Clerical fascism

Short description: Ideology that combines the doctrines of fascism with clericalism

Clerical fascism (also clero-fascism or clerico-fascism) is an ideology that combines the political and economic doctrines of fascism with clericalism. The term has been used to describe organizations and movements that combine religious elements with fascism, receive support from religious organizations which espouse sympathy for fascism, or fascist regimes in which clergy play a leading role.

## Contents

* 1 History
* 1.1 Fascist Italy
* 2 Examples of clerical fascism
* 3 See also
* 4 References
* 5 Bibliography

## History

The term clerical fascism (clero-fascism or clerico-fascism) emerged in the early 1920s in the Kingdom of Italy, referring to the faction of the Roman Catholic Partito Popolare Italiano (PPI) which supported Benito Mussolini and his régime. It was supposedly coined by Don Luigi Sturzo, a priest and Christian democrat leader who opposed Mussolini and went into exile in 1924,[1] although the term had also been used before Mussolini's March on Rome in 1922 to refer to Catholics in Northern Italy who advocated a synthesis of Roman Catholicism and fascism.[2]

Sturzo made a distinction between the "filofascists", who left the Catholic PPI in 1921 and 1922, and the "clerical fascists" who stayed in the party after the March on Rome, advocating collaboration with the fascist government.[3] Eventually, the latter group converged with Mussolini, abandoning the PPI in 1923 and creating the Centro Nazionale Italiano. The PPI was disbanded by the fascist régime in 1926.[4]

The term has since been used by scholars seeking to contrast authoritarian-conservative clerical fascism with more radical variants.[5] Christian fascists focus on internal religious politics, such as passing laws and regulations that reflect their view of Christianity. Radicalized forms of Christian fascism or clerical fascism (clero-fascism or clerico-fascism) were emerging on the far-right of the political spectrum in some European countries during the interwar period in the first half of the 20th century.[6]

### Fascist Italy

Mussolini (far right) signing the Lateran Treaty (Vatican City, 11 February 1929)

In 1870, the newly formed Kingdom of Italy annexed the remaining Papal States, depriving the Pope of his temporal power. However, in the 1929 Lateran Treaty, Mussolini recognized the Pope as sovereign ruler of the Vatican City state, and Roman Catholicism became the state religion of Fascist Italy.[7][8]

In March 1929, a nationwide plebiscite was held to publicly endorse the Lateran Treaty. Opponents were intimidated by the fascist regime: the Catholic Action organisation (Azione Cattolica) and Mussolini claimed that "no" votes were of those "few ill-advised anti-clericals who refuse to accept the Lateran Pacts".[9] Nearly nine million Italians voted, or 90 per cent of the registered electorate, and only 136,000 voted "no".[10]}

Almost immediately after the signing of the Treaty, relations between Mussolini and the Church soured again. Mussolini "referred to Catholicism as, in origin, a minor sect that had spread beyond Palestine only because grafted onto the organization of the Roman empire."[11] After the concordat, "he confiscated more issues of Catholic newspapers in the next three months than in the previous seven years."[11] Mussolini reportedly came close to being excommunicated from the Catholic Church around this time.[11]

In 1938, the Italian Racial Laws and Manifesto of Race were promulgated by the fascist regime to persecute Italian Jews[12] as well as Protestant Christians,[8][13][14][15] especially Evangelicals and Pentecostals.[13][14][15] Thousands of Italian Jews and a small number of Protestants died in the Nazi concentration camps.[12][15] In January 1939, the Jewish National Monthly reports "the only bright spot in Italy has been the Vatican, where fine humanitarian statements by the Pope have been issuing regularly". Pope Pius XI personally admitted Professor Vito Volterra, a famous Italian Jewish mathematician expelled from his position by the regime, into the Pontifical Academy of Science.[16]

Despite Mussolini's close alliance with Hitler's Germany, Italy did not fully adopt Nazism's genocidal ideology towards the Jews. The Nazis were frustrated by the Italian authorities' refusal to co-operate in the round-ups of Jews, and no Jews were deported prior to the formation of the Italian Social Republic following the Armistice of Cassibile.[17] In the Italian-occupied Independent State of Croatia, German envoy Siegfried Kasche advised Berlin that Italian forces had "apparently been influenced" by Vatican opposition to German anti-Semitism.[18] As anti-Axis feeling grew in Italy, the use of Vatican Radio to broadcast papal disapproval of race murder and anti-Semitism angered the Nazis.[19] When Mussolini was overthrown in July 1943, the Germans moved to occupy Italy and commenced a round-up of Jews.

Around 4% of Resistance forces were formally Catholic organisations, but Catholics dominated other "independent groups" such as the Fiamme Verdi and Osoppo partisans, and there were also Catholic militants in the Garibaldi Brigades, such as Benigno Zaccagnini, who later served as a prominent Christian Democrat politician.[20] In Northern Italy, tensions between Catholics and communists in the movement led Catholics to form the Fiamme Verdi as a separate brigade of Christian Democrats.[21] After the war, the ideological divisions between former partisans re-emerged, becoming a hallmark of post-war Italian politics.[22][23]

## Examples of clerical fascism

Roman Catholic priest Jozef Tiso (right), who was president of the Slovak Republic, a client state of Nazi Germany Catholic prelates led by Archbishop Aloysius Stepinac at the funeral of Marko Došen, one of the senior Ustaše leaders, in September 1944

Examples of political movements involving certain elements of clerical fascism include:

* the Fatherland Front in Austria led by Austrian Catholic Chancellors Engelbert Dollfuss and Kurt Schuschnigg.
* the Rexist Party in Belgium led by Léon Degrelle, a Belgian Catholic.
* the Brazilian Integralist Action in Brazil led by Brazilian Catholic Plínio Salgado.
* the Nationalist Liberation Alliance in Argentina led by Juan Queraltó (es).
* the Ustaše movement led by Poglavnik and Prime Minister Ante Pavelić in the Independent State of Croatia[24] and its supporters in the Croatian Catholic Church.
* the Lapua Movement and the Patriotic People's Movement (IKL) in Finland led by the Lutherans (körtti) Vihtori Kosola and Vilho Annala respectively. Pastor Elias Simojoki led the IKL's youth organization the Blue-and-Blacks.
* the German Christians of the Nazi Party in Nazi Germany led by Ludwig Müller which attempted to unify German Protestants during the Kirchenkampf but failed.
* Metaxism and the 4th of August Regime in Greece which was led by Ioannis Metaxas and heavily supported the Greek Orthodox Church.
* National Synarchist Union in Mexico led by Mexican Catholic José Antonio Urquiza before his assassination in 1938, it was a revival of the Catholic reaction that drove the Cristero War; midcentury the movement would become the center of a conspiracy theory alleging its infiltration of various institutions under the name El Yunque.
* the National Radical Camp in Poland led by Boleslaw Piasecki, Henryk Rossman, Tadeusz Gluzinski and Jan Mosdorf which heavily incorporated Polish Catholicism into its ideology especially the Falangist faction.
* the National Union in Portugal led by Prime Ministers António de Oliveira Salazar and Marcelo Caetano.
* the National-Christian Defense League/Iron Guard of Romania, which was led by the devoutly Romanian Orthodox Corneliu Zelea Codreanu.
* the Serbian Action, an ultranationalist and clerical fascist[25] movement, active in Serbia since 2010.[26]
* the Slovak People's Party (Ľudaks) in Slovakia led by President Jozef Tiso, a Catholic priest.
* the FET y de las JONS of Spain led by Spanish Catholic Francisco Franco, which developed into National Catholicism.
* the Silver Legion of America in the United States led by William Dudley Pelley which combined American Christianity (specifically Protestantism) with American white nationalism.

The National Union in Portugal led by Prime Ministers António de Oliveira Salazar and Marcelo Caetano is not considered Fascist by historians such as Stanley G. Payne, Thomas Gerard Gallagher, Juan José Linz, António Costa Pinto, Roger Griffin, Robert Paxton and Howard J. Wiarda, though it is considered Fascist by historians such as Manuel de Lucena, Jorge Pais de Sousa, Manuel Loff, and Hermínio Martins.[27][28][29][30] One of Salazar's actions was to ban the National Syndicalists/Fascists. Salazar distanced himself from fascism and Nazism, which he criticized as a "pagan Caesarism" that recognised neither legal nor moral limits.[31]

Likewise, the Fatherland Front in Austria led by Austrian Catholic Chancellors Engelbert Dollfuss and Kurt Schuschnigg is often not regarded as a fully fascist party. It has been called semi-Fascist and even imitation Fascist. Dollfuss was murdered by the Nazis, shot in his office by the SS and left to bleed to death. His regime did initially receive support from Fascist Italy, which formed the Stresa Front with the United Kingdom and France.[citation needed]

Nonetheless, scholars who accept the use of the term clerical fascism debate about which of the listed examples should be dubbed "clerical fascist", with the Ustaše being the most widely included. In the examples which are cited above, the degree of official Catholic support and clerical influence over lawmaking and government varies. Moreover, several authors reject the concept of a clerical fascist régime, arguing that an entire fascist régime does not become "clerical" if elements of the clergy support it, while others are not prepared to use the term "clerical fascism" outside the context of what they call the fascist epoch, between the ends of the two world wars (1918–1945).[32]

Some scholars consider certain contemporary movements forms of clerical fascism, such as Christian Identity and Christian Reconstructionism in the United States ;[33] "the most virulent form" of Islamic fundamentalism,[34] Islamism;[35] and militant Hindu nationalism in India .[33]

The political theorist Roger Griffin warns against the "hyperinflation of clerical fascism".[36] According to Griffin, the use of the term "clerical fascism" should be limited to "the peculiar forms of politics that arise when religious clerics and professional theologians are drawn either into collusion with the secular ideology of fascism (an occurrence particularly common in interwar Europe); or, more rarely, manage to mix a theologically illicit cocktail of deeply held religious beliefs with a fascist commitment to saving the nation or race from decadence or collapse".[37] Griffin adds that "clerical fascism" "should never be used to characterize a political movement or a regime in its entirety, since it can at most be a faction within fascism", while he defines fascism as "a revolutionary, secular variant of ultranationalism bent on the total rebirth of society through human agency".[38]

In the case of the Slovak State, some scholars have rejected the use of the term clerical fascism as a label for the regime and they have particularly rejected its use as a label for Jozef Tiso.[39]

## See also

* Alois Hudal
* Catholic Church and Nazi Germany
* Christian fundamentalism
* Christian Identity
* Christian Nationalism
* Christian Nationalist Crusade
* Christian Party (United States, 1930s)
* Christian reconstructionism
* Christian right
* Christian Zionism
* Christofascism
* Criticism of Zionism
* Dominion theology
* Fundamentalism
* German Christians (Movement)
* Hindutva
* Islamic fundamentlism
* Islamism
* Islamofascism
* Jewish fundamentalism
* Kahanism
* Kinism
* Kirchenkampf
* National Union (Italy, 1923)
* Positive Christianity
* Religion in Nazi Germany
* Religious aspects of Nazism
* Religious views of Adolf Hitler
* Religious nationalism
* Ratlines (World War II aftermath)
* Theonomy
* Zionism

## References

1. ↑ Eatwell 2003.
2. ↑ Laqueur, Walter (2006-10-25). The Origins of Fascism: Islamic Fascism, Islamophobia, Antisemitism. Oxford University Press. http://www.laqueur.net/index2.php?r=2&rr=4&id=49.
3. ↑ Santulli, Carlo (2001). Filofascisti e Partito Popolare (1923-1926) [Philo-fascists and the People's Party (1923-1926)] (Thesis) (in italiano). Università di Roma - La Sapienza. p. 5.
4. ↑ Carlo Santulli, Id.
5. ↑ Trevor-Roper, H. R. (1981). "The Phenomenon of Fascism". in Woolf, S.. Fascism in Europe. London: Methuen. p. 26. , Cited in Eatwell (2003)
6. ↑ Feldman, Turda & Georgescu 2008.
7. ↑

> In the period following the signing of the 1929 Lateran Pact, which declared Catholicism as Italy's state religion in the context of a comprehensive regulation of Vatican and Italian government relations, Catholic cultural support for Mussolini is consolidated.

— Wiley Feinstein, The Civilization of the Holocaust in Italy: Poets, Artists, Saints, Anti-semites (2003), p. 19, London: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, ISBN 0-8386-3988-7

8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Kertzer, David I. (2014). The Pope and Mussolini: The Secret History of Pius XI and the Rise of Fascism in Europe. New York City: Random House. pp. 196–198. ISBN 978-0-8129-9346-2.
9. ↑ Pollard 2014, p. 49.
10. ↑ Pollard 2014, p. 61.
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 D.M. Smith 1982, p. 162–163
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Giordano, Alberto; Holian, Anna (2018). "The Holocaust in Italy". https://www.ushmm.org/learn/mapping-initiatives/geographies-of-the-holocaust/the-holocaust-in-italy. "In 1938, the Italian Fascist regime under Benito Mussolini enacted a series of racial laws that placed multiple restrictions on the country’s Jewish population. At the time the laws were enacted, it is estimated that about 46,000 Jews lived in Italy, of whom about 9,000 were foreign born and thus subject to further restrictions such as residence requirements. [...] Estimates suggest that between September 1943 and March 1945, about 10,000 Jews were deported. The vast majority perished, principally at Auschwitz."
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Pollard 2014, pp. 109–111.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Zanini, Paolo (2015). "Twenty years of persecution of Pentecostalism in Italy: 1935-1955". Journal of Modern Italian Studies (Taylor & Francis) 20 (5): 686–707. doi:10.1080/1354571X.2015.1096522. ; Zanini, Paolo (2017). "Il culmine della collaborazione antiprotestante tra Stato fascista e Chiesa cattolica: genesi e applicazione della circolare Buffarini Guidi" (in it). Società e Storia (FrancoAngeli) 155 (155): 139–165. doi:10.3280/SS2017-155006.
15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 "Risveglio Pentecostale" (in It). Assemblies of God in Italy. http://www.assembleedidio.org/RP-Speciale/.
16. ↑ See 'Scholars at the Vatican,' Commonweal, 4 December 1942, pp.187-188)
17. ↑ Gilbert (2004), pp. 307–308.
18. ↑ Gilbert (1986), p. 466.
19. ↑ Gilbert (2004), pp. 308, 311.
20. ↑ O'Reilly (2001), p. 178.
21. ↑ O'Reilly (2001), p. 218.
22. ↑ Clark, Simon (2018). "Post-War Italian Politics: Stasis and Chaos". Terror Vanquished: The Italian Approach to Defeating Terrorism. Arlington, Virginia: Center for Security Policy Studies at the Schar School of Policy and Government (George Mason University). pp. 30–42. ISBN 978-1-7329478-0-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=z2V9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA30.
23. ↑ Foot, John (March 2012). "The Legacy of the Italian Resistance". History Today 62 (3). http://www.historytoday.com/blog/2012/03/legacy-italian-resistance.
24. ↑ Biondich 2007b, p. 383-399.
25. ↑ Dijana Jelača, Maša Kolanović, Danijela Lugarić : The Cultural Life of Capitalism in Yugoslavia: (Post)Socialism and Its Other
26. ↑ Petrović, Predrag; Stakić, Isidora (29 May 2018). "Western Balkans: extremism research forum". British Council. pp. 9–10. https://www.britishcouncil.rs/sites/default/files/erf_report_serbia_2018.pdf.
27. ↑ Manuel de Lucena, Interpretações do Salazarismo, 1984
28. ↑ Jorge Pais de Sousa, O Fascismo Catedrático de Salazar, Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 2012
29. ↑ Loff, Manuel (2008) (in pt). O nosso século é Fascista! o mundo visto por Salazar e Franco (1936-1945). }}
30. ↑ Martins, Hermínio; Woolf, S. (1968). European Fascism.
31. ↑ Kay 1970, p. 68.
32. ↑ Griffin 2007, p. 213-227.
33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Berlet, Chip (2005). "Christian Identity: The Apocalyptic Style, Political Religion, Palingenesis, and Neo-Fascism". in Griffin, Roger. Fascism as a Totalitarian Movement. New York: Routledge. p. 196. ISBN 978-0-415-34793-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=uWfaAAAAQBAJ&q="christian+reconstructionism"+"clerical+fascism"&pg=PA196. Retrieved 23 November 2014. ""Lyons and I put Christian Identity into the category of clerical fascism, and we also included the militant theocratic Protestant movement called Christian Reconstructionism... a case can be made for... the Hindu nationalist (Hinduvata) Bharatiya Janata Party in India (which grew out of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Hindu religious movement).""
34. ↑ Berlet, Chip (2006). "When Alienation Turns Right: Populist Conspiracism, the Apocalyptic Style, and Neofascist Movements". in Langman, Lauren; Kalekin-Fishman, Devorah. The Evolution of Alienation: Trauma, Promise, and the Millennium. p. 130. ISBN 9780742518353. https://books.google.com/books?id=nIZctokjRlQC&q="islamic+fundamentalism"+"clerical+fascism"&pg=PA130. ""In the most virulent form, theocratic Islamic fundamentalism could be a form of clerical fascism (theocratic fascism built around existing institutionalized clerics). This is a disputed view...""
35. ↑ Mozaffari, Mehdi (March 2007). "What is Islamism? History and Definition of a Concept". Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions 8 (1): 17–33. doi:10.1080/14690760601121622. http://pure.au.dk/portal/files/22326292/What_is_Islamism_Totalitarian_Movements_article.pdf. Retrieved 23 November 2014. ""‘Clerical fascism’ is perhaps the nearest concept which comes closest to Islamism."".
36. ↑ Griffin 2007, p. 215.
37. ↑ Griffin 2007, p. 213.
38. ↑ Griffin 2007, p. 224.
39. ↑ Ward 2013, p. 267.

## Bibliography

* Walter K. Andersen. "Bharatiya Janata Party: Searching for the Hindu Nationalist Face", in The New Politics of the Right: Neo-Populist Parties and Movements in Established Democracies, ed. Hans-Georg Betz and Stefan Immerfall (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998), pp. 219-232\. ISBN 0-312-21134-1; ISBN 0-312-21338-7.
* Stefan Arvidsson. Aryan Idols: The Indo-European Mythology as Ideology and Science. (University of Chicago Press, 2006) ISBN 0-226-02860-7.
* Partha Banerjee, In the Belly of the Beast: The Hindu Supremacist RSS and BJP of India (Delhi: Ajanta, 1998). OCLC 43318775
* Biondich, Mark (2005). "Religion and Nation in Wartime Croatia: Reflections on the Ustaša Policy of Forced Religious Conversions, 1941–1942". The Slavonic and East European Review 83 (1): 71–116.
* Biondich, Mark (2007a). "Controversies Surrounding the Catholic Church in Wartime Croatia, 1941–45". The Independent State of Croatia 1941–45. Routledge. pp. 31–59. ISBN 9780415440554. https://books.google.com/books?id=6p1pAAAAMAAJ.
* Biondich, Mark (2007b). "Radical Catholicism and Fascism in Croatia, 1918–1945". Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions 8 (2): 383–399. doi:10.1080/14690760701321346.
* Charles Bloomberg and Saul Dubow, eds., Christian-Nationalism and the Rise of the Afrikaner Broederbond in South Africa, 1918–48 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989). ISBN 0-253-31235-3
* Braham, Randolph L.; Miller, Scott (2002). The Nazis Last Victims: The Holocaust in Hungary. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-2737-0.
* Bulajić, Milan (1994). The Role of the Vatican in the break-up of the Yugoslav State: The Mission of the Vatican in the Independent State of Croatia. Ustashi Crimes of Genocide. Belgrade: Stručna knjiga. https://books.google.com/books?id=GS4_OgAACAAJ.
* Bulajić, Milan (2002). Jasenovac: The Jewish-Serbian Holocaust (the role of the Vatican) in Nazi-Ustasha Croatia (1941-1945). Belgrade: Fund for Genocide Research, Stručna knjiga. ISBN 9788641902211. https://books.google.com/books?id=CgJnAAAAMAAJ.
* Cornwell, John (1999). Hitler's Pope: The Silence of Pius XII. London: Viking Books. ISBN 9780670876204. https://archive.org/details/hitlerspope00john. "editions:PeHUCuKZwW4C."
* Eatwell, Roger (2003). "Reflections on Fascism and Religion". http://staff.bath.ac.uk/mlsre/ReflectionsonFascismandReligion.htm.
* Ainslie T. Embree, "The Function of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh: To Define the Hindu Nation", in Accounting for Fundamentalisms, The Fundamentalism Project. 4th ed. Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby (Chicago: University of Chicago Press], 1994), pp. 617-652\. ISBN 0-226-50885-4.
* Falconi, Carlo (1970). The Silence of Pius XII. Boston and Toronto: Little, Brown, and Company. https://archive.org/details/silenceofpiusxii00falc.
* Feldman, Matthew; Turda, Marius; Georgescu, Tudor, eds (2008). Clerical Fascism in Interwar Europe. Routledge. ISBN 9781317968993. https://books.google.com/books?id=KcfhAQAAQBAJ.
* Gilbert, Martin (1986). The Holocaust: the Jewish tragedy. Collins. ISBN 0-00-216305-5. https://archive.org/details/holocaustjewisht0000gilb.
* Gilbert, Martin (2004). The Righteous: The Unsung Heroes of the Holocaust. Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 978-1-4299-0036-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=1mQBeR9F0isC&pg=PP1.
* Griffin, Roger, ed (2005). Fascism, Totalitarianism and Political Religion. Routledge. ISBN 9781136871689. https://books.google.com/books?id=uWfaAAAAQBAJ.
* Griffin, Roger (2007). "The 'Holy Storm': 'Clerical fascism' through the Lens of Modernism". Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions 8 (2): 213–227. doi:10.1080/14690760701321130.
* Juergensmeyer, Mark (1993). The New Cold War?: Religious Nationalism Confronts the Secular State. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-08651-1.
* Kay, Hugh (1970). Salazar And Modern Portugal. Hawthorn Books. ISBN 9783785700785. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.117820.
* Kertzer, David I. (2014). The Pope and Mussolini: The Secret History of Pius XI and the Rise of Fascism in Europe. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198716167. https://books.google.com/books?id=Xc3QAgAAQBAJ.
* Laqueur, Walter (1966). Fascism: Past, Present, Future. New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-19-511793-X
* Nicholas M. Nagy-Talavera, The Green Shirts and the Others: A History of Fascism in Hungary and Romania. Iaşi and Oxford: The Center for Romanian Studies, 2001. ISBN 973-9432-11-5.
* Nelis, Jan; Morelli, Anne; Praet, Danny, eds (2015). Catholicism and Fascism in Europe 1918–1945. Georg Olms. ISBN 9783487421278. https://books.google.com/books?id=Z41wCQAAQBAJ.
* Novak, Viktor (2011). Magnum Crimen: Half a Century of Clericalism in Croatia. 1b. Jagodina: Gambit. ISBN 9788676240494. https://books.google.com/books?id=b1jyvQAACAAJ.
* Novak, Viktor (2011). Magnum Crimen: Half a Century of Clericalism in Croatia. 2. Jagodina: Gambit. ISBN 9788676240494. https://books.google.com/books?id=vF9GMwEACAAJ.
* O'Reilly, Charles T. (2001). Forgotten Battles: Italy's War of Liberation, 1943–1945b. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-0195-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=2LBvZPXmmqoC&pg=PA218.
* Walid Phares, Lebanese Christian Nationalism: The Rise and Fall of an Ethnic Resistance (Boulder, Col.: L. Rienner, 1995). ISBN 1-55587-535-1
* Phayer, Michael (2000). The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930–1965. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253337252. https://archive.org/details/catholicchurchho00phay.
* Phayer, Michael (2008). Pius XII, the Holocaust, and the Cold War. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253349309. https://books.google.com/books?id=CgTZAAAAMAAJ.
* Pollard, John F. (2008). "Clerical Fascism: Context, Overview and Conclusion". Clerical Fascism in Interwar Europe. London-New York: Routledge. pp. 221–234. ISBN 9781317968993. https://books.google.com/books?id=KcfhAQAAQBAJ.
* Pollard, John F. (2014). The Vatican and Italian Fascism, 1929-32: A Study in Conflict. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-26870-7.
* Rhodes, Anthony (1973). The Vatican in the Age of the Dictators 1922–1945. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN 9780030077364. https://archive.org/details/vaticaninageof00rhod.
* Rivelli, Marco Aurelio (1998) (in fr). Le génocide occulté: État Indépendant de Croatie 1941–1945. Lausanne: L'age d'Homme. ISBN 9782825111529. https://books.google.com/books?id=QwBnceJfwgUC.
* Rivelli, Marco Aurelio (1999) (in it). L'arcivescovo del genocidio: Monsignor Stepinac, il Vaticano e la dittatura ustascia in Croazia, 1941-1945. Milano: Kaos. ISBN 9788879530798. https://books.google.com/books?id=NQtnAAAAMAAJ.
* Rivelli, Marco Aurelio (2002) (in it). "Dio è con noi!": La Chiesa di Pio XII complice del nazifascismo. Milano: Kaos. ISBN 9788879531047. https://books.google.com/books?id=pwPZAAAAMAAJ.
* Rothkirchen, Livia (1989). "Vatican Policy and the 'Jewish Problem' in Independent Slovakia (1939–1945)". in Marrus, Michael R.. The Nazi Holocaust. 3. Wesport: Meckler. pp. 1306–1332. ISBN 0-88736-255-9. or ISBN 0-88736-256-7
* Rychlak, Ronald J. (2010). Hitler, the War, and the Pope (Revised and expanded ed.). South Bend: Our Sunday Visitor. ISBN 9781612781969. https://books.google.com/books?id=XmD8CwAAQBAJ.
* Schindley, Wanda; Makara, Petar, eds (2005). Jasenovac: Proceedings of the First International Conference and Exhibit on the Jasenovac Concentration Camps. Dallas Publishing. ISBN 9780912011646. https://books.google.com/books?id=pAJnAAAAMAAJ.
* Volovici, Leon (1991). Nationalist Ideology and Antisemitism: The Case of Romanian Intellectuals in the 1930s. Oxford: Pergamon Press. ISBN 0-08-041024-3.
* Ward, James Mace (2013) (in en). Priest, Politician, Collaborator: Jozef Tiso and the Making of Fascist Slovakia. Ithaka: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-6812-4.
* Various authors, ‘Clerical Fascism’ in Interwar Europe, special issue of Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions, Volume 8, Issue 2, 2007.

* v
* t
* e

Religion in politics

General concepts

* Anti-clericalism
* Anticlericalism and Freemasonry
* Caesaropapism
* Clericalism
* Clerical fascism
* Confessionalism
* Divine rule
* Engaged Spirituality
* Feminist theology
* Thealogy
* Womanist theology
* Identity politics
* Political religion
* Progressive Reconstructionism
* Religious anarchism
* Religious anti-Masonry
* Religious anti-Zionism
* Religious communism
* Religious humanism
* Religious law
* Religious nationalism
* Religious pacifism
* Religion and peacebuilding
* Religious police
* Religious rejection of politics
* Religious segregation
* Religious separatism
* Religious socialism
* Religious views on same-sex marriage
* Secularism
* Secular religion
* Separation of church and state
* Spiritual left
* State atheism
* State religion
* Theocracy
* Theonomy

Christianity and politics

* Blaine Amendment
* Christian anarchism
* Christian anti-communism
* Christian anti-Masonry
* Papal ban
* Christian anti-Zionism
* Christian communism
* Christian corporatism
* Christian democracy
* Christian egalitarianism
* Christian environmentalism
* Evangelical environmentalism
* Christian fascism
* German Christians
* National Catholicism
* Positive Christianity
* Protestant Reich Church
* Christian feminism
* Mormon feminism
* Christian humanism
* Christian law
* Christian left
* Evangelical left
* Christian libertarianism
* Christian pacifism
* Christian peacemaking
* Christian reconstructionism
* Christian republic
* Christian right
* Christian socialism
* In Utah
* Christian state
* Christian Zionism
* Cisalpinism
* Dominion Theology
* Febronianism
* Gallicanism
* Liberation theology
* Papal state
* Pillarisation
* Political Catholicism
* Relations between the Catholic Church and the state
* In Argentina
* Sphere sovereignty
* Subsidiarity
* Temporal power
* Theodemocracy
* Ultramontanism
* Neo-ultramontanism

Islam and politics

* Hui pan-nationalism
* Human Rights in Islam
* Imamate
* Islamic anarchism
* Islamic anti-Masonry
* Islamic anti-Zionism
* Islamic democracy
* Islamic fascism
* Islamic feminism
* Sharia law
* by country
* Islamic nationalism
* In Pakistan
* In South Asia
* Islamic pacifism
* Islamic republic
* Islamic socialism
* Islamic state
* Islamic Zionism
* Islamism
* Criticism
* Islamization
* Khilafat
* Petro-Islam
* Political quietism
* Taliban
* Talibanization
* Two-nation theory

Judaism and politics

* Halachic state
* Jewish anarchism
* Jewish anti-Zionism
* Haredim
* Jewish Autonomism
* Jewish democracy
* Jewish fascism
* Kahanism
* Revisionist Maximalism
* Jewish feminism
* Jewish law
* Jewish left
* Jewish pacifism
* Jewish political movements
* Jewish right
* Jewish secularism
* Jewish socialism
* Bundism
* Humanistic Judaism
* Poale Zion
* Religious Zionism
* World Agudath Israel

Hinduism and politics

* Akhand Bharat
* Hindu feminism
* Gandhism
* Hindu law
* Hindu modernism
* Hindu nationalism
* Hindutva
* Hindu Rashtra
* Panun Kashmir
* Bangabhumi
* Hindu revolution
* Hindu revivalism
* Hindu environmentalism
* Integral humanism
* Indigenous Aryans
* Rama Rajya
* Saffronisation
* Shuddhi
* Uniform civil code

Buddhism and politics

* Buddhists anti-communism
* Buddhist feminism
* Buddhist law
* Buddhist modernism
* Buddhist nationalism
* 969 Movement
* Nichirenism
* Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
* Buddhist socialism
* Engaged Buddhism
* Humanistic Buddhism
* Secular Buddhism

Other

* American civil religion
* Imperial cult
* Ancient Rome
* Gottgläubig
* Khalistan movement
* Neopaganist feminism
* Religious aspects of Nazism
* Creativity (religion)
* Nazi Satanism
* Personality cult
* State Shinto

0.00

(0 votes)

|

Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Social:Clerical_fascism&oldid=1000100"
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template