Cross ownership

Short description: Ownership of stock in business partners

Cross ownership is a method of reinforcing business relationships by owning stock in the companies with which a given company does business. Heavy cross ownership is referred to as circular ownership.

In the US, "cross ownership" also refers to a type of investment in different mass-media properties in one market.[1]

## Cross ownership of stock

Countries noted to have high levels of cross ownership include:

* Japan [2]

Positives of cross ownership:

* Closely ties each business to the economic destiny of its business partners
* Promotes a slow rate of economic change

Cross ownership of shares is criticized for:

* Stagnating the economy
* Wasting capital that could be used to improve productivity
* Expanding economic downturns by preventing reallocation of capital
* Lessening control of shareholders over corporate leadership.[2]

A major factor in perpetuating cross ownership of shares is a high capital gains tax rate. A company has less incentive to sell cross owned shares if taxes are high because of the immediate reduction in the value of the assets.

For example, a company owns $1000 of stock in another company that was originally purchased for $200. If the capital gains tax rate is 25% (like in Germany), the profit of $800 would be taxed for $200, causing the company to take a $200 loss on the sale.

Long term cross ownership of shares combined with a high capital tax rate greatly increases periods of asset deflation both in time and in severity.[citation needed]

## Media cross ownership

Cross ownership also refers to a type of media ownership in which one type of communications (say a newspaper) owns or is the sister company of another type of medium (such as a radio or TV station). One example is The New York Times 's former ownership of WQXR Radio and the Chicago Tribune's similar relationship with WGN Radio (WGN-AM) and Television (WGN-TV).

The Federal Communications Commission generally does not allow cross ownership, to keep from one license holder having too much local media ownership, unless the license holder obtains a waiver, such as News Corporation and the Tribune Company have in New York.

The mid-1970s cross-ownership guidelines grandfathered already-existing cross ownerships, such as Tribune-WGN, New York Times-WQXR and the New York Daily News ownership of WPIX Television and Radio.

## References

1. ↑ "Definition of cross-ownership | Dictionary.com" (in en). https://www.dictionary.com/browse/cross-ownership.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Mikuni, Akio (2002). Japan's policy trap : dollars, deflation, and the crisis of Japanese finance. R. Taggart Murphy. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 0-8157-9876-8. OCLC 53482709. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/53482709.

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