Collaborative consumption

Part of series on

Anti-consumerism

Theories and ideas

* Affluenza
* Alternative culture
* Anti-capitalism
* Autonomous building
* Billboard hacking
* Bioeconomics
* Buddhist economics
* Buy Nothing Day
* Collaborative consumption
* Collapsology
* Commodification
* Commodity fetishism
* Commons
* Commune
* Compulsive buying disorder
* Conspicuous consumption
* Consumer capitalism
* Consumerism
* Criticism of advertising
* Culture jamming
* Degrowth
* Do it yourself
* DIY ethic
* Downshifting
* Earth Overshoot Day
* Ecological economics
* Ecovillage
* Ethical consumerism
* Environmental justice
* Feminist political ecology
* Freeganism
* Gift economy
* Green consumption
* Hyperconsumerism
* Local food
* Microgeneration
* Overconsumption
* Planned obsolescence
* Political ecology
* Post-consumerism
* Post-growth
* Post-normal science
* Right to repair
* Self-organization
* Simple living
* Slow Food
* Spectacle
* Steady-state economy
* Subvertising
* Sustainable consumer behaviour
* Sustainable consumption

Notable works

* Walden
* The Theory of the Leisure Class
* Brave New World
* The Affluent Society
* One-Dimensional Man
* The Society of the Spectacle (book * film)
* The Consumer Society: Myths and Structures (fr)
* Steal This Book
* Small Is Beautiful
* To Have or to Be?
* Future Primitive and Other Essays
* Fight Club (novel * film)
* Escape from Affluenza
* No Logo
* Profit over People: Neoliberalism
and Global Order

* The Cultural Creatives
* Affluenza: The All-Consuming Epidemic
* Evasion
* The Corporation
* Surplus: Terrorized into Being Consumers
* So, What's Your Price?
* What Would Jesus Buy?

Organizations and groups

* Adbusters
* Crass
* CrimethInc.
* Deep Green Resistance
* Democracy Now!
* Earth Liberation Front
* Fifth Estate
* Freecycle
* Green Anarchy
* Institute for Social Ecology
* Monthly Review
* Rage Against the Machine
* Reverend Billy
* The Venus Project
* The Yes Men
* 350.org

People

* André Amar
* André Gorz
* Bruno Clémentin
* Donella Meadows
* Edward Goldsmith
* E. F. Schumacher
* Erich Fromm
* Federico Demaria
* Filka Sekulova
* François Schneider
* Giacomo D’Alisa
* Giorgios Kallis
* Henry David Thoreau
* Ivan Illich
* Ivo Rens
* Jacques Grinevald
* Jean Baudrillard
* John Ruskin
* Mauro Bonaiuti
* Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen
* Noam Chomsky
* Paul Ariès
* Paul Goodman
* Pierre Rabhi
* Serge Latouche
* Vincent Cheynet

Related social movements

* Alter-globalization
* Amateurism
* Anarcho-communism
* Anarcho-primitivism
* Anarcho-punk
* Anti-capitalism
* Anti-corporate activism
* Anti-globalization movement
* Diggers (theater)
* Ecofeminism
* Eco-socialism
* Environmentalism
* Feminism
* Food Not Bombs
* Green anarchism
* Green left
* Green politics
* Hippie
* Libertarian socialism
* Neo-Luddism
* New Left
* Occupy Wall Street
* Postmodernism
* Punk
* Situationists
* Slow movement
* Social anarchism
* Social ecology

See also

* Works about consumerism
* Advanced capitalism
* Advertising
* Barter
* Capitalism
* Consumer behaviour
* Consumption (economics)
* Consumption (sociology)
* Cooperative
* Counterculture
* Cultural hegemony
* Ecological economics
* Economic materialism
* Economic problems
* Frugality
* Green economy
* Gross National Happiness
* Heterodox economics
* Influence of mass media
* Informal sector
* Intentional community
* Left-wing politics
* McDonaldization
* Mutual aid
* Natural resource economics
* Non-monetary economy
* Permaculture
* Post-materialism
* Productivism
* Shopping
* Social movements
* Subsistence economy
* Sustainability
* Sweatshops
* Veblen good
* Workaholic

* v
* t
* e

Collaborative consumption is the set of those resource circulation systems in which consumers both "obtain" and "provide", temporarily or permanently, valuable resources or services through direct interaction with other consumers or through a mediator. It is sometimes paired with the concept of the "sharing economy".[1][2] Collaborative consumption is not new; it has always existed (e.g. in the form of flea markets, swap meets, garage sales, car boot sales, and second-hand shops).[3][4]

In 2011, collaborative consumption was named one of Time (magazine) magazine's 10 ideas that will change the world.[5]

## Contents

* 1 Definition
* 2 Importance
* 3 Consumer two-sided role
* 4 Collaborative intensity
* 4.1 Pure collaboration
* 4.2 Sourcing collaboration
* 4.3 Trading collaboration
* 5 Types
* 5.1 Product-service systems
* 5.2 Redistribution markets
* 5.3 Collaborative lifestyles
* 6 See also
* 7 References

## Definition

The first detailed explanation of collaborative consumption in the modern era was in a paper from Marcus Felson and Joe L. Spaeth in 1978.[6] It has regained a new impetus through information technology, especially Web 2.0, mobile technology, and social media.[7]

A June 2018 study,[8] using bibliometrics and network analysis, analyzed the evolution of scholarly research on collaborative consumption, and identified that this expression started in 2010 with Botsman and Rogers' (2010) book What's Mine is Yours: The Rise of Collaborative Consumption. The number of studies published on the subject then increased in 2014. There are four clusters of research: 1) exploration and conceptualization of collaborative consumption; 2) consumer behavior and marketing empiricism; 3) mutualization and sharing systems; 4) sustainability in the collaborative economy. The analysis suggests that this last cluster was under-researched in contrast to the three others, but started to increase in importance after 2017.

Collaborative consumption contrasts with conventional consumption or traditional consumption.[9] Conventional consumption involves passive consumers who cannot, or are not given the capacity to, provide any resource or service. In contrast, collaborative consumption involves not mere "consumers" but "obtainers", who do not only "obtain" but also "provide" resources to others (e.g. consumers, organizations, governments).[2] Consumers' capacity to switch roles from "provider" to "obtainer" and from "obtainer" to "provider", in a given resource distribution system, distinguishes conventional consumption from collaborative consumption.[citation needed]

Rachel Botsman, co-author of What's Mine Is Yours: The Rise of Collaborative Consumption, defines collaborative consumption—also known as "shared consumption"—as "traditional sharing, bartering, lending, trading, renting, gifting, and swapping redefined through technology and peer communities."[10] She states that we are reinventing "not just what we consume – but how we consume."[10] Botsman uses the example of a power drill to make her case for collaborative consumption: power drills are inherently underused since "what [is needed] is the hole, not the drill",[10] so, instead, we should share goods such as these. For another example, cars cost at least $8,000 per year to run, even though they sit parked roughly 96 percent of the time.

Botsman defines three systems that constitute collaborative consumption: Distribution markets where services match haves and wants so that personal unused assets can be redistributed where they will be put to better use. Collaborative lifestyles allow people to share resources like money, skills, and time; this is best explained as the sharing of intangible resources. Product service systems provide the benefits of a product without having to own it outright; instead of buying products that are used to fulfill specific purposes, they can be shared. These different systems bring about change in society by providing new employment opportunities, including ways for people to earn money peer-to-peer, and decreasing the ecological impact on the environment.[10] At TEDGlobal2012 Botsman asserted that the concept of trust, across multiple platforms, would constitute the currency of a new collaborative economy, saying that "reputation capital creates a massive positive disruption in who has power, influence and trust."[11]

## Importance

The sharing economy is built on the sharing of underused assets, both tangible and intangible. If people start sharing underused resources or services, this will decrease not only their material waste but also their waste of resources.

There are broadly two forms of collaborative consumption:

1. Mutualization or access systems: resource distribution systems in which individuals provide and obtain temporary access to resources, either free or for a fee.[12] Marketer-managed access schemes (e.g. Car2Go, Zipcar, Bixi) do not allow individuals to source resources,[1][13][14] and are therefore not mutualization systems, whereas peer-to-peer renting sites [1][15] or even toy-lending libraries,[16] which allow consumers to provide resources, are.
2. Redistribution systems: resource distribution systems in which individuals may provide and obtain resources permanently, either free or for a fee.[1][17]

Focusing on redistribution systems only, the Canadian-based "Kijiji Secondhand Economy Index" of 2016,[18] estimated that about 85% of consumers acquired or disposed of pre-owned goods through second-hand marketplaces (second-hand purchase and resale), donation, or barter, through either online or offline exchange channels. According to the "Kijiji Secondhand Economy Index" of 2015, the Canadian second-hand market alone was estimated at 230 billion dollars.[19]

In addition, for-profit mutualization platforms, commonly referred to as "commercial peer-to-peer mutualization systems" (CPMS) or, more colloquially, the sharing economy, represented a global market worth 15 billion dollars in 2014; 29 billion dollars in 2015; and are expected to reach 335 billion dollars by 2025.[20]

Many thinkers[who?] believe that collaborative economy, particularly in its commons-based peer production aspect, can cause major changes to the economic system of capitalism and reduce worldwide inequality.[21]: 8

## Consumer two-sided role

Collaborative consumption challenges business scholars and practitioners alike because it induces a two-sided consumer role which goes beyond the classic notion of a buyer/consumer, who typically has no input in the production or distribution process.[22] Companies have traditionally sold products and services to consumers; they now start pulling on[clarification needed] their resources too through co-creation[23] or prosumption.[22] According to Scaraboto,[clarification needed] this means that individuals are able to "switch roles, engage in embedded entrepreneurship and collaborate to produce and access resources".[24] Collaborative consumption is characterized by consumers' capacity to be both "providers" and "obtainers" of resources in a given "resource circulation system". A collaborative consumption system means therefore a resource circulation system in which the individual is not only a mere "consumer" but also an obtainer who has the opportunity to endorse, if wanted or needed, a "provider" role (e.g. Kijiji, Craigslist, eBay), as follows:[2]

* Obtainer – The individual who seeks to obtain a resource or service that is provided directly by another consumer (i.e. the provider), or indirectly through the mediation of an organization known as the "mediator", which may be for-profit (e.g. IKEA's used furniture sales) or not-for-profit (e.g. The Salvation Army);
* Provider – The individual who provides a resource or service either directly to a consumer (i.e. the obtainer), or indirectly, through a "mediator" (for-profit or not-for-profit).

Through collaborative consumption, consumers become part of the value creation process, not as formal workers, employees, or suppliers, but as informal suppliers (i.e. providers).[25] Organizations also tap into the sphere of private assets and skills, as formal organizations and not as family, friends, or acquaintances, to make profits or reach other objectives.[7] The practices obtainers and providers may engage in are therefore classified into:[2]

* Obtainment – entails second-hand purchase, reception of donation, barter, temporary access to resources, free or for a compensation (excluding conventional consumption rentals), reconditioned/refurbished consumption, and to a lesser extent, recycled consumption;
* Provision – involves second-hand sale, donation, barter, provision of temporary access to resources free or in exchange of a compensation, trade in (i.e. with an organization), and to a lesser extent, recycling.

Consumers may exchange resources and services directly with or without the support of an "intermediary" (an entity that facilitates the exchange between obtainer and provider[2] such as Kijiji, Freecycle, Yerdle). In these exchanges, the consumers set the terms and conditions of the exchange, in pure collaboration. There are also other types of third-parties that are more heavily involved in the consumer-to-consumer relationship. These are called "mediators" and they determine the terms and conditions of the exchange between consumers and typically take for themselves a predetermined proportion of the amount of value being exchanged.[2] Examples include second-hand stores to which consumers may donate or resell goods that are then subsequently resold to other consumers. Some platforms such as Uber, Airbnb, TaskRabbit, or Lending Club are also in this category. The intervention of mediators in a peer-to-peer relationship signals sourcing collaboration and its corollary, trading collaboration (see below).

## Collaborative intensity

Collaborative consumption can be conceived of as a "resource circulation system"[12] incurring different levels of collaborative intensity, namely:

1. Pure collaboration (C2C, or Consumer-to-Consumer)
2. Sourcing collaboration (C2O, or Consumer-to-Organization)
3. Trading collaboration (O2C, or Organization-to-Consumer)

A mediating or intermediary organization may be a for-profit or a not-for-profit:[2]

Characteristics | Pure collaboration | Sourcing collaboration | Trading collaboration

|
|
|

Process | Both the obtainer and the provider are consumers who exchange a resource | The provider provides a resource or service to the obtainer through a mediator | The obtainer obtains a resource or service from the provider through a mediator
Process example | The secondhand purchase/sale of a television set at a flea market | Resale of a television set to a secondhand electronics shop | A consumer purchases the television set from the secondhand electronics shop
Exchange type | C2C | C2O | O2C
Consumer role | Obtainer and provider | Provider | Obtainer
Presence of facilitators (e.g. Web platform) | Yes | Yes | Yes
Presence of mediator | No | Yes | Yes

### Pure collaboration

Pure collaboration[2] involves direct P2P exchanges, in which consumers directly exchange a specific resource or service. For example, on online platforms such as classified ads or auctions websites, consumers directly provide and obtain resources or services. Although these online platforms are intermediates they are not "mediators", because consumers are free to devise the terms and conditions of distribution and consumption of the resource or service together, whereas mediators interfere in the devising. In sum, mediators are intermediates but not all intermediates are necessarily mediators. For example, the Canadian-based carpool website Amigo Express does not allow obtainers (riders) and providers (drivers) to get into contact to arrange the terms of the ride. Rather, each agent needs to separately contact and pay a fee to the website in order to, respectively, obtain and provide the service. Amigo Express is, therefore, an intermediate that is a mediator. Conversely, using TheCarpoolingNetwork enables consumers to arrange themselves the terms and conditions of the exchange, and so the website acts as a facilitator, not as a mediator. Most C2C websites are online platforms and operate on the freemium model, where the use of the website is free, but premium features must be paid for (e.g. Craigslist).[24] Others have a donationware mode of exchange, whereby website use is free but financial donations are requested or accepted to offset production and maintenance costs (e.g. The Khan Academy).[24]

### Sourcing collaboration

Sourcing collaboration[2] New technologies have sparked entrepreneurial creativity to develop new breeds of intermediates.[clarification needed] They[who?] claim to challenge conventional business, and they do so, because they operate business differently, without delivering or producing anything by themselves, but by capitalizing on the logics of crowdsourcing to do so. Sourcing collaboration, therefore, means that organizations do not provide a resource or deliver a service to consumers by themselves, but rely on providers (i.e. consumers) to do either. They benefit from the internet to mediate, at a cost and more efficiently, exchanges that would otherwise be authentically C2C exchanges. As an example, sourcing collaboration may refer to refurbished or reconditioned products, sold by conventional organizations, but provided by consumers (i.e. providers) who were, for some reason, dissatisfied with the products in question. Other examples include consumer provision of resources to antique dealers, consignment shops or Amazon's Fulfillment By Amazon (FBA) program. Similarly, online platforms that take a percentage commission (e.g. Uber, Instacart, TaskRabbit, Airbnb), actually outsource the fulfillment of specific tasks or jobs to consumer A in order to efficiently redistribute those to consumer B. Also, a tangible resource may circulate across multiple organizations (intermediates) from the provider to the obtainer. For example, a car sold by a consumer to a professional car dealer may then be sold and resold by several other car dealers, before being eventually resold to a consumer.[citation needed]

### Trading collaboration

Trading collaboration[2] is the symmetrical opposite of "sourcing collaboration", in that it refers to the obtainer who enjoys a resource mediated by an organization but originally provided by another consumer (i.e. provider) via sourcing collaboration. The obtainer thus benefits from a resource that has been originally sourced by a provider to a mediator. The mediator, in turn, offers the provider's resource to the obtainer, usually—but not exclusively—at a cost, which will be fully, partially, or not at all returned to the original provider. In contrast to conventional consumption where the resource being enjoyed originates from a company, trading collaboration presupposes that the resource enjoyed by the obtainer has originally been sourced by another consumer. For example, trading collaboration occurs when consumer B obtains a cheaper refurbished iPhone that has been traded into Best Buy by consumer A. Or it occurs when consumer B enjoys the delivery of her groceries by consumer A, through the Instacart crowdsourcing application.[citation needed]

## Types

Examples of Commons-based peer production (CBPP) communities, aka P2P communities

Collaborative consumption is a sort of economic arrangement in which participants mutualize access to products or services, in addition to finding original ways to individual ownership.[26][27] The phenomenon stems from consumers' desire to be in control of their consumption instead of "passive 'victims' of hyperconsumption".[28]

The collaborative consumption model is used in online marketplaces such as eBay as well as emerging sectors such as social lending, peer-to-peer accommodation, peer-to-peer travel experiences,[29] peer-to-peer task assignments or travel advising, and carsharing or commuting-bus sharing.[28]

In 2010, Botsman and Rogers identified three resource circulation systems within collaborative consumption or the sharing economy: product-service systems, redistribution markets, and collaborative lifestyles.

### Product-service systems

Main article: Finance:Product-service system

Product-service systems are commercial peer-to-peer mutualization systems (CPMS), that allow consumers to engage in monetized exchanges through Social peer-to-peer processes for temporary access to goods. Consumers can share or rent out goods that they privately own by means of peer-to-peer marketplaces.[30] For example, BMW's "DriveNow", established in 2011, is a car rental service that offers an alternative to owning a car. Users can access a car when and where they need one and pay for their usage by the minute.[31] A variety of traditional companies now also offer sharing services.[32]

### Redistribution markets

A system of collaborative consumption is based on used or pre-owned goods being passed on from someone who does not want them to someone who does want them. This is another alternative to the more common 'reduce, reuse, recycle, repair' methods of dealing with waste. In some markets, the goods may be free, as on The Freecycle Network, Zwaggle, or Kashless.org. In others, the goods are swapped (as on Swap.com) or sold for cash (as on eBay, craigslist, and uSell).

### Collaborative lifestyles

Collaborative lifestyles refer to community-based platforms that allow consumers to engage in monetized exchanges through social peer-to-peer processes for services or access to resources such as money or skills.[33] In these systems, people with similar needs or interests band together to mutualize and exchange less-tangible assets such as time, space, skills, and money. The growth of mobile technology enables location-based GPS technology and real-time sharing.[34]

## See also

* Sharing – online platforms for collaborative consumption of media

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Taeihagh, Araz (2017-06-19). "Crowdsourcing, Sharing Economies, and Development". Journal of Developing Societies 33 (2): 191–222. doi:10.1177/0169796x17710072.
2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 Ertz, Myriam; Durif, Fabien; Arcand, Manon (2016). "Collaborative consumption or the rise of the two-sided consumer". International Journal of Business and Management 4 (6): 195–209.
3. ↑ Belk, Russell; Sherry, John; Wallendorf, Melanie (1988). "A naturalistic inquiry into buyer and elle behavior at a swap meet". Journal of Consumer Research 14 (4): 449–470. doi:10.1086/209128.
4. ↑ Stone, Jonathan; Horne, Suzanne; Hibbert, Sally (1996). "Car boot sales: a study of shopping motives in an alternative retail format". International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management 24 (11): 4. doi:10.1108/09590559610131682.
5. ↑ "10 Ideas That Will Change The World". Time (magazine). March 17, 2011. http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2059521_2059717_2059710,00.html.
6. ↑ Felson, Marcus (1978). "Structure and Collaborative Consumption: A Routine Activity Approach". American Behavioral Scientist 21 (4): 61. doi:10.1177/000276427802100411.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Ritzer, George (2014). "Prosumption: Evolution, revolution, or eternal return of the same?". Journal of Consumer Culture 14 (1): 3–24. doi:10.1177/1469540513509641.
8. ↑ Ertz, Myriam; Leblanc-Proulx, Sébastien (2018). "Sustainability in the sharing economy: A bibliometric analysis reveals emerging interest". Journal of Cleaner Production 196: 1073–1085. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.06.095. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325760427.
9. ↑ Belk, Russell (2014). "You are what you can access: Sharing and collaborative consumption online". Journal of Business Research 67 (8): 1595–1600. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2013.10.001. http://collaborativeeconomy.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Belk-R.2014.-You-are-what-you-can-access-Sharing-and-collaborative-consumption-online.Journal-of-Business-Research.pdf. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 "The Case For Collaborative Consumption". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AQa3kUJPEko.
11. ↑ "TED Blog / Trusting in strangers: Rachel Botsman at TEDGlobal2012" (WebCite archive), TEDGlobal2012, Edinburgh, Scotland, June 28, 2012. Video posted September 24, 2012.
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Arnould, Eric J.; Rose, Alexanders S. (2016). "Mutuality: Critique and substitute for Belk's "sharing"". Marketing Theory 16 (1): 75–99. doi:10.1177/1470593115572669. [|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
13. ↑ Bardhi, Fleura; Eckhardt, Giana M. (2012). "Access-based consumption: The case of car sharing". Journal of Consumer Research 39 (4): 881–898. doi:10.1086/666376.
14. ↑ Lamberton, Cait Ponor; Rose, Randall L. (2012). "When is ours better than mine? A framework for understanding and altering participation in commercial sharing systems". Journal of Marketing 76 (4): 109–125. doi:10.1509/jm.10.0368. http://www.chilleesys.com/scp/assets/Poynor Lamberton.pdf. Retrieved 27 June 2016.
15. ↑ Philip, Heather E.; Ozanne, Lucie K.; Ballantine, Paul W. (2015). "Examining temporary disposition and acquisition in peer-to-peer renting". Journal of Marketing Management 31 (11–12): 1310–1332. doi:10.1080/0267257X.2015.1013490. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276830753.
16. ↑ Ozanne, Lucie K.; Ballantine, Paul W. (2010). "Sharing as a form of anti-consumption? An examination of toy library users". Journal of Consumer Behaviour 9 (6): 485–498. doi:10.1002/cb.334. http://docs.business.auckland.ac.nz/Doc/Sharing-as-a-form-of-anti-consumption-Ozanne-and-Ballantine-JCB-2010.pdf. Retrieved 27 June 2016.
17. ↑ Botsman, Rachel; Rogers, Roo (2010). What's Mine is Yours: The Rise of Collaborative Consumption. New York: Penguin Books.
18. ↑ "The Kijiji Secondhand Economy Index 2016". http://secondhandeconomy.kijiji.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Kijiji-Index-Report-2016.pdf.
19. ↑ "The Kijiji Secondhand Economy Index 2015". http://secondhandeconomy.kijiji.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Kijiji-Index.pdf.
20. ↑ "The Sharing Economy". https://www.pwc.com/us/en/technology/publications/assets/pwc-consumer-intelligence-series-the-sharing-economy.pdf.
21. ↑ Dariusz Jemielniak; Aleksandra Przegalinska (18 February 2020). Collaborative Society. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-35645-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=yLDMDwAAQBAJ.
22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Ritzer, George (2014). "Prosumption: Evolution, revolution, or eternal return of the same?". Journal of Consumer Culture 14 (1): 3. doi:10.1177/1469540513509641.
23. ↑ Prahalad, Coimbatore; Ramaswamy, Venkat (2004). "Co-creation experiences: The next practice in value creation". Journal of Interactive Marketing 18 (3): 5. doi:10.1002/dir.20015. https://wiki.aalto.fi/download/attachments/58076597/experiences.pdf.
24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Scaraboto, Daiane (2015). "Selling, sharing, and everything in between: The hybrid economies of collaborative networks". Journal of Consumer Research 42 (1): 152–176. doi:10.1093/jcr/ucv004.
25. ↑ Ritzer, George (2014). "Prosumption: Evolution, revolution, or eternal return of the same?". Journal of Consumer Culture 14 (1): 3–24. doi:10.1177/1469540513509641.
26. ↑ Hamari, Juho; Sjöklint, Mimmi; Ukkonen, Antti (2016). "The Sharing Economy: Why People Participate in Collaborative Consumption". Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology 67 (9): 2047–2059. doi:10.1002/asi.23552. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/255698095.
27. ↑ Ertz, Myriam; Durif, Fabien; Arcand, Manon (2019). "A conceptual perspective on collaborative consumption". Academy of Marketing Science Review 9 (1–2): 27–41. doi:10.1007/s13162-018-0121-3.
28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Botsman, Rachel; Rogers, Roo (2011). What's Mine is Yours: How Collaborative Consumption is Changing the Way We Live (Rev. and updated ed.). London: Collins. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-00-739591-0.
29. ↑ "From homes to meals to cars, 'sharing' has changed the face of travel". Chicago Tribune. December 16, 2015. https://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/travel/sc-trav-1229-sharing-economy-20151216-story.html.
30. ↑ Botsman, Rachel; Rogers, Roo (October 2010). "Beyond Zipcar: Collaborative Consumption". Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2010/10/beyond-zipcar-collaborative-consumption.
31. ↑ Boeriu, Horatiu (March 21, 2011). "DriveNow: BMW and Sixt Joint Venture for premium car sharing". BMW. https://www.bmwblog.com/2011/03/21/bmw-and-sixt-establish-drivenow-joint-venture-for-premium-car-sharing/.
32. ↑ Frey, Alexander; Trenz, Manuel; Veit, Daniel (2019-05-29). "Three Differentiation Strategies forCompeting in the Sharing Economy". MIS Quarterly Executive 18 (2): 143–156. doi:10.17705/2msqe.00013. ISSN 1540-1960. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:384-opus4-710073.
33. ↑ Ertz, Myriam; Lecompte, Agnes; Durif, Fabien (2016). "It's not my fault, I am in the right: Exploration of neutralization in the justification of the support and use of a controversial technological collaborative consumption service". Technological Forecasting & Social Change 134: 254–264. doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2018.06.032. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326046153.
34. ↑ Owyang, Jeremiah (24 February 2015). "The mobile technology stack for the Collaborative Economy". VentureBeat. https://venturebeat.com/2015/02/17/the-mobile-technology-stack-for-the-collaborative-economy/.

* v
* t
* e

Sharing economy

Companies|

| Transportation|

* BlaBlaCar
* Bolt
* DiDi
* 99
* Fasten
* Free Now
* Gett
* Gojek
* Grab
* KakaoTaxi
* Lyft
* Ola Cabs
* Snapp
* Swvl
* Turo
* Uber
* Careem
* Via
* Wingly
* Yourdrive
* Pathao
* Yandex.Taxi

|

Hospitality|

* Airbnb
* CouchSurfing

Project funding|

* GoFundMe
* Indiegogo
* Kickstarter
* Patreon

Retail|

* Craigslist
* MercadoLibre
* Vinted

Music & Film|

* Sofar Sounds
* Tudou

Services & Freelancing|

* Pickle
* TaskRabbit

Swap & renting|

* Erento
* The Freecycle Network
* Streetbank

Tourism|

* ToursByLocals
* Withlocals

Concepts|

| Social peer-to-peer processes|

* Peer-to-peer banking
* Peer-to-peer carsharing
* Peer-to-peer lending
* Peer-to-peer ridesharing

|

* Barter
* Bicycle-sharing system
* Blockchain
* Book swapping
* Borrowing center
* Decentralization
* Carsharing
* Clothing swap
* Coliving
* Collaborative consumption
* Crowdfunding
* Crowdsourcing
* Expert network
* Flight sharing
* Freecycling
* Garden sharing
* Home exchange
* Homestay
* Open innovation
* Platform cooperative
* Platform economy
* Product-service system
* Reuse
* Scooter-sharing system
* Tool library
* Transportation network company
* Two-sided market
* Uberisation
* Upcycling
* Wiki

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(0 votes)

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