Cultural conservatism

Short description: Conservative ideology advocating for the preservation of cultural traditions

"Cultural right" redirects here. For rights related to a people's art and culture, see Cultural rights.

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Conservatism

Variants

* Cultural
* Fiscal
* Green
* Liberal
* Libertarian
* National
* Neo
* New Right
* One-nation
* Paleo
* Reactionary
* Social
* Traditionalist

Concepts

* Familism
* Family values
* Private property
* Rule of law
* Communitarianism
* Civil Society
* Solidarity

People

* Burke
* De Maistre
* De Chateaubriand
* Von Metternich

Organizations

* Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists
in Europe
* European People's Party
* International Democrat Union

Religious conservatism

* Christian Democracy (in Europe)
* Christian right
* Christian fundamentalism
* Jewish right
* Islamic fundamentalism
* Traditionalist Catholic

National variants

* Australia
* Canada
* China
* Colombia
* Germany
* Hong Kong
* India
* New Zealand
* Pakistan
* Serbia
* South Korea
* Taiwan
* Turkey
* United Kingdom
* United States

Related topics

* Aristocracy
* Capitalism
* Centre-right politics
* Corporatism
* Counter-revolutionary
* Fascism
* Liberalism
* Monarchism
* Neoliberalism
* Old Right (United States)
* Radical centrism
* Radical right
* Europe
* United States
* Reactionary
* Right-wing politics
* Toryism

*   *

* v
* t
* e

Cultural conservatism is described as the protection of the cultural heritage of a nation state, or of a culture not defined by state boundaries.[1] It is sometimes associated with criticism of multiculturalism, and anti-immigration sentiment. Because their cultural preservationist objectives are in conflict with those of anti-racists, cultural conservatives are often accused of racism.[2] Despite this, however, cultural conservatism can be more nuanced in its approach to minority languages and cultures; it is sometimes focused upon heritage language learning or threatened language revitalization, such as of the distinctive local dialect of French in Quebec, Acadian French, Canadian Gaelic, and the Mi'kmaq language in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, or the Irish language in Newfoundland. Other times cultural conservatism is more focused upon the preservation of an ethnic minority's endangered ancestral culture, such as those of Native Americans.

In the United States, cultural conservatism may imply a conservative position in the culture wars. Because cultural conservatism expresses the social dimension of conservatism according to the political compass theory, it is sometimes referred to as social conservatism. Instead, social conservatism describes conservative moral and social values, or traditionalist conservative stances on socio-cultural issues, such as abortion and same-sex marriage, in opposition to cultural liberalism (social liberalism in the United States).[3] Meanwhile, nationalism also differs from cultural conservatism as it does not always focus upon a particular culture.

## Contents

* 1 Arguments
* 1.1 In favor
* 1.2 Against
* 2 By country
* 2.1 Australia
* 2.2 Canada
* 2.2.1 Quebec
* 2.3 China
* 2.4 Germany
* 2.5 Italy
* 2.6 Japan
* 2.7 Netherlands
* 2.8 Russia
* 2.9 United Kingdom
* 2.10 United States
* 3 List of cultural conservative political parties
* 3.1 Australia
* 3.1.1 Parliamentary parties
* 3.1.1.1 Represented in federal parliament
* 3.1.1.2 Represented in state and territory parliaments
* 3.1.2 Extra-parliamentary parties
* 3.2 Bulgaria
* 3.3 Canada
* 3.4 China
* 3.5 Czech Republic
* 3.6 Denmark
* 3.7 Estonia
* 3.8 Finland
* 3.9 France
* 3.10 Germany
* 3.11 Greece
* 3.12 Hungary
* 3.13 Italy
* 3.14 Netherlands
* 3.15 New Zealand
* 3.16 Poland
* 3.17 Portugal
* 3.18 Romania
* 3.19 Serbia
* 3.20 South Korea
* 3.21 Spain
* 3.22 Sweden
* 3.23 Trinidad and Tobago
* 3.24 United Kingdom
* 3.25 United States
* 4 See also
* 5 Notes
* 6 Further reading

## Arguments

### In favor

Proponents argue that cultural conservatism preserves the cultural identity of a country. They often promote cultural assimilation into the dominant culture, believing that monoculturalism is more constructive to national unity.[4][5] They claim that assimilation facilitates the integration of immigrants and ethnic minorities into broader society, framing cultural conservatism as a solution to ethnic strife.[6][7] Researchers note that the more culturally homogeneous a community is, the more people trust each other; a finding which has been substantiated by empirical literature demonstrating ethnic and cultural diversity to be inversely related to social cohesion and trust..[8]

Proponents of cultural conservatism have criticized multiculturalism, believing that cultural pluralism is detrimental to a unified national identity. They argue that cultural diversity only serves to marginalize immigrants by othering them as outsiders in society. In some countries, multiculturalism is believed to create de facto racial segregation in the form of ethnic enclaves.[6][7] Opposition to immigration is also a common stance among proponents. Immigrants often bring their home countries' cultures, religions, and languages with them, sometimes influencing and changing the cultures of their host countries.[9] Proponents of cultural conservatism argue that some of these imported cultural practices, such as hijabs, polygamy, child marriage, and female genital mutilation, are in direct conflict with the values of the dominant culture.[10][11]

### Against

Opponents argue that cultural conservatism harms cultural diversity. They criticize cultural conservatism for promoting cultural intolerance, creating narrow ethnocentric mindsets, and stifling self-expression.[12] Opponents cite numerous historical atrocities that originated from extreme forms of cultural conservatism, such as racism, genocide, ethnic cleansing, colonialism, and racial segregation. They claim that cultural assimilation leads to the marginalization of minorities who do not conform to the dominant culture.[13]

Opponents have supported multiculturalism, believing it creates a more diverse and tolerant society. They claim it helps people of the ethnic majority to learn more about other cultures, adapt better to social change, and be more tolerant of diversity.[12] They also believe multiculturalism brings more attention to the historical accomplishments of other ethnic groups, which had been neglected in past times.[14] Support for immigration is also a common stance among opponents of cultural conservatism, who argue that it enriches society by contributing diverse new ideas. In some cases, the art, music, food, or clothing of the immigrants are adopted by the dominant culture.[15]

## By country

### Australia

In 2006, the Australian Government proposed to introduce a compulsory citizenship test which would assess English skills and knowledge of Australian values. This sparked a debate over cultural conservatism in Australia. Andrew Robb told a conference that some Australians worried that interest groups had transformed multiculturalism into a philosophy that put "allegiances to original culture ahead of national loyalty, a philosophy which fosters separate development, a federation of ethnic cultures, not one community."[16]

The One Nation Party is a conservative political party that opposes multiculturalism, calling it "a threat to the very basis of the Australian culture, identity and shared values."[17]

### Canada

Unlike the United States, while there was a central culture, Canada has always been a culturally divided country, though to varying degrees. Since the premiership of Pierre Trudeau, Canadian identity has been viewed as a cultural mosaic. Trudeau Sr. once stated that there is "no such thing as a model or ideal Canadian," and that to desire one is a "disastrous" pursuit.[18] His son Justin Trudeau, likewise Prime Minister, has continued to spread this spirit in declaring Canada "the first post-national state" due to its lack of a core identity and mainstream.[19] The fifth wave of immigration to Canada which followed Trudeau Sr.'s premiership and continues to this day is the largest manifestation of this change. For example, the city of Richmond, British Columbia is majority Chinese, and nearly half of Torontonians are foreign-born, the city which now bears the motto "Diversity Our Strength."[20] Canadian cultural conservatism as a reaction to the multiculturalism of Pierre Trudeau (and subsequently of Brian Mulroney) reached its peak with the Reform Party and waned over time. Its decline has been marked by the electoral failure of the People's Party of Canada, which formed partly as a response to the Conservative Party's perceived weakness on the issue.[21]

#### Quebec

Quebec is unique in Canada for its cultural conservatism. Though not a socially conservative province, nor religiously conservative (not since the aftermath of the Grande Noirceur), Quebecois culture has always maintained a certain suspicion and reluctance towards unity with the rest of Canada. Language protectionism (reflected in laws such as Bill 101) is a central concern of Quebec cultural conservatives. Quebec has held two referendums on separation and has never ratified the Constitution Act of 1982. The Bloc Québécois formed in reaction to the Mulroney premiership (like the Reform Party) to advocate for Quebecois interests in the federal parliament. It once held the office of Official Opposition, which was followed by a decline, but the party has seen greater popularity as of late, currently holding 22 of Quebec's 78 seats in the House of Commons.

### China

See also: Religion:Conservatism in China, Chinese culture, and New Confucianism

Template:Contemporary Chinese political thought During the May Fourth Movement, Xueheng School was the main school of thought advocating cultural conservatism. In contemporary China, cultural conservatism mainly has greater influence among the emerging middle class, and it overlaps with various other ideological trends such as liberalism, neoauthoritarianism, the New Left, and neo-nationalism.[22][23]

Central to the ideas of the Cultural Revolution was the elimination of the Four Olds, which were elements of Chinese culture that at the time were seen to oppose the goals of Communism in China. However, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) at the time protected some of the most important Chinese historical monuments, including some archaeological discoveries such as the Terracotta Army.[24] The chief ideologue[25] and the gray eminence of the Chinese Commmunist Party, Wang Huning, has criticized the western youth for their supposed rejection of traditional western values in his writing; Wang argues for a culturally unified and traditionalist China, albeit mixed with Marxist-Leninist theories.[26] CCP general secretary Xi Jinping has overseen a revival in the popularity of historical Chinese cultural figures such as Confucius.[27] He has placed more emphasis on the value of Chinese culture than his predecessors and has included it among his "comprehensive" political goals.[27][28] Furthermore, Xi Jinping has also accelerated the crackdown on LGBTQ+ activism and pornography production.[29][30] Preservation of traditional culture is a major concern of modern Chinese conservatism.[31]

### Germany

In Germany, parallel societies established by some immigrant communities have been criticized by cultural conservatives, giving rise to the concept of the Leitkultur. Conservative Chancellor Angela Merkel of the Christian Democratic Union described attempts to build a multicultural German society to have "failed, utterly failed". Many Germans have expressed alarm over the large number of Muslim immigrants in their country, many of whom have failed to integrate into German society.[32]

### Italy

Italy is a culturally conservative society. Recent surveys[when?] show that the vast majority of Italians want fewer immigrants to be allowed into the country, while few want to keep the current level or increase immigration.[33][34]

### Japan

Japan has been a culturally conservative society. Being monocultural, it has traditionally refused to recognize ethnic differences in Japan.[35]

### Netherlands

Paul Cliteur criticized multiculturalism, political correctness, cultural relativism, and non-Western cultural values. He argued that cultural relativism would lead to acceptance of outdated practices brought to the Western World by immigrants such as sexism, homophobia, and antisemitism.[36][37]

Paul Scheffer believes that cultural conservatism and integration are necessary for a society, but the presence of immigrants undermines this. He cites failure to assimilate, de facto segregation, unemployment, crime, and Muslim opposition to secularism as the main problems resulting from immigration.[38]

### Russia

In Russia, Russian culture has been defended by cultural conservatives on the grounds that the destruction of traditional values is undemocratic.[39]

### United Kingdom

In the 20th century, immigration to the United Kingdom gave rise to multicultural policies. However, a report from the University of York in 2010 stated that since the beginning of the 21st century the UK government moved towards cultural conservatism and the assimilation of minority communities.[40] Opposition has grown to multicultural government policies, with some viewing it as a costly failure. After the 7 July 2005 London bombings, the Conservative politician David Davis called such policies "outdated".[41]

Ed West argues that the British establishment had blindly embraced multiculturalism without proper consideration of the downsides of ethnic diversity.[42] According to cultural conservatives, while minority cultures are allowed to remain distinct, traditional British culture is abhorred for being exclusive and adapts to accommodate minorities, often without the consent of the local population.[43]

### United States

A prominent criticism by cultural conservatives in the United States is that multiculturalism undermines national unity, hinders social integration, and leads to the fragmentation of society.[44] Samuel P. Huntington described multiculturalism as an anti-Western ideology that attacked the United States' inclusion in Western civilization, denied the existence of a common American culture, and promoted ethnic identities over national ones.[45]

Discussions to do with the conservation of American culture often involve definitional disputes. Some consider the United States as a nation of immigrants or "melting pot," others (such as David Hackett Fischer) argue that British immigrant cultures are responsible for the development of modern American culture and values. American cultural conservatives often claim that the culture is at risk due primarily to demographic change from immigration, as well as the influence of academia, which has produced increasingly left-wing alumni over time.[46] Dinesh D'Souza argues that multiculturalism in American universities undermines the moral universalism that education once stood for. In particular, he criticized the growth of ethnic studies programs.[47]

## List of cultural conservative political parties

### Australia

#### Parliamentary parties

##### Represented in federal parliament

* Katter's Australian Party
* Liberal–National Coalition (factions)
* Country Liberal Party (factions)
* Liberal Party (factions)
* Centre Right faction
* National Right faction
* Liberal National Party of Queensland (factions)
* National Party
* Pauline Hanson's One Nation
* United Australia Party

##### Represented in state and territory parliaments

* Australian Christians
* Libertarian Party
* Shooters, Fishers and Farmers Party

#### Extra-parliamentary parties

* Australia First Party
* Australian Protectionist Party
* Democratic Labour Party
* Family First Party
* Freedom Party of Victoria
* Gerard Rennick People First
* The Great Australian Party
* Trumpet of Patriots

### Bulgaria

* Bulgarian National Union – New Democracy

### Canada

* Canadian Nationalist Party (defunct)
* People's Party of Canada
* Coalition Avenir Quebec

### China

* Chinese Communist Party[48][49][50][51]

### Czech Republic

* Freedom and Direct Democracy

### Denmark

* Danish People's Party
* Social Democrats[52][53][54][55]

### Estonia

* Conservative People's Party of Estonia

### Finland

* Blue and White Front
* Power Belongs to the People

### France

* Blue, White and Red Rally
* National Rally
* Reconquête

### Germany

* Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht

### Greece

* Greek Solution
* Greeks for the Fatherland
* LEPEN
* National Popular Consciousness

### Hungary

* Fidesz
* Our Homeland Movement

### Italy

* Lega Nord
* Lega per Salvini Premier

### Netherlands

* Forum for Democracy
* Party for Freedom

### New Zealand

* New Zealand First

### Poland

* Law and Justice

### Portugal

* CDS-PP
* Chega
* Ergue-te

### Romania

* Alliance for the Union of Romanians
* People's Movement Party
* Romanian Nationhood Party

### Serbia

* Serbian Party Oathkeepers

### South Korea

* Dawn of Liberty Party

### Spain

* Vox
* Worker's Front

### Sweden

* Alternative for Sweden
* Sweden Democrats

### Trinidad and Tobago

* United National Congress[56][57][58]

### United Kingdom

* Social Democratic Party

### United States

* Constitution Party
* Republican Party (majority faction)

## See also

* Criticism of multiculturalism
* Cultural appropriation
* Cultural nationalism
* Paleoconservatism
* Paleolibertarianism
* Social conservatism
* Traditionalist conservatism

## Notes

1. ↑ Cultural conservatism, political liberalism: from criticism to cultural studies by James Seaton, University of Michigan Press, 1996 ISBN 978-0472106455
2. ↑ Hawkins, Marcus (February 23, 2018). "Cultural Conservatism". Dotdash Meredith. https://www.thoughtco.com/cultural-conservatism-3303795.
3. ↑ Chideya, Farai (2004). "The Red and the Blue: A Divided America". Trust: Reaching the 100 Million Missing Voters and Other Selected Essays. Soft Skull Press. pp. 33–46. ISBN 978-1932360264.
4. ↑ "Report attacks multiculturalism". BBC News. 30 September 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4295318.stm.
5. ↑ Nagle, John (2009). Multiculturalism's double bind: creating inclusivity, cosmopolitanism and difference. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. p. 129. ISBN 978-0754676072. https://books.google.com/books?id=zqMCc37dW1kC&pg=PA129.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Malik, Kenan (14 December 2015). "The Failure of Multiculturalism". Foreign Affairs (Council on Foreign Relations) (March/April 2015). https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/western-europe/failure-multiculturalism.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Malik, Kenan (18 December 2001). "The trouble with multiculturalism". Spiked Online. http://www.spiked-online.com/Articles/00000002D35E.htm.
8. ↑ Sailer, Steve (15 January 2007). "Fragmented future". The American Conservative (Jon Basil Utley). http://www.amconmag.com/article/2007/jan/15/00007/.
9. ↑ Chapman, Roger; Ciment, James (2015) (in en). Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints and Voices. Routledge. ISBN 978-1317473510. https://books.google.com/books?id=XO9nBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA330.
10. ↑ "Is Multiculturalism Bad For Women?". 1 October 1997. https://bostonreview.net/forum/susan-moller-okin-multiculturalism-bad-women.
11. ↑ Nyangweso, Mary (2014) (in en). Female Genital Cutting in Industrialized Countries: Mutilation or Cultural Tradition?. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1440833472. https://books.google.com/books?id=9AyqBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4.
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Lerman, Antony (22 March 2010). "Guardian.co.uk". The Guardian (London). https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/mar/22/multiculturalism-blame-culture-segregation.
13. ↑ Susanne Wessendorf, The multiculturalism backlash: European discourses, policies and practices, p. 35; accessed through Google Books, 12 February 2011.
14. ↑ C. James Trotman (2002). Multiculturalism: roots and realities. Indiana University Press. pp. 9–10. ISBN 978-0253340023. https://books.google.com/books?id=ht8UKlutUaMC&pg=PR9.
15. ↑ United States Bureau of the Census (1995). Celebrating our nation's diversity: a teaching supplement for grades K–12. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, Bureau of the Census. pp. 1–. https://books.google.com/books?id=4JYGex7kPR0C&pg=PA1.
16. ↑ The Courier Mail: National identity in spotlight, 28 November 2006 [1] .
17. ↑ "Pauline Hanson's One Nation:Immigration, Population and Social Cohesion Policy 1998". Australianpolitics.com. http://www.australianpolitics.com/parties/onenation/immigration-policy-98.shtml.
18. ↑ "Pierre Trudeau Called It 'Absurd' That Canadians Must Be Alike" (in en). 2016-11-21. https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2016/11/21/pierre-trudeau-quote-canadians-diversity_n_13130350.html.
19. ↑ "Trudeau's neglect of the nation has led us to this place" (in en-US). CBC. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/donna-kennedy-glans-don-hill-trudeau-confederation-risk-1.4937499.
20. ↑ Toronto, City of (2017-08-16). "History of City Symbols" (in en-CA). https://www.toronto.ca/city-government/awards-tributes/tributes/history-of-city-symbols/.
21. ↑ "Maxime Bernier Quits Conservatives To Form His Own Federal Party" (in en). 2018-08-23. https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2018/08/23/maxime-bernier-quits-conservatives-new-party_a_23508059/.
22. ↑ 萧功秦 (2010). "困境之礁上的思想水花——当代中国六大社会思潮析论" (in zh-hans). 社会科学论坛 (08): 57-77. https://link.cnki.net/doi/10.14185/j.cnki.issn1008-2026.2010.08.004. Retrieved 2025-12-21.
23. ↑ 方克立 (1996). "要注意研究90年代出现的文化保守主义思潮" (in zh-hans). 高校理论战线 (2): 30-36. ISSN 1002-4409. https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?FileName=GXLL602.007&DbName=CJFQ1996. Retrieved 2022-10-29.
24. ↑ Gao, Mobo C. F.; ebrary, Inc (2008). The battle for China's past [electronic resource : Mao and the Cultural Revolution]. Library Genesis. London; Ann Arbor, Mich.: Pluto Press. ISBN 978-0745327815. http://archive.org/details/battleforchinasp00gaom.
25. ↑ "The flaws that China's chief ideologue found in America". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. https://www.economist.com/united-states/2024/02/22/the-flaws-that-chinas-chief-ideologue-found-in-america.
26. ↑ Lyons, N.S. (11 October 2021). "The Triumph and Terror of Wang Huning" (in en-US). https://palladiummag.com/2021/10/11/the-triumph-and-terror-of-wang-huning/.
27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 "Xi Jinping's Love of Confucius May Backfire". Time. https://time.com/3547467/china-beijing-xi-jinping-confucius-communism/. Retrieved 2020-11-14.
28. ↑ "从"三个自信"到"四个自信"–理论-人民网". http://theory.people.com.cn/n1/2016/0707/c49150-28532466.html.
29. ↑ "Why the Communist Party fears gay rights". The Economist. 15 May 2023. https://www.economist.com/china/2023/05/25/why-the-communist-party-fears-gay-rights.
30. ↑ Chen, Laurie (9 July 2025). "China detains female erotica writers in pornography crackdown". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/china-detains-female-erotica-writers-pornography-crackdown-2025-07-09/.
31. ↑ Xu, Aymeric (2020). "What Made Chinese Conservatism a Cultural Movement: A Case Study of the Southern Society". Twentieth-Century China 45 (3): 331–350. doi:10.1353/tcc.2020.0028. ISSN 1940-5065. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/765149.
32. ↑ "Merkel says German multicultural society has failed". BBC News. 17 October 2010. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11559451.
33. ↑ Connor, Phillip; Krogstad, Jens Manuel (10 December 2018). "Many worldwide oppose more migration – both into and out of their countries" (in en-US). http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/12/10/many-worldwide-oppose-more-migration-both-into-and-out-of-their-countries/.
34. ↑ "Inmigración y medio ambiente centran la inquietud de los europeos" (in es). El País. 2019-05-13. ISSN 1134-6582. https://elpais.com/internacional/2019/05/10/actualidad/1557507327_934513.html.
35. ↑ "Abe fine with 'homogeneous' remark". Kyodo News. 27 February 2007. http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20070227a9.html.
36. ↑ Paul Cliteur. De filosofie van mensenrechten. Nijmegen 1999.
37. ↑ "Business Immigration to Canada". https://sobirovs.com/.
38. ↑ Scheffer, Paul. "The Multicultural Tragedy". http://www.nrc.nl/W2/Lab/Multicultureel/scheffer.html.
39. ↑ Arakelyan, Lilia (2017) (in en). Russian Foreign Policy in Eurasia: National Interests and Regional Integration. Routledge. ISBN 978-1315468358. https://books.google.com/books?id=xLA0DwAAQBAJ&q=putin+-+today,+many+nations+are+eroding+ethnic&pg=PA1970.
40. ↑ Bam-Hutchison, June. "Race, faith, and UK policy: A brief history". Institute for the Public Understanding of the Past; University of York. http://www.york.ac.uk/ipup/projects/raceandfaith/discussion/bam-hutchison.html.
41. ↑ George Jones (4 August 2005). "Multicultural Britain is not working, says Tory chief". Daily Telegraph (London). https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1495397/Multicultural-Britain-is-not-working-says-Tory-chief.html.
42. ↑ West, Ed (2013). The Diversity Illusion: What We Got Wrong About Immigration & How to Set it Right, Gibson Square Books Ltd (ISBN 978-1908096050)
43. ↑ "Winterval gets frosty reception". BBC News. 9 November 1998. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/210672.stm.
44. ↑ Tilove, Jonathan (8 July 2007). "A diversity divide: Beneath the surface, Americans are deeply ambivalent about diversity". Statesman.com. http://www.statesman.com/opinion/content/editorial/stories/insight/07/08/0708diversity.html?cxtype=rss&cxsvc=7&cxcat=45.
45. ↑ Huntington, Samuel P., The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996 ISBN 0684844419
46. ↑ "Is cultural conservatism doomed by demographics?" (in en-US). 2018-11-27. https://spectator.us/cultural-conservatism-demographics/.
47. ↑ D'Souza, Dinesh (1991). Illiberal Education: The Politics of Race and Sex on Campus. New York: Free Press. ISBN 978-0684863849. https://archive.org/details/illiberaleducati00dsou.
48. ↑ "Xi Jinping's War on Popular Culture" (in en). 3 December 2021. https://lens.civicus.org/xi-jinpings-war-on-popular-culture/.
49. ↑ Ludovica Meacci (25 Jan 2022). "China’s Conservative Turn on Gender Roles". Italian Institute for International Political Studies. https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/chinas-conservative-turn-gender-roles-32970#:~:text=Maintaining a strong hold on,rule over the Chinese people..
50. ↑ "从"三个自信"到"四个自信"–理论-人民网". http://theory.people.com.cn/n1/2016/0707/c49150-28532466.html.
51. ↑ Xu, Aymeric (2020). "What Made Chinese Conservatism a Cultural Movement: A Case Study of the Southern Society". Twentieth-Century China 45 (3): 331–350. doi:10.1353/tcc.2020.0028. ISSN 1940-5065. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/765149.
52. ↑ Chessum, Michael (2025-02-16). "Why the left failed" (in en-GB). https://www.thenewworld.co.uk/michael-chessum-why-the-left-failed/.
53. ↑ Etzerodt, Søren Frank; Kongshøj, Kristian (2022). "The implosion of radical right populism and the path forward for social democracy: Evidence from the 2019 Danish national election" (in en). Scandinavian Political Studies 45 (3): 279–300. doi:10.1111/1467-9477.12225. ISSN 1467-9477. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1467-9477.12225.
54. ↑ Barrie, Axford (2021). "Populism in Practice: Causes, Correlates and Crises". Populism Versus the New Globalization. SAGE Publications, Limited. p. 38–39. ISBN 978-1-5297-3741-7.
55. ↑ Mudde, Cas (2024-01-16). "Can Europe’s new ‘conservative left’ persuade voters to abandon the far right?" (in en-GB). The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2024/jan/16/conservative-left-europe-far-right-sahra-wagenknecht-germany.
56. ↑ "Kamla: "Deport every illegal Venezuelan migrant"" (in en). 2024-11-26. https://trinidadexpress.com/newsextra/kamla-deport-every-illegal-venezuelan-migrant/article_a156580e-ac18-11ef-aef1-d3f5c400a8b3.html.
57. ↑ Staff 1, A. Z. P. (2024-11-26). "A Persad-Bissessar Gov't will 'Aggressively' Deport Venezuelans" (in en-US). https://azpnews.com/a-persad-bissessar-govt-will-aggressively-deport-venezuelans/.
58. ↑ "Opposition Leader wants illegal Venezuelans involved in crime deported" (in en). 2024-11-27. https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/world-news/20241127/opposition-leader-wants-illegal-venezuelans-involved-crime-deported.

## Further reading

* John J. Langdale III (2012). Superfluous Southerners: Cultural Conservatism and the South, 1920–1990. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press.

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French|

* Bonapartism
* Gaullism
* Legitimism
* Neo-Bonapartism
* Orléanism
* Ultra-royalism

German|

* Revolutionary

Greek|

* Metaxism

Spanish|

* Carlism

Turkish|

* Democracy
* Erdoğanism

Concepts|

* Family values
* Free markets
* Natural law
* Organic society
* Private property
* Protectionism
* Social hierarchy
* Social norm
* Social order
* Subsidiarity
* Tradition

National variants|

* Australia
* Canada
* China
* Colombia
* Germany
* Hong Kong
* India
* New Zealand
* Pakistan
* Russia
* Serbia
* South Korea
* Taiwan
* Turkey
* United Kingdom
* United States

Thinkers|

* Raymond Aron
* Irving Babbitt
* Maurice Barrès
* Louis de Bonald
* William F. Buckley Jr.
* Edmund Burke
* Cato the Elder
* Whittaker Chambers
* François-René de Chateaubriand
* G. K. Chesterton
* Cicero
* Confucius
* Juan Donoso Cortés
* Chantal Delsol
* Julius Evola
* Niall Ferguson
* Robert Filmer
* Milton Friedman
* Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
* Nicolás Gómez Dávila
* George Grant
* Lionel Groulx
* Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
* Johann Gottfried Herder
* Eric Hoffer
* Edward Hopper
* David Horowitz
* David Hume
* Edgar Julius Jung
* Ernst Jünger
* Russell Kirk
* Irving Kristol
* Konstantin Leontiev
* John Locke
* Joseph de Maistre
* Ludwig von Mises
* Adam Müller
* Benzion Netanyahu
* Michael Oakeshott
* Norman Podhoretz
* Ayn Rand
* George Santayana
* Antonin Scalia
* Carl Schmitt
* Arnold Schoenberg
* Roger Scruton
* W. G. Sebald
* Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
* Leo Strauss
* Hippolyte Taine
* Alexis de Tocqueville
* Giambattista Vico
* Peter Viereck
* Eric Voegelin
* Richard M. Weaver

Politicians|

* Shinzo Abe
* Konrad Adenauer
* Giulio Andreotti
* Silvio Berlusconi
* Otto von Bismarck
* Menachem Begin
* Jair Bolsonaro
* Napoleon Bonaparte
* George H. W. Bush
* George W. Bush
* Chiang Kai-shek
* Jacques Chirac
* Winston Churchill
* John Diefenbaker
* Benjamin Disraeli
* Maurice Duplessis
* Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
* Nigel Farage
* Pim Fortuyn
* Francisco Franco
* Alberto Fujimori
* Charles de Gaulle
* Barry Goldwater
* Jörg Haider
* Stephen Harper
* Paul von Hindenburg
* Boris Johnson
* Helmut Kohl
* John A. Macdonald
* Preston Manning
* Yasuhiro Nakasone
* Angela Merkel
* Klemens von Metternich
* Brian Mulroney
* Benjamin Netanyahu
* Ngo Dinh Diem
* Viktor Orbán
* Park Chung-hee
* Ron Paul
* Philippe Pétain
* Augusto Pinochet
* Enoch Powell
* Vladimir Putin
* Ronald Reagan
* Marquess of Salisbury
* Cardinal Richelieu
* Nelson Rockefeller
* António de Oliveira Salazar
* Margaret Thatcher
* Donald Trump
* Éamon de Valera
* Geert Wilders

Organizations|

* Alliance of European Conservatives and Reformists
* Asia Pacific Democrat Union
* European People's Party
* International Democrat Union
* List of conservative parties

Identity politics|

* Black
* LGBT
* Religious
* Christian
* Hindu
* Jewish
* Islamic

Related topics|

* Aristocracy
* Centre-right
* Classical liberalism
* Cobdenism
* Conservative liberalism
* Counter-revolutionary
* Familialism
* Gladstonian liberalism
* Integralism
* Neoliberalism
* New Right
* Radical centrism
* Radical right
* Europe
* United States
* Reactionary
* Right-libertarianism
* Right realism
* Right-wing authoritarianism
* Right-wing politics
* Secular liberalism
* Small-c conservatives
* Social Darwinism
* Tory socialism
* Venizelism

* Conservatism portal
* Politics portal

* v
* t
* e

Culture

Outline

Sciences|

* Cultural anthropology
* Cultural astronomy
* Cultural ecology
* Cultural geography
* Cultural neuroscience
* Cultural studies
* Culturology
* Culture theorysecurity culture
* Neuroculture

Subfields|

* Bioculture
* Cross-cultural studies
* Cross-cultural communication
* Cross-cultural leadership
* Cross-cultural psychiatry
* Cross-cultural psychology
* Cultural analytics
* Cultural economics
* Cultural entomology
* Cultural history
* Cultural mapping
* Cultural mediation
* Cultural psychology
* Cultural values
* Culturomics
* Intercultural learning
* Intercultural relations
* Internet culture
* Philosophy of culture
* Popular culture studies
* Postcritique
* Semiotics of culture
* Sociology of culture
* Sound culture
* Theology of culture
* Transcultural nursing

Types|

* Constructed culture
* Dominant culture
* Folk culture
* High culture
* Individualistic culture
* Legal culture
* Low culture
* Microculture
* Official culture
* Political culture
* Civic
* Popular culture
* Urban
* Primitive culture
* Subculture
* Alternative culture
* list
* Super culture
* Vernacular culture
* Culture by location

Aspects|

* Acculturation
* Cultural appropriation
* Cultural area
* Cultural artifact
* Cultural baggage
* Cultural behavior
* Cultural bias
* Cultural capital
* Cross-cultural
* Cultural communication
* Cultural conflict
* Cultural cringe
* Cultural dissonance
* Cultural emphasis
* Cultural framework
* Cultural heritage
* Cultural icon
* Cultural identity
* Cultural industry
* Cultural invention
* Cultural landscape
* Cultural learning
* Cultural leveling
* Cultural memory
* Cultural pluralism
* Cultural practice
* Cultural property
* Cultural reproduction
* Cultural system
* Cultural technology
* Cultural universal
* Cultureme
* Enculturation
* High- and low-context cultures
* Interculturality
* Manuscript culture
* Material culture
* Non-material culture
* Organizational culture
* Print culture
* Protoculture
* Safety culture
* Technoculture
* Trans-cultural diffusion
* Transculturation
* Visual culture

Politics|

* Colonial mentality
* Consumer capitalism
* Cross cultural sensitivity
* Cultural assimilation
* Cultural attaché
* Cultural backwardness
* Cultural Bolshevism
* Cultural conservatism
* Cultural contracts
* Cultural deprivation
* Cultural diplomacy
* Cultural environmentalism
* Cultural exception
* Cultural feminism
* Cultural genocide
* Cultural globalization
* Cultural hegemony
* Cultural imperialism
* Cultural intelligence
* Cultural liberalism
* Cultural nationalism
* Cultural pessimism
* Cultural policy
* Cultural racism
* Cultural radicalism
* Cultural retention
* Cultural Revolution
* Cultural rights
* Cultural safety
* Cultural silence
* Cultural subsidy
* Cultural Zionism
* Culture change
* Culture minister
* Culture of fear
* Culture war
* Deculturalization
* Dominator culture
* Interculturalism
* Monoculturalism
* Multiculturalism
* Biculturalism
* Pluriculturalism
* Polyculturalism
* Transculturism

Religions|

* Buddhism
* Christianity
* Catholicism
* Cultural Catholic
* Cultural Christian
* Protestantism
* Role of Christianity in civilization
* Eastern Orthodoxy
* Mormonism
* Cultural Hindu
* Islam
* Cultural Muslim
* Judaism
* Cultural Judaism
* Sikhism

Related|

* Animal culture
* Archaeological culture
* Bennett scale
* Cannabis culture
* Circuit of culture
* Civilization
* Coffee culture
* Cross-cultural
* Cultural center
* Cultural competence
* Cultural critic
* Cultural Detective
* Cultural determinism
* Cultural diversity
* Cultural encoding
* Cultural evolutionism
* Cultural homogenization
* Cultural institution
* Cultural jet lag
* Cultural lag
* Cultural literacy
* Cultural mosaic
* Cultural movement
* Cultural mulatto
* Cultural probe
* Cultural relativism
* Culture speculation
* Cultural tourism
* Pop-culture
* Cultural translation
* Cultural turn
* Cultural sensibility
* Culture and menstruation
* Culture and positive psychology
* Culture and social cognition
* Culture gap
* Culture hero
* Culture industry
* Culture shock
* Culturgen
* Children's culture
* Culturalism
* Cyberculture
* Death and culture
* Disability culture
* Deaf culture
* Emotions and culture
* Intercultural communication
* Intercultural competence
* Languaculture
* Living things in culture
* Media culture
* Oppositional culture
* Participatory culture
* Permission culture
* Rape culture
* Remix culture
* Tea culture
* Transformation of culture
* Urban culture
* Welfare culture
* Western culture

* Category
* Commons
* WikiProject
* Changes

fi:Arvokonservatismi

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