Comparison of U.S. state governments

In the United States , the government of each of the 50 states is structured in accordance with its individual constitution. In turn, each state constitution must be grounded in republican principles. Article IV, Section 4, Clause 1 of the United States Constitution tasks the federal government with assuring that each state's government is so organized.[1]

All state governments are modeled after the federal government and consist of three branches (although the three-branch structure is not Constitutionally required): executive, legislative, and judicial.[2][3] All state governments are also organized as presidential systems where the governor is both head of government and head of state (even though this too is not required). The government of each of the five permanently inhabited U.S. territories is modeled and organized in a like fashion.

Each state is itself a sovereign entity, and as such, reserves the right to organize in any way (within the above stated parameter) deemed appropriate by its people. As a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance. No two state governments are identical. The following tables compare and contrast some of the features of U.S. state governments.

## Contents

* 1 Legislative
* 1.1 Supermajority requirements
* 2 Executive
* 3 Judicial
* 4 See also
* 5 Notes
* 6 References
* 7 Sources

## Legislative

With the exception of Nebraska, all American state legislatures are bicameral, meaning there is one legislative body separated into two units. Nebraska eliminated its lower house with a referendum during the 1936 elections. Also, some systems, such as New York's, have two legislative bodies while never technically referring to them in the state constitution as a single body. These dual systems are generally considered bicameral.

| Lower house  | Upper house  | Ratio  | Total

|
|
|
|

State  | Legislative branch constitutional name  | Name  | Size  | Term length (years)  | Term limit  | Name  | Size  | Term length (years)  | Term limit  | Filibuster possible  | Lower to Upper house size  | Total
Alabama  | Alabama Legislature  | Alabama House of Representatives  | 105  | 4  | None  | Alabama Senate  | 35  | 4  | None  | Yes  | 3  | 140
Alaska  | Alaska Legislature  | Alaska House of Representatives  | 40  | 2  | None  | Alaska Senate  | 20  | 4  | None  | Yes  | 2  | 60
Arizona  | Arizona Legislature  | Arizona House of Representatives  | 60  | 2  | Four consecutive terms[4] | Arizona Senate  | 30  | 2  | Four consecutive terms[4] | No  | 2  | 90
Arkansas  | Arkansas General Assembly  | Arkansas House of Representatives  | 100  | 2  | Three terms  | Arkansas Senate  | 35  | 2 or 4  | Two 4 year terms  | Yes  | 2.857143  | 135
California  | California State Legislature  | California State Assembly  | 80  | 2  | Not more than 12 years in either house, combined[5] | California State Senate  | 40  | 4  | Not more than 12 years in either house, combined[5] | No  | 2  | 120
Colorado  | Colorado General Assembly  | Colorado House of Representatives  | 65  | 2  | Four consecutive terms  | Colorado Senate  | 35  | 4  | Two consecutive terms  | No  | 1.857143  | 100
Connecticut  | Connecticut General Assembly  | Connecticut House of Representatives  | 151  | 2  | None  | Connecticut Senate  | 36  | 2  | None  | Yes  | 4.194444  | 187
Delaware  | Delaware General Assembly  | Delaware House of Representatives  | 41  | 2  | None  | Delaware Senate  | 21  | 2 or 4  | None  | No  | 1.952381  | 62
Florida  | Florida Legislature  | Florida House of Representatives  | 120  | 2  | Four terms  | Florida Senate  | 40  | 2 or 4  | Two terms  | Yes  | 3  | 160
Georgia  | Georgia General Assembly  | Georgia House of Representatives  | 180  | 2  | None  | Georgia Senate  | 56  | 2  | None  | No  | 3.214286  | 236
Hawaii  | Hawaii State Legislature  | Hawaii House of Representatives  | 51  | 2  | None  | Hawaii Senate  | 25  | 4  | None  | Yes  | 2.04  | 76
Idaho  | Idaho Legislature  | Idaho House of Representatives  | 70  | 2  | None  | Idaho Senate  | 35  | 2  | None  | Yes  | 2  | 105
Illinois  | Illinois General Assembly  | Illinois House of Representatives  | 118  | 2  | None  | Illinois Senate  | 59  | 2 or 4  | None  | No  | 2  | 177
Indiana  | Indiana General Assembly  | Indiana House of Representatives  | 100  | 2  | None  | Indiana Senate  | 50  | 4  | None  | No  | 2  | 150
Iowa  | Iowa General Assembly  | Iowa House of Representatives  | 100  | 2  | None  | Iowa Senate  | 50  | 4  | None  | No  | 2  | 150
Kansas  | Kansas Legislature  | Kansas House of Representatives  | 125  | 2  | None  | Kansas Senate  | 40  | 4  | None  | No  | 3.125  | 165
Kentucky  | Kentucky General Assembly  | Kentucky House of Representatives  | 100  | 2  | None  | Kentucky Senate  | 38  | 4  | None  | No  | 2.631579  | 138
Louisiana  | Louisiana State Legislature  | Louisiana House of Representatives  | 105  | 4  | Three terms  | Louisiana State Senate  | 39  | 4  | Three terms  | No  | 2.692308  | 144
Maine  | Maine Legislature  | Maine House of Representatives  | 153  | 2  | Four terms  | Maine Senate  | 35  | 2  | Four terms  | Yes  | 4.371429  | 188
Maryland  | Maryland General Assembly  | Maryland House of Delegates  | 141  | 4  | None  | Maryland State Senate  | 47  | 4  | None  | No  | 3  | 188
Massachusetts  | General Court of Massachusetts  | Massachusetts House of Representatives  | 160  | 2  | None  | Massachusetts Senate  | 40  | 2  | None  | No  | 4  | 200
Michigan  | Michigan Legislature  | Michigan House of Representatives  | 110  | 2  | Three terms  | Michigan Senate  | 38  | 4  | Two terms  | No  | 2.894737  | 148
Minnesota  | Minnesota Legislature  | Minnesota House of Representatives  | 134  | 2  | None  | Minnesota Senate  | 67  | 2 or 4  | None  | No  | 2  | 201
Mississippi  | Mississippi Legislature  | Mississippi House of Representatives  | 122  | 4  | None  | Mississippi State Senate  | 52  | 4  | None  | Yes  | 2.346154  | 174
Missouri  | Missouri General Assembly  | Missouri House of Representatives  | 163  | 2  | Four terms[6] | Missouri Senate  | 34  | 4  | Eight years[6] (Two terms)  | No  | 4.794118  | 197
Montana  | Montana State Legislature  | Montana House of Representatives  | 100  | 2  | Four terms  | Montana Senate  | 50  | 4  | Two terms  | No  | 2  | 150
Nebraska  | Nebraska Legislature  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | Unicameral and nonpartisan  | 49  | 4  | Two terms  | Yes  | N/A  | 49
Nevada  | Nevada Legislature  | Nevada Assembly  | 42  | 2  | Six terms  | Nevada Senate  | 21  | 4  | Three terms  | No  | 2  | 63
New Hampshire  | New Hampshire General Court  | New Hampshire House of Representatives  | 400  | 2  | None  | New Hampshire Senate  | 24  | 2  | None  | No  | 16.66667  | 424
New Jersey  | New Jersey Legislature  | New Jersey General Assembly  | 80  | 2  | None  | New Jersey Senate  | 40  | 2 or 4  | None  | No  | 2  | 120
New Mexico  | New Mexico Legislature  | New Mexico House of Representatives  | 70  | 2  | None  | New Mexico Senate  | 42  | 4  | None  | No  | 1.666667  | 112
New York  | New York State Legislature  | New York State Assembly  | 150  | 2  | None  | New York State Senate  | 63  | 2  | None  | No  | 2.380952  | 213
North Carolina  | North Carolina General Assembly  | North Carolina House of Representatives  | 120  | 2  | None  | North Carolina Senate  | 50  | 2  | None  | No  | 2.4  | 170
North Dakota  | North Dakota Legislative Assembly  | North Dakota House of Representatives  | 94  | 4  | None  | North Dakota Senate  | 47  | 4  | None  | No  | 2  | 141
Ohio  | Ohio General Assembly  | Ohio House of Representatives  | 99  | 2  | Four terms  | Ohio Senate  | 33  | 4  | Two terms  | No  | 3  | 132
Oklahoma  | Oklahoma Legislature  | Oklahoma House of Representatives  | 101  | 2  | Not more than 12 years in either house, combined  | Oklahoma Senate  | 48  | 4  | Not more than 12 years in either house, combined  | No  | 2.104167  | 149
Oregon  | Oregon Legislative Assembly  | Oregon House of Representatives  | 60  | 2  | None[note 1] | Oregon State Senate  | 30  | 4  | None[note 2] | No  | 2  | 90
Pennsylvania  | Pennsylvania General Assembly  | Pennsylvania House of Representatives  | 203  | 2  | None  | Pennsylvania State Senate  | 50  | 4  | None  | No  | 4.06  | 253
Rhode Island  | Rhode Island General Assembly  | Rhode Island House of Representatives  | 75  | 2  | None  | Rhode Island Senate  | 38  | 2  | None  | No  | 1.973684  | 113
South Carolina  | South Carolina General Assembly  | South Carolina House of Representatives  | 124  | 2  | None  | South Carolina Senate  | 46  | 4  | None  | Yes  | 2.695652  | 170
South Dakota  | South Dakota State Legislature  | South Dakota House of Representatives  | 70  | 2  | Four terms  | South Dakota Senate  | 35  | 4  | Two terms  | No  | 2  | 105
Tennessee  | Tennessee General Assembly  | Tennessee House of Representatives  | 99  | 2  | None  | Tennessee Senate  | 33  | 4  | None  | No  | 3  | 132
Texas  | Texas Legislature  | Texas House of Representatives  | 150  | 2  | None  | Texas Senate  | 31  | 2 or 4  | None  | Yes  | 4.83871  | 181
Utah  | Utah State Legislature  | Utah House of Representatives  | 75  | 2  | None  | Utah State Senate  | 29  | 4  | None  | Yes  | 2.586207  | 104
Vermont  | Vermont General Assembly  | Vermont House of Representatives  | 150  | 2  | None  | Vermont Senate  | 30  | 2  | None  | Yes  | 5  | 180
Virginia  | Virginia General Assembly  | Virginia House of Delegates  | 100  | 2  | None  | Senate of Virginia  | 40  | 4  | None  | No  | 2.5  | 140
Washington  | Washington State Legislature  | Washington House of Representatives  | 98  | 2  | None  | Washington State Senate  | 49  | 4  | None  | No  | 2  | 147
West Virginia  | West Virginia Legislature  | West Virginia House of Delegates  | 100  | 2  | None  | West Virginia Senate  | 34  | 4  | None  | No  | 2.941176  | 134
Wisconsin  | Wisconsin Legislature  | Wisconsin State Assembly  | 99  | 2  | None  | Wisconsin Senate  | 33  | 4  | None  | No  | 3  | 132
Wyoming  | Wyoming Legislature  | Wyoming House of Representatives  | 60  | 2  | None  | Wyoming Senate  | 30  | 4  | None  | No  | 2  | 90

### Supermajority requirements

While only 13 states have a filibuster, there are often restrictions on the majority a state needs to raise taxes.

Legend

Effective supermajority system

Majority rule (22)

Mixed system

Key  | State  | Notes

|
|

| Alabama  | The Alabama State Senate allows a filibuster, and has a general three-fifths requirement to enact cloture. A simple majority of 18 is acceptable when dealing with the budget and redistricting.[7]
| Arkansas  | Arkansas, along with Rhode Island, is one of the only states that requires a supermajority to pass a budget. A three-fourths majority is required for appropriations, except for education, highways, and paying down the state debt, which require a simple majority.[8]
| California | From 1933-2011 there was a two-thirds requirement for general fund appropriations for purposes other than public schools (Const., Art. IV, Sec. 12). Because the Legislature typically passes one main budget bill, the requirement effectively applied to the whole budget bill.[8] There has been a two-thirds requirement for tax increases since Proposition 13 in 1978. In 2010, voters approved Proposition 25, eliminating the 2/3 requirement for the budget, but keeping it for tax increases.

## Executive

The Governor is the chief executive official in each state.

State  | Governor term length  | Governor term limit  | Lieutenant Governor  | First in line of succession

|
|
|
|

Alabama  | Four years  | Two consecutive terms  | Yes  | Lieutenant Governor
Alaska  | Four years  | Two terms  | Yes  | Lieutenant Governor
Arizona  | Four years  | Two consecutive terms[note 3] | No  | Secretary of State
Arkansas  | Four years  | Two terms  | Yes  | Lieutenant Governor
California  | Four years  | Two terms  | Yes  | Lieutenant Governor
Colorado  | Four years  | Two terms  | Yes  | Lieutenant Governor
Connecticut  | Four years  | None  | Yes  | Lieutenant Governor
Delaware  | Four years  | Two terms  | Yes  | Lieutenant Governor
Florida  | Four years  | Two consecutive terms  | Yes  | Lieutenant Governor
Georgia  | Four years  | Two terms  | Yes  | Lieutenant Governor
Hawaii  | Four years  | Two terms  | Yes  | Lieutenant Governor
Idaho  | Four years  | None  | Yes  | Lieutenant Governor
Illinois  | Four years  | None  | Yes  | Lieutenant Governor
Indiana  | Four years  | Two terms in a 12-year period[note 4] | Yes  | Lieutenant Governor
Iowa  | Four years  | None  | Yes  | Lieutenant Governor
Kansas  | Four years  | There is no lifetime limit on the number, but one must be out of office for at least one election cycle after serving 2 consecutive terms before being eligible again.  | Yes  | Lieutenant Governor
Kentucky  | Four years  | Two terms  | Yes  | Lieutenant Governor
Louisiana  | Four years  | Two terms  | Yes  | Lieutenant Governor
Maine  | Four years  | Two terms  | No  | President of the Senate
Maryland  | Four years  | Two consecutive terms  | Yes  | Lieutenant Governor
Massachusetts  | Four years  | None  | Yes  | Lieutenant Governor
Michigan  | Four years  | Two terms  | Yes  | Lieutenant Governor
Minnesota  | Four years  | None  | Yes  | Lieutenant Governor
Mississippi  | Four years  | Two terms  | Yes  | Lieutenant Governor
Missouri  | Four years  | Two terms  | Yes  | Lieutenant Governor
Montana  | Four years  | Two terms  | Yes  | Lieutenant Governor
Nebraska  | Four years  | Two terms  | Yes  | Lieutenant Governor
Nevada  | Four years  | Two terms  | Yes  | Lieutenant Governor
New Hampshire  | Two years  | None  | No  | President of the Senate
New Jersey  | Four years  | Two terms  | Yes[note 5] | Lieutenant Governor
New Mexico  | Four years  | Two terms  | Yes  | Lieutenant Governor
New York  | Four years  | None  | Yes  | Lieutenant Governor
North Carolina  | Four years  | Two terms  | Yes  | Lieutenant Governor
North Dakota  | Four years  | None  | Yes  | Lieutenant Governor
Ohio  | Four years  | Two terms  | Yes  | Lieutenant Governor
Oklahoma  | Four years  | Two terms  | Yes  | Lieutenant Governor
Oregon  | Four years  | Two consecutive terms  | No  | Secretary of State
Pennsylvania  | Four years  | Two consecutive terms[note 6] | Yes  | Lieutenant Governor
Puerto Rico  | Four years  | None  | No  | Secretary of State
Rhode Island  | Four years  | Two terms  | Yes  | Lieutenant Governor
South Carolina  | Four years  | Two terms  | Yes  | Lieutenant Governor
South Dakota  | Four years  | Two terms  | Yes  | Lieutenant Governor
Tennessee  | Four years  | Two terms  | Yes[note 7] | President of the Senate
Texas  | Four years  | None  | Yes  | Lieutenant Governor
Utah  | Four years  | None  | Yes  | Lieutenant Governor
Vermont  | Two years  | None  | Yes  | Lieutenant Governor
Virginia  | Four years  | No limit on number, but terms cannot be consecutive  | Yes  | Lieutenant Governor
Washington  | Four years  | None  | Yes  | Lieutenant Governor
West Virginia  | Four years  | Two terms  | Yes[note 8] | President of the Senate
Wisconsin  | Four years  | None  | Yes  | Lieutenant Governor
Wyoming  | Four years  | Two terms  | No  | Secretary of State

Note: Table does not distinguish between consecutive term limits and total term limits, unless otherwise noted.

## Judicial

State  | Highest court  | High court seats  | High court term  | High court judicial placement method  | Mandatory retirement age[note 9]

|
|
|
|
|

Alabama  | Supreme Court of Alabama  | 9  | 6 years  | Partisan election  |
Alaska  | Alaska Supreme Court  | 5  | 10 years  | Missouri Plan  |
Arizona  | Arizona Supreme Court  | 7  | 6 years  | Missouri Plan  | 70
Arkansas  | Arkansas Supreme Court  | 7  | 8 years  | Non-partisan election  |
California  | Supreme Court of California  | 7  | 12 years  | Modified Missouri Plan  |
Colorado  | Colorado Supreme Court  | 7  | 10 years  | Missouri Plan  |
Connecticut  | Connecticut Supreme Court  | 7  | 8 years[9] | Election by the state legislature  | 70
Delaware  | Delaware Supreme Court  | 5  | 12 years  | Appointment by governor  |
Florida  | Florida Supreme Court  | 7  | 6 years  | Modified Missouri Plan  | 70 (or end of current term)
Georgia  | Supreme Court of Georgia  | 7  | 6 years  | Non-partisan election  |
Hawaii  | Supreme Court of Hawaii  | 5  | 10 years  | Appointment by the Governor  | 70
Idaho  | Idaho Supreme Court  | 5  | 6 years  | Non-partisan election  |
Illinois  | Supreme Court of Illinois  | 7  | 10 years  | Partisan election  |
Indiana  | Indiana Supreme Court  | 5  | 10 years[note 10] | Missouri Plan  | 75[note 11]
Iowa  | Iowa Supreme Court  | 7  | 8 years  | Missouri Plan  | 72
Kansas  | Kansas Supreme Court  | 7  | 6 years  | Missouri Plan  | 70 (or end of current term)
Kentucky  | Kentucky Supreme Court  | 7  | 8 years  | Non-partisan election  |
Louisiana  | Supreme Court of Louisiana  | 7  | 10 years  | Partisan election  |
Maine  | Maine Supreme Judicial Court  | 7  | 7 years  | Appointment by the Governor  |
Maryland  | Maryland Court of Appeals  | 7  | 10 years  | Appointment by the Governor  | 70
Massachusetts  | Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court  | 7  | Lifetime  | Appointment by the Governor  | 70
Michigan  | Michigan Supreme Court  | 7  | 8 years  | Non-partisan election[note 12] | Must be under 70 at time of election
Minnesota  | Minnesota Supreme Court  | 7  | 6 years  | Non-partisan election  | 70
Mississippi  | Supreme Court of Mississippi  | 9  | 8 years  | Non-partisan election  |
Missouri  | Supreme Court of Missouri  | 7  | 12 years  | Missouri Plan  |
Montana  | Montana Supreme Court  | 7  | 8 years  | Non-partisan election  |
Nebraska  | Nebraska Supreme Court  | 7  | 6 years  | Missouri Plan  |
Nevada  | Supreme Court of Nevada  | 7  | 6 years  | Non-partisan election  |
New Hampshire  | New Hampshire Supreme Court  | 5  | Lifetime  | Appointment by Governor  | 70
New Jersey  | New Jersey Supreme Court  | 7  | 7 years[10] | Appointment by Governor  | 70
New Mexico  | New Mexico Supreme Court  | 5  | 8 years  | Partisan election/Retention election  |
New York  | New York Court of Appeals  | 7  | 14 years  | Appointed by the Governor  | 70 (at end of calendar year)
North Carolina  | North Carolina Supreme Court  | 7  | 8 years  | Non-partisan election  |
North Dakota  | North Dakota Supreme Court  | 5  | 10 years  | Non-partisan election  |
Ohio  | Ohio Supreme Court  | 7  | 6 years  | Non-partisan election  | 70 (at end of term)
Oklahoma  | Oklahoma Supreme Court
Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals  | Supreme Court: 9
Court of Criminal Appeals: 5  | 6 years (both)  | Missouri Plan  |
Oregon  | Oregon Supreme Court  | 7  | 6 years  | Non-partisan election  | 75
Pennsylvania  | Supreme Court of Pennsylvania  | 7  | 10 years  | Partisan election  | 78
Puerto Rico  | Supreme Court of Puerto Rico  | 9  | Lifetime  | Appointment by the Governor with confirmation by the Senate  | 70
Rhode Island  | Rhode Island Supreme Court  | 5  | Lifetime[11] | Missouri Plan  | None[11]
South Carolina  | South Carolina Supreme Court  | 5  | 10 years  | Election by State Legislature  | 72
South Dakota  | South Dakota Supreme Court  | 5  | 8 years  | Non-partisan election  |
Tennessee  | Tennessee Supreme Court  | 5  | 8 years  | Tennessee Plan (Modified Missouri Plan)  |
Texas  | Texas Supreme Court
Texas Court of Criminal Appeals  | 9 (both)  | 6 years (both)  | Partisan election  | 75 (may finish term or 4 years of term, whichever is shorter)
Utah  | Utah Supreme Court  | 5  | 4 years  | Missouri Plan  |
Vermont  | Vermont Supreme Court  | 5  | 6 years  | Election by State Legislature  |
Virginia  | Supreme Court of Virginia  | 7  | 12 years  | Election by State Legislature  | 70[12]
Washington  | Washington Supreme Court  | 9  | 6 years  | Non-partisan election  | 75
West Virginia  | Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia  | 5  | 12 years  | Partisan election  |
Wisconsin  | Wisconsin Supreme Court  | 7  | 10 years  | Non-partisan election  |
Wyoming  | Wyoming Supreme Court  | 5  | 8 years  | Missouri Plan  |

Note: Table does not distinguish between term lengths that result in a new election and term lengths that result in a retention vote but not a full election.

## See also

* List of U.S. state constitutions
* Initiatives and referendums in the United States — compares states on what they allow
* Government of the District of Columbia
* Territories of the United States

## Notes

1. ↑ State representatives were limited to three terms (6 years) until term limits were repealed by Oregon Ballot Measure 3 (1992).
2. ↑ State senators were limited to two terms (8 years) until term limits were repealed by Oregon Ballot Measure 3 (1992).
3. ↑ Governor may serve unlimited terms but only two in a row.
4. ↑ Governors of Indiana may serve an unlimited number of terms, but may only serve for eight years in any twelve-year period. (Constitution of Indiana Article 5)
5. ↑ Office created in 2005 and implemented in 2009
6. ↑ There are no limits on the number of terms a governor may serve in total as long as there is a four-year break after a second term.
7. ↑ The President of the Senate is also the Lieutenant Governor.
8. ↑ The President of the Senate is also the Lieutenant Governor.
9. ↑ Uncompleted entries do not indicate the lack of a retirement age, only a lack of data in this article. States without a mandatory retirement age will indicate "None".
10. ↑ Retention election held after two years of service. Mandatory retirement at age 75.
11. ↑ The Indiana retirement age is the same regardless of the length of the Justice's remaining term.
12. ↑ While Michigan law stipulates that State Supreme Court judges be listed on the "non-partisan" section on the ballot, only candidates who have been nominated by political parties with ballot access at their respective state conventions are allowed to stand in the succeeding general election. Subsequently, each party is only allowed to nominate as many candidates as there are supreme court seats up for election in a given year.

## References

1. ↑ Natelson, Robert G.. "Essays on Article IV: Guarantee Clause". The Heritage Foundation. http://www.heritage.org/constitution/#!/articles/4/essays/128/guarantee-clause.
2. ↑ "State & Local Government". The White House. https://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/state-and-local-government.
3. ↑ "Frequently Asked Questions About the Minnesota Legislature". Minnesota State Legislature. http://www.leg.state.mn.us/leg/faq/faqtoc.aspx?subject=1.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Arizona Constitution, Art. 4, Part 2, Sec. 21
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 The new limit was decided by referendum as Proposition 28, on June 2012. Between 1990 to that date, one could serve 3 terms in the House and 2 in the Senate, which means the new limit is globally earlier but roughly doubles in each body.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Missouri Constitution, Art. III, Sec. 8
7. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-02-07. https://web.archive.org/web/20130207135120/http://www.legislature.state.al.us/senate/senaterules/senaterules1.html. Retrieved 2013-06-26.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 http://www.ncsl.org/issues-research/budget/supermajority-vote-requirements-to-pass-the-budget.aspx
9. ↑ Judgepedia.org, Connecticut Supreme Court, found here.
10. ↑ Refers to initial "probation" period. If the governor reappoints them (almost universally true) they then serve for life
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Linda Greenhouse, "The Case for Term Limits on the Supreme Court with Linda Greenhouse", Yale Political Union, May 28, 2009, [1]
12. ↑ Aaron Applegate, Mike Saewitz, "Bill seeks to raise mandatory retirement age for judges to 73", The Virginian-Pilot, February 4, 2010, [2]

## Sources

* National Conference of State Legislatures Term Limit Chart
* Term Limits.Org, Term limit data for AZ AR CA CO FL LA MA MI MO MT NB NV OH OK SD WY [3], Accessed on June 27, 2009.
* Little, Thomas H.. The legislative branch of state government: people, process, and politics. ISBN 1-85109-761-9. https://archive.org/details/legislativebranc0000litt.

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