "the love of money is a root of all kinds of evil" (1 Timothy 6:10), it seems natural for Christians to oppose a social system founded—as Christian communists argue—entirely on the love of money. Capitalism is heavily based in the collection of usury, which was condemned for centuries by the Church based in numerous scriptures. Christian opposition to the emergence of such an interest-based system largely delayed capitalist development and capitalism did not gather popular support until John Calvin endorsed capitalist practice from a religious perspective.[57]

## Groups

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.

Several Christian groups formerly practised common ownership and others continue to do so. They may or may not have explicitly used the English term communist for self-identification. Extant groups include:

* Aaronic Order
* Bruderhof Communities[58][59][60]
* Church of Bible Understanding
* Church of Jesus Christ (Cutlerite)
* Evangelical Association of the Israelite Mission of the New Universal Covenant
* Gloriavale Christian Community
* Hutterites
* Jesus Christians
* Jesus People USA[61]
* Koinonia Partners
* Padanaram Settlement
* Reba Place Fellowship
* Shakers[62]
* Sojourners Community
* Twelve Tribes communities

Historically, many groups have practised Christian communism, and may or may not be extant, depending on the case, including:

* Adonai-Shomo
* Amana Colonies (Community of True Inspiration is extant but no longer communal)[63]
* Anabaptist followers of Thomas Müntzer[26][27][28]
* Aurora Colony
* Batenburgers
* Diggers[22][23][64]
* Dulcinians[18]
* Jesus Army
* Labadists
* Levellers[65]
* Harmony Society
* Oneida Community
* Peoples Temple[66]
* Society of Separatists of Zoar
* United Order Family of Christ
* Waldensians[18]
* Zwijndrechtse Nieuwlichters

## Reception

Both Christian communism and liberation theology stress orthopraxy in Christianity over orthodoxy. A narrative of the nature of contemporary social struggles is developed via materialist analysis utilizing historiographic concepts developed by Marx. A concrete example are the Paraguayan landless movement Sin Tierra,[67] who engage in direct land seizures and the establishment of socialized agricultural cooperative production in asentamientos. The contemporary Paraguayan Sin Tierra operate in a very similar manner as that of the reformation era Diggers.[68][69] For Camilo Torres Restrepo, the founder of a Colombian guerrilla group, the National Liberation Army,[70][71][72] developing this orthopraxis meant celebrating the Catholic Eucharist only among those engaged in armed struggle against the army of the Colombian state while fighting alongside them.[73] In Australia, the academic Roland Boer has attempted to synthesize Calvinism and Marxism.[74]

In a September 1962 sermon, Martin Luther King Jr., a democratic socialist and social gospel advocate,[75][76] said that "no Christian can be a communist". He stated that "basic philosophy of Christianity is unalterably opposed to the basic philosophy of communism", citing what he saw as rampant secularism and materialism in communism as evidence that communism "leaves out God". He further said that "for the communist there is no divine government or no absolute moral order, there are no fixed, immutable principles." Nevertheless, King acknowledged that "although communism can never be accepted by a Christian, it emphasizes many essential truths that must forever challenge us as Christians." He added:

> "Communism in society is a classless society. Along with this goes a strong attempt to eliminate racial prejudice. Communism seeks to transcend the superficialities of race and color, and you are able to join the Communist Party whatever the color of your skin or the quality of your blood, the quality of blood in your veins. ... No one can deny that we need to be concerned about social justice. ... Karl Marx arouses our conscience at this point. ... So with this passionate concern for social justice, Christians are bound to be in accord. Such concern is implicit in the Christian doctrine of the Fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man. Christians are always to begin with a bias in favor of a movement which protests against unfair treatment of the poor, but surely Christianity itself is such a protest. The Communist Manifesto might express a concern for the poor and the oppressed, but it expresses no greater concern than the manifesto of Jesus, which opens with the words: 'The spirit of the Lord is upon me, because He hath anointed me to preach the gospel to the poor; He has sent me to heal the brokenhearted, to preach deliverance to the captive, recovering the sight of the blind; to set at liberty them that are bruised, to proclaim the acceptable year of the Lord.' ... We won't have to worry ... [about] communism. ... It can never be defeated with ammunition. It can never be defeated with missiles. ... The only way that we can defeat communism is to get a better idea, and we have it in our democracy. ... We have it in our Christianity."[77]

The theology of Pope Francis has been described as critical of capitalism, and Pope Francis has been viewed as having some sympathy to socialist causes, with his frequent criticism of capitalism and of neoliberalism. In 2016, Francis said that the capitalist world economy is "[f]undamental terrorism, against all of Humanity".[78] When questioned on whether or not he is a communist, Francis responded: "As for whether or not I'm a communist: I am sure that I have not said anything more than what the Church's social doctrine teaches ... maybe the impression of being a little more 'of the left' has been given, but that would be a misinterpretation."[79] In 2013, he said: "The ideology of Marxism is wrong. But I have met many Marxists in my life who are good people, so I don't feel offended."[80] When asked about being labeled a Leninist by a blog post in The Economist in 2014, Francis said: "The communists have stolen our flag. The flag of the poor is Christian. Poverty is at the center of the Gospel." He added that communism came "twenty centuries later".[81] In 2024, Pope Francis argued that Christians and Marxists, socialists, and communists shared a common mission and expressed support for the Marxist-Christian dialogue group Dialop.[82]

## Relation with Marxism

Christian communists may or may not agree with various parts of Marxism, such as on the way a socialist or communist society should be organized.[83][84] Christian communists also share some of the political goals of Marxists, for example replacing capitalism with socialism, which should in turn be followed by communism at a later point in the future. The young Louis Althusser and Denys Turner are among Christian or Christianity-influenced philosophers who asserted the coherence of Christianity and Marxism.[85][86] Althusser said: "I became communist because I was Catholic. I did not change religion, but I remained profoundly Catholic. I don't go to church but this doesn't matter; you don't ask people to go to church. I remained a Catholic, that is, an internationalist universalist. I thought that inside the Communist Party there were more adequate means to realize universal fraternity."[87]

Roland Boer, the son of a Presbyterian minister, said: "There is a tradition within Marxism of engagement with religion that is usually characterised as atheistic and disinterested, but I argue there is a continuous stream of major Marxist figures who have written on questions of religion and engaged specifically with the Bible or with theological debate. Some people contend that Marxism borrowed its main ideas from Christianity and Judaism and reconstructed them as secular ideology, but I think that is extremely simplistic – the relationship is much more complex."[74] About Karl Marx's famous quote about religion being the "opium of the people", he argues it has been largely misinterpreted, and that at that time opium was both valued and denounced for its medicinal qualities and its addictive potential. He said: "That ambivalence over religion is really what is embodied in Marx's metaphor, rather than the notion that it is just a drug that dulls the senses and makes you forget your suffering." About Christian communism, he said: "The Christian communist tradition is what really interests me and keeps me involved with religion. I am fascinated by the radical, revolutionary dimension of Christianity."[74]

Latin American liberation theology influenced parts of the evangelical movement and Catholic bishops in the United States.[88] Its purported use of "Marxist concepts" led in the mid-1980s to an admonition by the Vatican's Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (CDF). While stating that "in itself, the expression 'theology of liberation' is a thoroughly valid term",[1] the prefect Cardinal Ratzinger rejected certain forms of Latin American liberation theology for focusing on institutionalized or systemic sin and for identifying Catholic Church hierarchy in South America as members of the same privileged class that had long been oppressing Indigenous populations from the arrival of Pizarro onward.[89]

While the theology of Pope Francis has been described as critical of capitalism and sympathetic to socialism, Francis has expressed varying interpretations of Marxism in particular. In 2013, Pope Francis said: "The ideology of Marxism is wrong. But I have met many Marxists in my life who are good people, so I don't feel offended."[80] When asked about being labeled a Leninist by a blog post in The Economist in 2014, Francis said: "The communists have stolen our flag. The flag of the poor is Christian. Poverty is at the center of the Gospel." He added that communism came "twenty centuries later".[81] In 2024, Pope Francis argued that Christians and Marxists, socialists, and communists shared a common mission and expressed support for the Marxist-Christian dialogue group Dialop.[82]

## See also

General

* Catholicity
* Che Jesus
* Christian left
* Christian views on poverty and wealth
* Doctor Communis
* Ebionites
* "He who does not work, neither shall he eat"
* Jesus in Christianity
* Jesuism
* Jesuit reduction
* League of the Just
* Marxism and religion
* Materialism and Christianity
* The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism

People

* Alain Badiou
* John Goodwyn Barmby
* Étienne Cabet
* Terry Eagleton
* Denys Turner
* Katayama Sen
* Y. T. Wu
* Slavoj Zizek

Other Christian left perspectives

* Christian anarchism
* Christian egalitarianism
* Christian socialism

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Montero, Roman (30 July 2019). "The Sources of Early Christian Communism". https://churchlifejournal.nd.edu/articles/the-sources-of-early-christian-communism/.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Kautsky, Karl (1953). "IV.II. The Christian Idea of the Messiah. Jesus as a Rebel". Foundations of Christianity. Russell & Russell. http://www.marxists.org/archive/kautsky/1908/christ/ch10.htm#s3.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Bang, p. 24; Boer (2009), p. 120; Ehrhardt (1969), p. 20; Ellicott & Plumptre (1910); Guthrie (1992), p. 46; Halteman Finger (2007), p. 39; Lansford (2007), pp. 24–25; The London Quarterly and Holborn Review, Volume 26 (1866), p. 502; Renan (1869), p. 152; von Mises (1981), p. 424; Montero (2017); Unterbrink (2004), p. 92
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Houlden, Leslie; Minard, Antone (2015). Jesus in History, Legend, Scripture, and Tradition: A World Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 357. ISBN 978-1-61069804-7.
5. ↑ Fuller, Reginald Horace; Westberg, Daniel (2006). Preaching the Lectionary: The Word of God for the Church Today. Liturgical Press. pp. 81–. ISBN 978-0-8146-2792-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=A2d5meDOO3MC&pg=PA81.
6. ↑ Tourgée, Albion Winegar (15 April 2010). Undaunted Radical: The Selected Writings and Speeches of Albion W. Tourgée. LSU Press. pp. 146–. ISBN 978-0-8071-3754-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=nf3QHQTyG4AC&pg=PA146.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Montero, Roman A.; Foster, Edgar G. (2017). All Things in Common: The Economic Practices of the Early Christians. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 5. ISBN 9781532607929. https://books.google.com/books?id=tU_dDgAAQBAJ. Retrieved 24 January 2019. "I am going to argue that the accounts found in Acts 2:42-47 and Acts 4:32-37 describe historical economic practices found within the early Christian community; practices that were taken very seriously, which were widespread over different Christian communities around the Roman world, and which lasted for at least well into the second century. I am also going to argue that these economic practices were grounded in both Jewish and Christian theology and had precedent in Jewish tradition and practice; as well as the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth."
8. ↑ Ball, Terence; Dagger, Richard (30 April 2020). "Socialism". Encyclopedia Britannica Online. https://www.britannica.com/topic/socialism. Retrieved 15 September 2020. "Early Christian communities also practiced the sharing of goods and labour, a simple form of socialism subsequently followed in certain forms of monasticism. Several monastic orders continue these practices today.".
9. ↑ Flinn, Frank K. (2007). Encyclopedia of Catholicism. Infobase Publishing. pp. 173–174. ISBN 978-0-8160-7565-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=gxEONS0FFlsC&pg=PA173.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 van Ree, Erik (22 May 2015). Boundaries of Utopia - Imagining Communism from Plato to Stalin. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-48533-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=dzesCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA10.
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Walton, Steve (April 2008). "Primitive communism in Acts? Does Acts present the community of goods (2:44-45; 4:32-35) as mistaken?". Evangelical Quarterly 80 (2): 99–111. doi:10.1163/27725472-08002001.
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Busky, Donald F. (2002). Communism in History and Theory: From Utopian socialism to the fall of the Soviet Union. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-275-97748-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=O-bi65fwN7kC.
13. ↑ Lansford 2007, pp. 24–25.
14. ↑ Guthrie 1992, p. 46.
15. ↑ Renan 1869, p. 152.
16. ↑ Ellicott & Plumptre 1910.
17. ↑ Boer 2009, p. 120.
18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 Boer, Roland (7 March 2019). Red Theology: On the Christian Communist Tradition. BRILL. pp. 15–16. ISBN 978-90-04-39477-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=L8KODwAAQBAJ&pg=PA15.
19. ↑ Eisenman, Stephen F. (2005). "Communism in Furs: A Dream of Prehistory in William Morris's John Ball". The Art Bulletin 87 (1): 92–110. doi:10.1080/00043079.2005.10786230.
20. ↑ Brown, Archie (9 June 2009). The Rise and Fall of Communism. HarperCollins. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-06-188548-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=SjgGDYoPapMC&pg=PA12.
21. ↑ Davis, J. C. (28 July 1983). Utopia and the Ideal Society: A Study of English Utopian Writing 1516–1700. Cambridge University Press. pp. 58. ISBN 978-0-521-27551-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=P5T-LVB-6tIC&pg=PA58.
22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Empson, Martin (5 April 2017). "A common treasury for all: Gerrard Winstanley's vision of utopia". International Socialism (154). https://isj.org.uk/a-common-treasury-for-all/. Retrieved 12 September 2021.
23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Winstanley, Gerrard (2002). Jones, Sandra. ed. The True Levellers Standard Advanced: Or, the State of Community Opened, and Presented to the Sons of Men (Renascence ed.). R. S. Bear. https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/handle/1794/863. Retrieved 11 January 2023. "That we may work in righteousness, and lay the Foundation of making the Earth a Common Treasury for All, both Rich and Poor, That every one that is born in the Land, may be fed by the Earth his Mother that brought him forth, according to the Reason that rules in the Creation. Not Inclosing any part into any particular hand, but all as one man, working together, and feeding together as Sons of one Father, members of one Family; not one Lording over another, but all looking upon each other, as equals in the Creation; ... ."
24. ↑ Campbell (2009), p. 127–129; Stearns et al., p. 290; Johnson (2013)
25. ↑ Bernstein, Eduard (1930). Cromwell and Communism. https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/bernstein/works/1895/cromwell/. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Müntzer, Thomas (1988). Matheson, Peter. ed. The Collected Works of Thomas Müntzer. Edinburgh: T&T Clark. ISBN 978-0-567-29252-0.
27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Blickle, Peter (1981). The Revolution of 1525: The German Peasants' War from a New Perspective. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-2472-2.
28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Engels, Friedrich (1969). The Peasant War in Germany. Moscow: Progress Publishers. ISBN 978-0-85315-205-7.
29. ↑ Wolf, Eric R. (1987). "The Peasant War in Germany: Friedrich Engels as Social Historian". Science and Society 51 (1): 82–92.
30. ↑ Friedmann, Robert (1 December 1955). "The Christian Communism of the Hutterite Brethren". Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte (Gütersloher Verlagshaus) 46. doi:10.14315/arg-1955-jg14.
31. ↑ Janzen, Rod; Stanton, Max (2010). The Hutterites in North America (illustrated ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. p. 17. ISBN 9780801899256.
32. ↑ Roche, Daniel (1993) (in fr). La France des Lumières.
33. ↑ Williams, Raymond (1976). Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society. Fontana Books. ISBN 978-0-00-633479-8.
34. ↑ Eagleton, Terry (17 October 2007). The Gospels: Jesus Christ (paperback ed.). London: Verso Books. ISBN 978-1-84467-176-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=uAeREAAAQBAJ.
35. ↑ Engels, Friedrich (2002). Preface to the 1888 English Edition of the Communist Manifesto. Penguin Books. pp. 202.
36. ↑ G.N. Volkov et al., The Basics of Marxist-Leninist Theory. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1979.
37. ↑ "Why I want to Live the United Order". 27 January 2010. https://www.mormonmatters.org/why-i-want-to-live-the-united-order/.
38. ↑ Weidow, Lesley (2009). Montana Zion: American Communalism in a Mormon Fundamentalist Community (MA thesis). University of Montana.
39. ↑ Routledge, Paul (22 May 1994). "Labour revives faith in Christian Socialism". The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/labour-revives-faith-in-christian-socialism-1437750.html.
40. ↑ Jansson, Anton (2013). "Religion as ideology and critique: Per Götrek's Christian communism". LIR.journal (3): 91–104. https://ojs.ub.gu.se/index.php/LIRJ/article/view/2700.
41. ↑ Halfin, Igal (2000). From Darkness to Light: Class, Consciousness, and Salvation in Revolutionary Russia. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 46. ISBN 0822957043.
42. ↑ "Marxism and Christianity spring from the same emotional experience" quoted in Geoghegan, Vincent, Socialism and Religion: Roads to Common Wealth.
43. ↑ "Christ was a communist, says Castro". Irish Times. July 15, 2000. https://www.irishtimes.com/news/christ-was-a-communist-says-castro-1.292935.
44. ↑ "Christ, Marx, and Che: Fidel Castro offers pope his religious views". September 21, 2015. https://www.ncronline.org/news/world/christ-marx-and-che-fidel-castro-offers-pope-his-religious-views.
45. ↑ Novak, Michael. 1984. The Case against Liberation Theology. The New York Times, October 21, Section 6. 51.
46. ↑ Malkin, Elisabeth (3 January 2015). "Science Fuels the Writing, and Faith, of a Nicaraguan Poet". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/03/world/americas/science-fuels-writing-and-faith-of-a-nicaraguan-poet-.html.
47. ↑ Little, Daniel (17 May 2009). Marx and the Taipings. University of Nebraska–Lincoln. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1538&context=chinabeatarchive. Retrieved 5 August 2020. "Mao and the Chinese Communists largely represented the Taiping rebellion as a proto-communist uprising."
48. ↑ "Acts204:32-35 NRSV". https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+4:32-35&version=NRSV.
49. ↑ Cavanaugh, Clayton (29 May 2021). "No Good Christians are Capitalists". https://cavanaugh.fyi/2021/05/29/no-good-christians-are-capitalists/.
50. ↑ "Matthew 63A24 NIV". https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+6%3A24&version=NIV.
51. ↑ Baird, Joseph Arthur (1989). The Greed Syndrome: An Ethical Sickness in American Capitalism. Hampshire Books. p. 32. ISBN 978-1877674020.
52. ↑ Berman, Marshall (2000). Adventures in Marxism. Verso Books. p. 151. ISBN 978-1859843093.
53. ↑ Wharton Colleens, Thomas (March 1868). "Preaching, by Judge Thomas Wharton Collens (1812–1879), March 1868". https://medicolegal.tripod.com/collenstwpmarch1868.htm.
54. ↑ Miranda, José Porfirio (1981) (in es). Comunismo en la Biblia. Colección mínima. 79 (3 ed.). Mexico City: Siglo veintiuno editores (published 1988). ISBN 9789682314865. https://books.google.com/books?id=HMScIyWkD30C. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
55. ↑ Miranda, Jose Porfirio (2004). Communism in the Bible. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN 9781592444687. https://books.google.com/books?id=9O9KAwAAQBAJ. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
56. ↑ McKim, Donald K. (5 May 1999). The Bible in Theology and Preaching. Wipf and Stock. p. 170. ISBN 978-1-57910-244-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=S3lKAwAAQBAJ.
57. ↑ Osakue, Dawn (21 January 2011). "Calvinist Ethics and the Rise of Capitalism". https://www.academia.edu/1085120. "After turning the convert into a capitalist, the Calvinist doctrine of predetermination then made him comfortable with the uneven distribution of wealth. ... Weber's central thesis on the relationship between Calvinist ethics and the rise of capitalism is that the former directly led to, and sustained the growth of the latter."
58. ↑ "Inside The Bruderhof". BBC News. 9 July 2019. https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/mediapacks/inside-the-bruderhof.
59. ↑ "FAQs". https://www.bruderhof.com/en/life-in-community/faqs.
60. ↑ "Bruderhof". Fellowship for Intentional Community. https://www.ic.org/directory/bruderhof/.
61. ↑ Zavada, Jack (13 April 2020). "What Do Jesus People USA Believe and Practice?". https://www.learnreligions.com/jesus-people-usa-beliefs-and-practices-700039.
62. ↑ Stein, Stephen (1994). The Shaker Experience in America: A History of the United Society of Believers. pp. 42–44.
63. ↑ "Amana Today". The Amana Colonies National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary. 18 May 2011. http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/amana/amana.htm.
64. ↑ Campbell 2009, p. 127–129.
65. ↑ Engels, Friedrich (1970). "I: The Development of Utopian Socialism". Socialism: Utopian and Scientific. Progress Publishers. https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1880/soc-utop/ch01.htm.
66. ↑ Reiterman, Tim (13 November 2008). Raven: The Untold Story of the Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-1-4406-3446-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=g8v4WH-dHbIC&pg=PT106.
67. ↑ "MCP (Movimiento Campesino Paraguayo)" (in es). Okaraygua Paraguai. http://www.okaraygua-paraguai.org/es/conozcanos.html.
68. ↑ Sutherland, Donald R.. "The Religion of Gerrard Winstanley and Digger Communism". http://www.diggers.org/diggers/religion_winstanley.htm.
69. ↑ "Rexroth". Diggers. 26 November 2011. http://www.diggers.org/rexroth_diggers.htm.
70. ↑ "Voces" (in es). ELN. 26 May 2008. http://www.eln-voces.com/.
71. ↑ "Colombia rebel groups Farc and ELN agree 'to unite'". BBC News. 17 December 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8417595.stm.
72. ↑ McDermott, Jeremy (5 November 2009). "Colombia's ELN rebels show new vigour". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8341093.stm.
73. ↑ "Camilo Torres Restrepo 1929–1966". Filosofía. http://www.filosofia.org/ave/001/a230.htm.
74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 74.2 "Professor Roland Boer". University of Newcastle (Australia). 2014. https://www.newcastle.edu.au/profile/roland-boer. See also "Left of his field". University of Newcastle (Australia). 13 December 2013. https://www.newcastle.edu.au/highlights/our-researchers/education-arts/humanities-social-science/left-of-his-field.
75. ↑ "Advocate of the Social Gospel, September 1948 – March 1963", The Papers of Martin Luther King, Jr. (The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute) VI, https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/publications/papers-martin-luther-king-jr-volume-vi-advocate-social-gospel-september-1948-–-march
76. ↑ Sturm, Douglas (1990). "Martin Luther King Jr. as Democratic Socialist.". The Journal of Religious Ethics 18 (2): 79–105. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40015109. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
77. ↑ "'Can A Christian Be a Communist?' Sermon Delivered at Ebenezer Baptist Church". The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute. 3 April 2017. https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/king-papers/documents/can-christian-be-communist-sermon-delivered-ebenezer-baptist-church.
78. ↑ Knight, Nika (2 August 2016). "Pope Francis: Capitalism is 'Terrorism Against All of Humanity'". Common Dreams. https://www.commondreams.org/news/2016/08/02/pope-francis-capitalism-terrorism-against-all-humanity.
79. ↑ Johnson, Garrett (20 May 2016). "Criticised for Being Communist or to the Left, Here's Pope Francis' Response". https://catholic-link.org/criticised-for-being-communist-or-to-the-left-heres-pope-francis-response/.
80. ↑ 80.0 80.1 Davies, Lizzy (15 December 2013). "Pope says he is not a Marxist, but defends criticism of capitalism". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/15/pope-francis-defends-criticism-of-capitalism-not-marxist.
81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 Pullella, Philip (29 June 2014). "Pope Francis: Communists 'stole' the flag of Christianity". http://blogs.reuters.com/faithworld/2014/06/29/pope-francis-says-communists-are-closet-christians-whove-stolen-our-flag/.
82. ↑ 82.0 82.1 "Pope: Marxists and Christians have a common mission" (in en). October 1, 2024. https://english.katholisch.de/artikel/50230-pope-marxists-and-christians-have-a-common-mission.
83. ↑ Richardson, Alan (1989). "Marxist Theology". The Westminster Dictionary of Christian Theology. London, England: SCM Press. p. 352. ISBN 978-0-33402208-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=PN7UMUTBBPAC.
84. ↑ Boer, Roland (19 February 2019). "11: Christian Communism and the Bolsheviks". in Boer, Roland. Red Theology: On the Christian Communist Tradition. Brill Publishers. pp. 166–182. doi:10.1163/9789004394773_013. ISBN 978-90-04-39477-3.
85. ↑ Turner, Denys (1975). "Can a Christian be a Marxist". New Blackfriars 56 (661): 244–253. doi:10.1111/j.1741-2005.1975.tb02190.x.
86. ↑ Hamza, Agon, ed (November 2016). Althusser and Theology. Brill. ISBN 9789004291546. https://www.historicalmaterialism.org/book-series/althusser-and-theology.
87. ↑ "The Crisis of Marxism: An interview with Louis Althusser". Verso Books. 11 July 2017. https://www.versobooks.com/blogs/3312-the-crisis-of-marxism-an-interview-with-louis-althusser.
88. ↑ Travis Kitchens (June 21, 2010). "Chomsky on Religion". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SNDG7ErY-k4.
89. ↑ Wojda, Paul J., "Liberation theology," in R.P. McBrien, ed., The Catholic Encyclopedia (Harper Collins, 1995).

## Bibliography

* Bang, Gustav. Crises in European History. http://www.slp.org/pdf/others/crises_bang.pdf.
* Boer, Roland (2009). "Conclusion: What If? Calvin and the Spirit of Revolution. Bible". Political Grace. The Revolutionary Theology of John Calvin. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-664-23393-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=HIeLYNEq6zsC&q=apostles+communist+calvin&pg=PA120.
* Campbell, Heather M., ed (2009). The Britannica Guide to Political Science and Social Movements That Changed the Modern World. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 127-129. ISBN 978-1-61530-062-4.
* Ehrhardt, Arnold (1969). "St Peter and the Twelve". The Acts of the Apostles. Manchester: University of Manchester Press. ISBN 978-0719003820. https://books.google.com/books?id=kAbZAAAAIAAJ&q=apostles+communist+calvin&pg=PA20.
* Ellicott, Charles John; Plumptre, Edward Hayes (1910). "III. The Church in Jerusalem. I. Christian Communism". The Acts of the Apostles. London: Cassell. https://books.google.com/books?id=Htk8AAAAIAAJ&q=apostles+communist+acts&pg=PA11.
* Guthrie, Donald (1992). "3. Early Problems. 15. Early Christian Communism". The Apostles. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-310-25421-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=uts4VTUm1iEC&q=apostles+communist+acts&pg=PA46.
* Halteman Finger, Reta (2007). "Reactions to Style and Redaction Criticism". Of Widows and Meals. Communal Meals in the Book of Acts. Cambridge, UK: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.. ISBN 978-0-8028-3053-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2RVoa4_qX8C&q=apostles+communist+acts&pg=PA39.
* Johnson, Daniel (1 December 2013). "Winstanley's Ecology: The English Diggers Today". Monthly Review. https://monthlyreview.org/2013/12/01/winstanleys-ecology/. Retrieved 12 September 2021.
* Lansford, Tom (2007). "History of Communism". Communism. Political Systems of the World. Marshall Cavendish. pp. 24–25. ISBN 9780761426288. https://books.google.com/books?id=MjjTt-TITcUC&q=christian&pg=PA24. Retrieved 16 May 2011.
* "Rénan's Les Apôtres. Community life". The London Quarterly and Holborn Review, Volume 26. London. 1866. https://books.google.com/books?id=zhoaAQAAIAAJ&q=ananias+punished+death+communism&pg=PA502. Retrieved 10 May 2011.
* Montero, Roman A. (2017). All Things in Common The Economic Practices of the Early Christians. Eugene: Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN 9781532607912. OCLC 994706026.
* Renan, Ernest (1869). "VIII. First Persecution. Death of Stephen. Destruction of the First Church of Jerusalem". Origins of Christianity. II. The Apostles. New York: Carleton. p. 152. https://books.google.com/books?id=knYRAAAAYAAJ&q=apostles+communist&pg=PA152.
* Stearns, Peter; Fairchilds, Cissie; Lindenmeyr, Adele et al., eds (2001). Encyclopedia of European Social History: From 1350 to 2000. 3. Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 290. ISBN 0-684-80577-4.
* Unterbrink, Daniel T. (2004). "The Dead Sea Scrolls". Judas the Galilean. iUniverse. ISBN 0-595-77000-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=AhBFPH864P4C&q=ananias+punished+death+communism&pg=PA92. Retrieved 10 May 2011.
* von Mises, Ludwig (1981). "Christianity and Socialism". Socialism. New Heaven: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780913966624. https://books.google.com/books?id=3GXi4MQQs3IC&q=apostles+communist+acts&pg=PA424. Retrieved 16 May 2011.

## Further reading

* David Chilton. 1982, 1986. Productive Christians in an Age of Guilt Manipulators. Tyler, Texas: The Institute for Christian Economics. ISBN:0-930464-38-9. Available online for free.
* John Cort. Christian Socialism: An informal history.
* Metacosmesis: The Christian Marxism of Frederic Hastings Smyth and the Society of the Catholic Commonwealth. By Terry Brown (1987).
* Montero, Roman A. 2017. All Things in Common: The Economic Practices of the Early Christians. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf & Stock. ISBN:9781532607912.
* Myles, Robert J. 2019. Class Struggle in the New Testament. Lanham: Fortress Academic/Lexington Books.

## External links

* Crises In European History Socialist Labor Party says that the early Christian Church practised "pure communism". pp. 23–25 (PDF).
* Modern History Sourcebook: William Bradford From Bradford's journal Of Plymouth Plantation.
* "Preaching". March 1868. Judge Thomas Wharton Collens.
* The Sources of Early Christian Communism July 30, 2019. Church Life Journal. University of Notre Dame. Roman Montero.
* Are Christians Supposed to Be Communists? November 4, 2017. Archived from the Wayback Machine. The New York Times . Orthodox theologian David Bentley Hart.

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* Workplace democracy

People|

| 16th c.|

* Tommaso Campanella
* Thomas More

|

18th c.|

* Gracchus Babeuf
* Victor d'Hupay
* Gabriel Bonnot de Mably
* Sylvain Maréchal
* Étienne-Gabriel Morelly

19th c.|

* Stephen Pearl Andrews
* Mikhail Bakunin
* John Goodwyn Barmby
* Enrico Barone
* August Bebel
* Edward Bellamy
* Eduard Bernstein
* Louis Blanc
* Louis Auguste Blanqui
* Philippe Buchez
* Georg Büchner
* Philippe Buonarroti
* Étienne Cabet
* Edward Carpenter
* Nikolay Chernyshevsky
* James Connolly
* Victor Prosper Considerant
* Claire Démar
* Théodore Dézamy
* W. E. B. Du Bois
* Prosper Enfantin
* Friedrich Engels
* Charles Fourier
* Emma Goldman
* William Batchelder Greene
* Charles Hall
* Alexander Herzen
* Thomas Hodgskin
* Jean Jaurès
* Mother Jones
* Karl Kautsky
* Peter Kropotkin
* Paul Lafargue
* Albert Laponneraye
* Ferdinand Lassalle
* Pyotr Lavrov
* Alexandre Ledru-Rollin
* Pierre Leroux
* Helen Macfarlane
* Errico Malatesta
* Karl Marx
* Louise Michel
* Nikolay Mikhaylovsky
* William Morris
* Robert Owen
* Antonie Pannekoek
* Giovanni Pascoli
* Constantin Pecqueur
* Georgi Plekhanov
* Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
* Luis Emilio Recabarren
* Henri de Saint-Simon
* Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin
* George Sand
* Friedrich Wilhelm Schulz
* Eugène Sue
* Lysander Spooner
* Fred M. Taylor
* William Thompson
* Pyotr Tkachev
* Benjamin Tucker
* Suzanne Voilquin
* Alfred Russel Wallace
* Josiah Warren
* Wilhelm Weitling
* Oscar Wilde

20th c.|

* Tariq Ali
* Salvador Allende
* Louis Aragon
* Clement Attlee
* Henri Barbusse
* Zygmunt Bauman
* Simone de Beauvoir
* Walter Benjamin
* Tony Benn
* Léon Blum
* Grace Lee Boggs
* Murray Bookchin
* Bertolt Brecht
* Aristide Briand
* Nikolai Bukharin
* Cornelius Castoriadis
* Hugo Chávez
* Noam Chomsky
* G. D. H. Cole
* Jeremy Corbyn
* Bob Crow
* Guy Debord
* Eugene V. Debs
* John Dewey
* Alexander Dubček
* Albert Einstein
* Einar Gerhardsen
* Mikhail Gorbachev
* Maxim Gorky
* Antonio Gramsci
* Chris Hedges
* Eric Hobsbawm
* Dolores Ibárruri
* Pablo Iglesias Posse
* Elfriede Jelinek
* Martin Luther King Jr.
* Alexandra Kollontai
* Jack Layton
* Henri Lefebvre
* Claude Lefort
* Vladimir Lenin
* Ken Livingstone
* György Lukács
* Rosa Luxemburg
* Nestor Makhno
* Nelson Mandela
* Mao Dun
* Vladimir Mayakovsky
* Maurice Merleau-Ponty
* China Miéville
* François Mitterrand
* Evo Morales
* Imre Nagy
* Gamal Abdel Nasser
* Otto Neurath
* Paul Nizan
* Abdullah Öcalan
* Seán O'Casey
* George Orwell
* Sylvia Pankhurst
* Fred Paterson
* Pier Paolo Pasolini
* Karl Polanyi
* Bertrand Russell
* Gaetano Salvemini
* Bernie Sanders
* Jean-Paul Sartre
* Arthur Scargill
* Léopold Sédar Senghor
* George Bernard Shaw
* R. H. Tawney
* E. P. Thompson
* Ernst Toller
* Leon Trotsky
* Yanis Varoufakis
* H. G. Wells
* Cornel West
* Richard D. Wolff
* Clara Zetkin
* Howard Zinn
* Slavoj Žižek

Organizations|

* Communist International
* Fifth International
* Foro de São Paulo
* Fourth International
* International League of Peoples' Struggle
* International League of Religious Socialists
* International Marxist Tendency
* International Union of Socialist Youth
* International Workingmen's Association
* Second International
* Socialist International
* World Federation of Democratic Youth
* World Socialist Movement

See also|

* Anarchism
* Criticism of socialism
* Communism
* Economic calculation problem
* Marxist philosophy
* New Left
* Old Left
* Socialist calculation debate

* Politics portal
* Socialism portal

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian communism. Read more

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