Classical Cebuano

Short description: Historical form of Cebuano language

Classical Cebuano

Spanish-Era Cebuano
Karaang Sinugboanon, Karaang Binisayâ
Native to| Philippines
Region| present-day regions of Central Visayas and the northern coast of Mindanao
Ethnicity| Visayan
Era| 16th-19th century, developed into Early Modern Cebuano around the late 19th century

Language family

Austronesian

* Malayo-Polynesian
* Philippine
* Greater Central Philippine
* Central Philippine
* Bisayan
* Cebuan
* Classical Cebuano

Writing system

| Badlit (before c. 18th century)
Latin script
Language codes
ISO 639-3| –

Classical Cebuano, or Spanish-Era Cebuano, (Template:Lang-ceb, Binisayâ sa Katuigan sa Katsilà; Badlit: pre-virama: ᜃᜇᜀ ᜅ ᜊᜒᜈᜒᜐᜌ, post-virama: ᜃᜇᜀᜈ᜴ ᜅ ᜊᜒᜈᜒᜐᜌ) was a form of the Cebuano language spoken during the Spanish colonial era of the Philippines . It was the primary language spoken in Cebu, Bohol, and other parts of Visayas and Mindanao.

## Contents

* 1 History
* 2 Phonology
* 2.1 Vowels
* 2.2 Consonants
* 3 Grammar
* 3.1 Case Markers
* 3.2 Pronouns
* 3.2.1 Personal Pronouns
* 3.2.2 Demonstratives
* 3.2.3 Interrogatives
* 4 See also
* 5 References

## History

The earliest surviving record of Cebuano was from a wordlist collected by Antonio Pigafetta during the Magellan expedition in 1521. The wordlist contains about 160 Cebuano words (some of which are in Malay) written in an Italian-influenced orthography, which is considered problematic due to its inconsistent and unphonetic spelling system. The oldest reliable glimpse of Cebuano's grammar and vocabulary was from Domingo Ezguerra's Arte de la Lengua Bisaya de la Provincia de Leyte, a Waray grammar book written in 1663. The first dedicated grammar book for Cebuano, Francisco Encina's Arte de la Lengua Zebuana, was compiled in 1801 (40 years after his death).[1]

## Phonology

The phonological system of Classical Cebuano was relatively minimal compared to Modern Cebuano, which has more phonological inventory due to the influence of foreign languages such as Spanish and English.

### Vowels

The Classical Cebuano phonemic inventory consists of three vowel phonemes (/a/, /i/, /u/). Some dialects of Modern Cebuano, particularly those in Bohol, have retained a close back unrounded vowel /ɯ/,[2] which means it might have existed in Classical Cebuano, although unrecorded and possibly dialectal.

Classical Cebuano Vowels[3] Height  | Front  | Central  | Back

|
|
|

Close | i, y /i/  |  | u, o /u/
Open |  | a /a/  |

### Consonants

The Classical Cebuano phonemic inventory consisted of 15 consonant phonemes (in which /d/ and /r/ were treated as a single phoneme). The consonant /r/ was pronounced only when the phoneme /d/ was situated between two vowels. The natives described the final -d as a medial sound between /r/ and /d/.[3]

Classical Cebuano Consonants[3] | Labial  | Dental  | Palatal  | Velar  | Glottal

|
|
|
|
|

Nasal  | m /m/  | n /n̪/  |  | ng̃ /ŋ/  |
Stop  | p /p/  | b /b/  | t /t̪/  | d, r /d̪/  |  | k /k/  | g /ɡ/  | ` /ʔ/
Fricative  |  | s /s̪/  |  |  | h /h/
Approximant  |  | l /l̪/  | y /j/  | u /w/  |
Rhotic  |  | d, r /ɾ̪~r̪/  |  |  |

## Grammar

### Case Markers

Classical Cebuano possessed separate plural personal case markers (sa, na, and ka), which are not retained in any dialect of Modern Cebuano.[4]

Classical Cebuano Case Markers[3][4] |  | Direct  | Indirect  | Oblique

|
|
|
|

General | Definite | ang, ak[lower-alpha 1] | sa
Indefinite | ing, i  | ug, ak[lower-alpha 2]
Personal | Singular | si  | ni  | kan
Plural | sa  | na  | (sa)ka

1. ↑ Only used in Argao.
2. ↑ Only used in Bohol.

### Pronouns

Classical Cebuano underwent morphological changes throughout the Spanish period. One of the most notable was the change from *s(i)- to *k(i)- as the direct case-marking prefix for Cebuano demonstrative (e.g. sini -> kini) and interrogative (e.g. sinsa -> kinsa) pronouns. Classical Cebuano, especially the one spoken in Bohol, still had plural case markers sa, na, and ka, which are already obsolete in Modern Cebuano. These were also used to form plural demonstratives, which are considered rare among Philippine languages.[4]

#### Personal Pronouns

Classical Cebuano Personal Pronouns (1760)[3] Person  | Number and Clusivity  | Direct  | Indirect  | Oblique

|
|
|
|

Independent  | Enclitic  | Independent  | Postposed  | Enclitic  | Default  | Suppletive
First | Singular | ako  |  | akò  | nakò  | ko, ta*  | kan-akò  | sa akò
Plural | Inclusive  | kita  | atò  | natò  | ta  | kan-atò  | sa atò
Exclusive  | kami  | amò  | namò  |  | kan-amò  | sa amò
Second | Singular | ikaw  | ka  | imo  | nimo  | mo  | kan-imo  | sa imo
Plural | kamo  |  | inyo  | ninyo  |  | kan-inyo  | sa inyo
Third | Singular | siya  | iya  | niya  | na  | kan-iya  | sa iya
Plural | sila  | ila  | nila  |  | kan-ila  | sa ila

#### Demonstratives

Classical Cebuano Demonstratives (1663)[4][5] | Direct  | Indirect  | Oblique

|
|
|

Cebu  | Bohol  | Cebu  | Bohol  | Cebu  | Bohol
Proximal | Singular | kadi  | siadi  | niadi  | kan-adi
Plural |  | saadi  |  | naadi  |  | kaadi
Medioproximal | Singular | kini  | siini  | niini  | kan-ini
Plural |  | saini  |  | naini  |  | kaini
Medial | Singular | kanà, kitò  | sianà, siitò  | nianà, niitò  | kan-anà, kan-itò
Plural |  | saanà, saitò  |  | naanà, naitò  |  | kaanà, kaitò
Distal | Singular | kadto  | siadto  | niadto  | kan-adto
Plural |  | saadto  |  | naadto  |  | kaadto

#### Interrogatives

Classical and Modern Cebuano Interrogatives[4][5] | Classical Cebuano (1663)  | Modern Cebuano

|
|

Cebu  | Bohol
WHAT | unsa  | unsa
OF/TO WHAT  | sa unsa  | sa unsa
WHO (DIR) | Singular | sinsa ~ kinsa  | kinsa
Plural |  | sainsa
WHOSE (IND) | Singular | ninsa ~ niinsa  | ni kinsa
Plural |  | nainsa
TO WHOM (OBL) | Singular | kansa  | kaninsa  | kang kinsa
Plural |  | kainsa
WHICH  | ang hain  | kasa  | hain
OF/TO WHICH  | sa hain  | niasa  | sa hain

## See also

* Cebuano language
* Cebuano grammar
* Bisayan languages
* Waray language
* Pigafetta's Dictionary

## References

1. ↑ Lobel, Jason William (2013) (in en). Philippine and North Bornean Languages: Issues in Description, Subgrouping, and Reconstruction. ProQuest LLC. pp. 39–40. ISBN 978-1-303-31343-1. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED555206.
2. ↑ David (Ed.), Zorc (2015) (in en). The Bisayan dialects of the Philippines: Subgrouping and reconstruction. CRCL, CRCL, Pacific Linguistics And/Or The Author(S). Pacific Linguistics. doi:10.15144/pl-c44. ISBN 978-0-85883-157-5. http://sealang.net/archives/pl/pdf/PL-C44.pdf.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Encina, Francisco (1836) (in es). Arte de la lengua zebuana. Oliva. https://books.google.com/books?id=s5RFAAAAcAAJ.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Lobel, Jason William (2013) (in en). Philippine and North Bornean Languages: Issues in Description, Subgrouping, and Reconstruction. ProQuest LLC. pp. 50–53. ISBN 978-1-303-31343-1. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED555206.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Ezguerra, Domingo (1949) (in es). Arte de la lengua bisaya de la Provincia de Leyte: Manila, N. de la Cruz Bagay, 1747. V. Suárez. https://books.google.com/books?id=kWNMcAAACAAJ.

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*[c.]: circa