Cultural heritage

Short description: Physical artifact or intangible attribute of a society inherited from past generations

Roman ruins with a prophet, by Giovanni Pannini, 1751. The artistic cultural heritage of the Roman Empire served as a foundation for later Western culture, particularly via the Renaissance and Neoclassicism (as exemplified here).

Cultural heritage is the tangible and intangible legacy of a group or society that is inherited from past generations. Not all legacies of past generations are "heritage". Rather, heritage is a product of selection by society.[1]

Cultural heritage includes tangible culture (such as buildings, monuments, landscapes, archival documents, books, works of art, and artifacts), intangible culture (such as folklore, traditions, language, and knowledge), and natural heritage (including culturally significant landscapes, and biodiversity).[2] The term is often used in connection with issues related to the protection of Indigenous intellectual property.[3]

The deliberate action of keeping cultural heritage for future generations is known as preservation in American English or conservation in British English. This concept is promoted by cultural and historical ethnic museums and cultural centers, though these terms may have more specific or technical meanings in the same contexts in the other dialect. Preserved heritage has become an anchor of the global tourism industry, a major contributor of economic value to local communities.[1]

Legal protection of cultural property comprises a number of international agreements and national laws. United Nations, UNESCO, and Blue Shield International are involved in the protection of cultural heritage. This also applies to the integration of United Nations peacekeeping.[4][5][6][7][8][9]

## Contents

* 1 Types of heritage
* 1.1 Cultural property
* 1.2 Intangible culture
* 1.3 Natural heritage
* 1.4 Digital heritage
* 2 Protection of cultural heritage
* 2.1 History
* 3 Ethics and rationale
* 4 World heritage movement
* 5 National and regional heritage movements
* 6 Issues in cultural heritage
* 7 Management of cultural heritage
* 8 Cultural heritage digital preservation
* 9 See also
* 9.1 Digital methods in preservation
* 10 References
* 11 Further reading
* 12 External links

## Types of heritage

See also: Social:Indigenous intellectual property

### Cultural property

See also: Philosophy:Material culture

Cultural property includes the physical, or "tangible" cultural heritage, such as artworks. These are generally split into two groups of movable and immovable heritage. Immovable heritage includes buildings (which themselves may include installed art such as organs, stained glass windows, and frescos), large industrial installations, residential projects, or other historic places and monuments. Moveable heritage includes books, documents, moveable artworks, machines, clothing, and other artifacts, that are considered worthy of preservation for the future. These include objects significant to the archaeology, architecture, science, or technology of a specified culture.[2]

Aspects and disciplines of the preservation and conservation of tangible culture include:

* Museology
* Archival science
* Conservation (cultural heritage)
* Art conservation
* Archaeological conservation
* Architectural conservation
* Film preservation
* Phonograph record preservation
* Digital preservation

### Intangible culture

The Grandfather tells a story, by Albert Anker, c. 1884.

Main article: Intangible cultural heritage

See also: Cultural expressions

Aspects of the preservation and conservation of cultural intangibles include:

* folklore
* oral history
* language preservation

### Natural heritage

"Natural heritage" is also an important part of a society's heritage, encompassing the countryside and natural environment, including flora and fauna, scientifically known as biodiversity, as well as geological elements (including mineralogical, geomorphological, paleontological, etc.), scientifically known as geodiversity. These kinds of heritage sites often serve as an important component in a country's tourist industry, attracting many visitors from abroad as well as locally. Heritage can also include cultural landscapes (natural features that may have cultural attributes).

Aspects of the preservation and conservation of natural heritage include:

* Rare breeds conservation
* Heirloom plants

### Digital heritage

See also: Digital preservation

Digital heritage is made up of computer-based materials such as texts, databases, images, sounds and software being retained for future generations.[10] Digital heritage includes physical objects such as documents which have been digitized for retention and artifacts which are "born digital", i.e. originally created digitally and having no physical form.

Digital heritage also encompasses visual identity records, including the preservation of brand trademarks and logo evolution. These elements contribute to cultural memory by documenting how visual symbols change over time and how they reflect social, commercial and technological development. Such archives help illustrate historical continuity in branding, providing reference points for researchers and design historians.[11] A recent study used high‑resolution photogrammetry and 3D scanning to analyse Graeco‑Roman funerary masks, showing how digital methods can help reconstruct and document fragmented cultural artefacts.[12][13]

## Protection of cultural heritage

Main article: Social:Historic preservation

### History

There have been examples of respect for the cultural assets of enemies since ancient times. The roots of today's legal situation for the precise protection of cultural heritage also lie in some of the regulations of Austria's ruler Maria Theresa (1717 - 1780) and the demands of the Congress of Vienna (1814/15) not to remove works of art from their place of origin in the war.[14] The 1863 Lieber code, a military legal code governing the wartime conduct of the Union Army also set rules for the protection of cultural heritage.[15] The process continued at the end of the 19th century when, in 1874 (in Brussels), at least a draft international agreement on the laws and customs of war was agreed. 25 years later, in 1899, an international peace conference was held in the Netherlands on the initiative of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, with the aim of revising the declaration (which was never ratified) and adopting a convention. The Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 also significantly advanced international law and laid down the principle of the immunity of cultural property. Three decades later, in 1935, the preamble to the Treaty on the Protection of Artistic and Scientific Institutions (Roerich Pact) was formulated. On the initiative of UNESCO, the Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict was signed in 1954.[16]

Protection of cultural heritage or protection of cultural goods refers to all measures aimed at protecting cultural property against damage, destruction, theft, embezzlement, or other loss. The term "monument protection" is also used for immovable cultural property. Protection of cultural heritage relates in particular to the prevention of robbery digs at archaeological sites, the looting or destruction of cultural sites and the theft of works of art from churches and museums all over the world and basically measures regarding the conservation and general access to our common cultural heritage. Legal protection of cultural heritage comprises a number of international agreements and national laws.[17][18][19][20][21]

There is a close partnership between the UN, United Nations peacekeeping, UNESCO, the International Committee of the Red Cross and Blue Shield International.[9][22]

Karl von Habsburg, on a Blue Shield International fact-finding mission in Libya

The protection of cultural heritage should also preserve the particularly sensitive cultural memory, the growing cultural diversity, and the economic basis of a state, a municipality, or a region. Whereby there is also a connection between cultural user disruption or cultural heritage and the cause of flight. But only through fundamental cooperation, including the military units and the planning staff, with the locals can the protection of world heritage sites, archaeological finds, exhibits, and archaeological sites from destruction, looting, and robbery be implemented sustainably. The founding president of Blue Shield International Karl von Habsburg summed it up with the words: "Without the local community and without the local participants, that would be completely impossible".[9][23][24][25]

## Ethics and rationale

Objects are a part of the study of human history because they provide a concrete basis for ideas, and can validate them. Their preservation demonstrates a recognition of the necessity of the past and of the things that tell its story.[26] In The Past is a Foreign Country, David Lowenthal observes that preserved objects also validate memories. While digital acquisition techniques can provide a technological solution that is able to acquire the shape and the appearance of artifacts with unprecedented precision[27] in human history, the actuality of the object, as opposed to a reproduction, draws people in and gives them a literal way of touching the past. This poses a danger as places and things are damaged by the hands of tourists, the light required to display them, and other risks of making an object known and available. The reality of this risk reinforces the fact that all artifacts are in a constant state of chemical transformation so that what is considered to be preserved is actually changing – it is never as it once was.[28] Similarly changing is the value each generation may place on the past and on the artifacts that link it to the past. Cultural heritage is addressed not only through preservation and conservation practices, but also through policy, governance, and Cultural Planning frameworks at the municipal and regional level.

The equality or inseparability of cultural preservation and the protection of human life has been argued by several agencies and writers,[29] for example, former French president François Hollande stated in 2016

> Our responsibility is to save lives and also to save the stones -- there is no choice to be made, because today both are destroyed.[30]

File:Responsible development.webm Classical civilizations, especially Indian, have attributed supreme importance to the preservation of tradition. Its central idea was that social institutions, scientific knowledge, and technological applications need to use a "heritage" as a "resource".[31] Using contemporary language, we could say that ancient Indians considered, as social resources, both economic assets (like natural resources and their exploitation structure) and factors promoting social integration (like institutions for the preservation of knowledge and for the maintenance of civil order).[32] Ethics considered that what had been inherited should not be consumed, but should be handed over, possibly enriched, to successive generations. This was a moral imperative for all, except in the final life stage of sannyasa.

What one generation considers "cultural heritage" may be rejected by the next generation, only to be revived by a subsequent generation.[according to whom?]

## World heritage movement

See also: International Council on Monuments and Sites, Heritage for Peace, International Council of Museums, and International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property

Plaque stating the designation of Carthage as a World Heritage Site.

The Convention Concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage was adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO in 1972. As of 2011, there are 936 World Heritage Sites: 725 cultural, 183 natural, and 28 mixed properties, in 153 countries. Each of these sites is considered important to the international community.

Underwater cultural heritage is protected by the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage.[33]

In addition, UNESCO has begun designating masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights sitting as part of the United Nations Economic and Social Council with article 15 of its Covenant had sought to instill the principles under which cultural heritage is protected as part of a basic human right.

Key international documents and bodies include:

* Athens Charter, 1931
* Roerich Pact, 1935
* Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, 1954, (with a definition of cultural heritage item adopted by some national law)
* Venice Charter, 1964
* Barcelona Charter, 2002 (regarding maritime vessel preservation)
* ICOMOS
* The Blue Shield, a network of committees of dedicated individuals across the world that is "committed to the protection of the world's cultural property, and is concerned with the protection of cultural and natural heritage, tangible and intangible, in the event of armed conflict, natural- or human-made disaster."
* International Institute for Conservation

The U.S. Government Accountability Office issued a report describing some of the United States' cultural property protection efforts.[34]

In the last decades some of the most important heritage scholars have created the open heritage movement.

## National and regional heritage movements

File:Muisca Indigenous Heritage.webm

File:Youth & Heritage - Sweida - Syria.webm

Much of heritage preservation work is done at the national, regional, or local levels of society. Various national and regional regimes include:

* Australia:

Burra Charter
Heritage Overlay in Victoria, Australia

* Bosnia

KONS

* Brazil:

National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage

* Canada

Heritage conservation in Canada

* Chile

National Monuments Council (Chile)

* China

State Administration of Cultural Heritage

* Egypt

Supreme Council of Antiquities

* Estonia

Ministry of Culture (Estonia)
National Heritage Board (Estonia)[35]

* Ghana

Ghana's material cultural heritage

* Honduras

Secretary of State for Culture, Arts and Sports

* Hong Kong

Heritage conservation in Hong Kong

* India

Ministry of Culture (India)
National Archives of India
Archaeological Survey of India
Anthropological Survey of India
Culture of India
Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage
National Museum Institute of the History of Art, Conservation and Museology
List of World Heritage Sites in India
Heritage structures in Hyderabad

* Iran

Cultural Heritage, Handcrafts and Tourism Organization

* Japan

Cultural Properties of Japan

* Kenya

National Museums of Kenya
International Inventories Programme

* North Macedonia

Institute for Protection of Cultural Monuments

* Malaysia

The National Heritage Act

* Namibia

National Heritage Council of Namibia
National Monuments Council

* New Zealand

New Zealand Historic Places Trust

* Pakistan

Lahore Museum of Art and Cultural History
Lok Virsa Heritage Museum
National Museum of Pakistan
Pakistan Monument and Heritage Museum

* Philippines

National Commission for Culture and the Arts
National Historical Commission of the Philippines

* Poland

National Ossoliński Institute[36]

* Serbia

Immovable Cultural Heritage of Exceptional Importance
Immovable Cultural Heritage of Great Importance

* South Africa

South African Heritage Resources Agency
Provincial heritage resources authorities
Amafa aKwaZulu-Natali
Heritage Western Cape
Northern Cape Heritage Resources Authority
National Monuments Council
Historical Monuments Commission

* United Kingdom

Conservation in the United Kingdom
English Heritage
English Heritage Archive
National Trust
Cadw
Northern Ireland Environment Agency
Historic Environment Scotland
National Trust for Scotland

* United States of America

National Park Service

National Register of Historic Places
National Historic Site (United States)
List of national memorials of the United States
National Military Park

* Zambia

National Heritage Conservation Commission

National Museums Board

* Zimbabwe

National Monuments of Zimbabwe

## Issues in cultural heritage

Emblem used to clearly identify cultural property under protection of the Hague Convention of 1954, regarding cultural property during armed conflicts.

* Cultural heritage repatriation
* Cultural heritage management
* Cultural property law
* Heritage tourism
* Virtual heritage
* Sustainable preservation
* Climate change and World Heritage[37]

## Management of cultural heritage

* Exhibition of cultural heritage objects
* Radiography of cultural objects
* Storage of cultural heritage objects
* Collections maintenance
* Disaster preparedness
* Cultural planning

## Cultural heritage digital preservation

Ancient archaeological artefacts and archaeological sites are naturally prone to damage due to their age and environmental conditions. Also, there have been tragic occurrences of unexpected human-made disasters, such as in the cases of a fire that took place in the 200 years old National Museum of Brazil and the UNESCO World Heritage Site of the Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris.

Therefore, there is a growing need to digitize cultural heritage in order to preserve them in the face of potential calamities such as climate change, natural disaster, poor policy or inadequate infrastructure. For example, the Library of Congress has started to digitize its collections in a special program called the National Digital Library Program.[38] The Smithsonian has also been actively digitizing its collection with the release of the "Smithsonian X 3D Explorer," allowing anyone to engage with the digitized versions of the museum's millions of artifacts, of which only two percent are on display.[39][40]

3D scanning devices used for heritage preservation produce a high-precision digital reference model that not only digitizes condition but also provides a 3D virtual model for replication. The high cost and relative complexity of 3D scanning technologies made it quite impractical in the past, but technology advances and lower relative costs have made even mobile based scanning applications able to create a virtual museum.

There is still a low level of digital archiving of archaeological data obtained via excavation,[41] even in the UK where the lead digital archive for archaeology, the Archaeology Data Service, was established in the 1990s. Across the globe, countries are at different stages of dealing with digital archaeological archives,[42] all dealing with differences in statutory requirements, legal ownership of archives and infrastructure.[43] [44]

## See also

* Antiquarian
* Architectural Heritage (academic journal)
* Collecting
* Heritage film
* Values (heritage)

### Digital methods in preservation

* DigiCULT
* ERPANET
* Intellectual property issues in cultural heritage (IPinCH)

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Logan, William S. (2007). "Closing Pandora's Box: Human Rights Conundrums in Cultural Heritage". in Silverman, Helaine. Cultural heritage and human rights. New York, NY: Springer. ISBN 9780387713137. OCLC 187048155.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Ann Marie Sullivan, Cultural Heritage & New Media: A Future for the Past, 15 J. MARSHALL REV. INTELL. PROP. L. 604 (2016) https://repository.jmls.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1392&context=ripl
3. ↑ "Indigenous Cultural and Intellectual Property (ICIP) (AITB)". 18 April 2011. https://www.artslaw.com.au/information-sheet/indigenous-cultural-and-intellectual-property-icip-aitb/.
4. ↑ "UNESCO Legal Instruments: Second Protocol to the Hague Convention of 1954 for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict 1999". http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=15207&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html.
5. ↑ UNESCO convenes Libyan and international experts meeting for the safeguard of Libya's cultural heritage. UNESCO World Heritage Center – News, 21. Oktober 2011.
6. ↑ Roger O'Keefe, Camille Péron, Tofig Musayev, Gianluca Ferrari "Protection of Cultural Property. Military Manual." UNESCO, 2016, S. 73ff.
7. ↑ Eric Gibson: The Destruction of Cultural Heritage Should be a War Crime. In: The Wall Street Journal, 2 March 2015.
8. ↑ UNESCO Director-General calls for stronger cooperation for heritage protection at the Blue Shield International General Assembly. UNESCO, 13 September 2017.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 "Action plan to preserve heritage sites during conflict". 12 April 2019. http://unifil.unmissions.org/action-plan-preserve-heritage-sites-during-conflict.
10. ↑ Unesco, Concept of digital herigate, accessed 9 May 2023
11. ↑ Information sourced from Logo Heritage, a digital archive dedicated to documenting historical and contemporary logo design.
12. ↑ Rindi Nuzzolo, Carlo (2025-12-20). "From fragments to faces: using metrological analysis for artefact re-identification and provenience attribution" (in en). npj Heritage Science 13 (1): 673. doi:10.1038/s40494-025-02218-4. ISSN 3059-3220. https://www.nature.com/articles/s40494-025-02218-4.
13. ↑ Rindi Nuzzolo, Carlo (2026-02-13). "3D scanning and shape analysis help archaeologists connect objects across space and time to recover their lost histories" (in en-US). doi:10.64628/AAI.9qpf3hsrt. http://theconversation.com/3d-scanning-and-shape-analysis-help-archaeologists-connect-objects-across-space-and-time-to-recover-their-lost-histories-273077.
14. ↑ "Schutz des kulturellen Erbes (German - Protection of cultural heritgage), Austrian Armed Forces". https://www.bmi.gv.at/magazinfiles/2011/01_02/files/kulturgterschutz.pdf.
15. ↑ Titi, Catharine (2023) (in en). The Parthenon Marbles and International Law. Springer. pp. 248. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-26357-6. ISBN 978-3-031-26356-9. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-26357-6.
16. ↑ Fiankan-Bokonga, Catherine (October–December 2017). "A historic resolution to protect cultural heritage". The UNESCO Courier. https://en.unesco.org/courier/2017nian-di-3qi/historic-resolution-protect-cultural-heritage.
17. ↑ Corine Wegener, Marjan Otter: Cultural Property at War: Protecting Heritage during Armed Conflict. In: The Getty Conservation Institute, Newsletter 23.1, Spring 2008.
18. ↑ Roger O’Keefe, Camille Péron, Tofig Musayev, Gianluca Ferrari "Protection of Cultural Property. Military Manual." UNESCO, 2016.
19. ↑ Eden Stiffman "Cultural Preservation in Disasters, War Zones. Presents Big Challenges" in The Chronicle Of Philanthropy, 11 May 2015.
20. ↑ "UNESCO Director-General calls for stronger cooperation for heritage protection at the Blue Shield International General Assembly.", UNESCO - 13 September 2017.
21. ↑ Friedrich Schipper: "Bildersturm: Die globalen Normen zum Schutz von Kulturgut greifen nicht" (German - The global norms for the protection of cultural property do not apply), In: Der Standard, 6 March 2015.
22. ↑ "The ICRC and the Blue Shield signed a Memorandum of Understanding | International Committee of the Red Cross". 26 February 2020. https://www.icrc.org/en/document/icrc-and-blue-shield-signed-memorandum-understanding.
23. ↑ "Austrian Armed Forces Mission in Lebanon" (in de). 28 April 2019. https://www.krone.at/1911689.
24. ↑ Hosagrahar, Jyoti (April–June 2017). "Culture: at the heart of SDGs". The UNESCO Courier. ISSN 2220-2293. https://en.unesco.org/courier/april-june-2017/culture-heart-sdgs.
25. ↑ Rick Szostak: The Causes of Economic Growth: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Springer Science & Business Media, 2009, ISBN 9783540922827.
26. ↑ Tanselle, G. Thomas (1998), Literature and Artifacts, Charlottesville, VA: Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia, ISBN 1-883631-06-8, OCLC 39223648
27. ↑ Paolo Cignoni; Roberto Scopigno (June 2008), "Sampled 3D models for CH applications: A viable and enabling new medium or just a technological exercise?" (PDF), Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage 1 (1): 1–23, doi:10.1145/1367080.1367082, http://vcg.isti.cnr.it/Publications/2008/CS08/.
28. ↑ Lowenthal, David (1985), The Past is a Foreign Country, New York: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-22415-2, OCLC 12052097, https://archive.org/details/pastisforeigncou0000lowe
29. ↑ Open University, The ethics of cultural heritage: 1 The inseparability thesis, accessed 7 May 2023
30. ↑ UNESCO, With President Francois Hollande, UNESCO Director-General inaugurates the exhibition "Eternal Sites" at the Grand Palais, accessed 8 May 2023
31. ↑ Proposing Varanasi for the World Heritage List of UNESCO, Varanasi Development Authority, https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http://vdavns.org/data/proposing_varanasi.pdf .
32. ↑ Singh, Rana P.B., Vrinda Dar and S. Pravin, Rationales for including Varanasi as heritage city in the UNESCO World Heritage List, National Geographic Journal of India (varanasi) 2001, 47:177-200 .
33. ↑ Roberts, Hayley (2018). "The British Ratification of the Underwater Heritage Convention: Problems and Prospects" (in en). International & Comparative Law Quarterly 67 (4): 833–865. doi:10.1017/S0020589318000210. ISSN 0020-5893. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/researchoutputs/the-british-ratification-of-the-underwater-heritage-convention-problems-and-prospects(5d0f3e40-6d37-42bb-805c-8de96b82dbae).html.
34. ↑ "Cultural Property: Protection of Iraqi and Syrian Antiquities". 20 July 2017. https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-16-673.
35. ↑ "Tere tulemast". https://register.muinas.ee/public.php.
36. ↑ Mariusz Dworsatschek, ed (2017) (in pl). Nie tylko książki. Ossolińskie kolekcje i ich opiekunowie (1 ed.). Wrocław: Osso Wczoraj i Dziś. ISBN 978-83-65588-31-9. "not just books. The Ossolineum's collections and their custodians".
37. ↑ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Climate Change and World Heritage" (in en). https://whc.unesco.org/en/climatechange/.
38. ↑ "Library of Congress National Digital Library Program". https://memory.loc.gov/ammem/dli2/html/lcndlp.html.
39. ↑ Opam, Kwame (2013-11-13). "The Smithsonian is now sharing 3D scans of artifacts with the public" (in en). https://www.theverge.com/2013/11/13/5100190/the-smithsonian-is-now-sharing-3d-scans-of-artifacts-with-the-public.
40. ↑ "3D Digitization |". https://3d.si.edu/.
41. ↑ Richards, J.D. (2021). "Archiving Archaeological Data in the United Kingdom". Internet Archaeology (58). doi:10.11141/ia.58.21.
42. ↑ Richards, J.D.; Jakobsson, U.; Novák, D.; Štular, B.; Wright, H. (2021). "Digital Archiving in Archaeology: The State of the Art. Introduction". Internet Archaeology (60). doi:10.11141/ia.58.23.
43. ↑ Geser, G.; Richards, J.D.; Massara, F.; Wright, H. (2022). "Digital Archiving in Archaeology: The State of the Art. Introduction". Internet Archaeology (60). doi:10.11141/ia.59.2.
44. ↑ Tsang, C. (2021). "Red Sky at Night: digital archiving in England 2020". Internet Archaeology (58). doi:10.11141/ia.58.6.

## Further reading

* Michael Falser. Cultural Heritage as Civilizing Mission. From Decay to Recovery. Heidelberg, New York: Springer (2015), ISBN 978-3-319-13638-7.
* Michael Falser, Monica Juneja (eds.). 'Archaeologizing' Heritage? Transcultural Entanglements between Local Social Practices and Global Virtual Realities. Heidelberg, New York: Springer (2013), ISBN 978-3-642-35870-8.
* Fiankan-Bokonga, Catherine (2017-10-17). "A historic resolution to protect cultural heritage" (in en). https://en.unesco.org/courier/2017nian-di-3qi/historic-resolution-protect-cultural-heritage.
* Savoy, Bénédicte (2025). Objects of Desire, Desire for Objects. Translated by Liz Libbrecht. Paris: Collège de France. Objects of Desire, Desire for Objects : Inaugural lecture delivered at the Collège de France on Thursday 30 March 2017.
* Ann Marie Sullivan, Cultural Heritage & New Media: A Future for the Past, 15 J. MARSHALL REV. INTELL. PROP. L. 604 (2016) [1]
* Barbara T. Hoffman, Art and cultural heritage: law, policy, and practice, Cambridge University Press, 2006
* Leila A. Amineddoleh, "Protecting Cultural Heritage by Strictly Scrutinizing Museum Acquisitions," Fordham Intellectual Property, Media & Entertainment Law Journal, Vol. 24, No. 3. Available at: Protecting Cultural Heritage by Strictly Scrutinizing Museum Acquisitions by Leila Amineddoleh :: SSRN
* Paolo Davide Farah, Riccardo Tremolada, Desirability of Commodification of Intangible Cultural Heritage: The Unsatisfying Role of IPRs, in TRANSNATIONAL DISPUTE MANAGEMENT, Special Issues "The New Frontiers of Cultural Law: Intangible Heritage Disputes", Volume 11, Issue 2, March 2014, ISSN 1875-4120 Available at: Desirability of Commodification of Intangible Cultural Heritage: The Unsatisfying Role of Intellectual Property Rights by Paolo Davide Farah, Riccardo Tremolada :: SSRN
* Paolo Davide Farah, Riccardo Tremolada, Intellectual Property Rights, Human Rights and Intangible Cultural Heritage, Journal of Intellectual Property Law, Issue 2, Part I, June 2014, ISSN 0035-614X, Giuffrè, pp. 21–47. Available at: Diritti di Proprietà Intellettuale, Diritti Umani e Patrimonio Culturale Immateriale (Intellectual Property Rights, Human Rights and Intangible Cultural Heritage) by Paolo Davide Farah, Riccardo Tremolada :: SSRN
* Nora Lafi, Building and Destroying Authenticity in Aleppo: Heritage between Conservation, Transformation, Destruction, and Re-Invention in Christoph Bernhardt, Martin Sabrow, Achim Saupe. Gebaute Geschichte. Historische Authentizität im Stadtraum, Wallstein, pp.206-228, 2017
* Dallen J. Timothy and Gyan P. Nyaupane, Cultural heritage and tourism in the developing world : a regional perspective, Taylor & Francis, 2009
* Peter Probst, "Osogbo and the Art of Heritage: Monuments, Deities, and Money", Indiana University Press, 2011
* Constantine Sandis (ed.), Cultural Heritage Ethics: Between Theory and Practice, Open Book Publishers, 2014
* Zuckermann, Ghil'ad et al., ENGAGING - A Guide to Interacting Respectfully and Reciprocally with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People, and their Arts Practices and Intellectual Property, Australian Government: Indigenous Culture Support, 2015
* Walters, Diana; Laven, Daniel; Davis, Peter (2017). Heritage & Peacebuilding. Suffolk, UK: Boydell Press. ISBN 9781783272167. https://boydellandbrewer.com/heritage-and-peacebuilding-hb.html. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
* Hudson-Ward, A., Widholm, J. R., & Scott, W. (Eds.). (2023). Cultural Heritage and the Campus Community: Academic Libraries and Museums in Collaboration. ACRL.

## External links

| Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Cultural heritage.

|

* UNESCO World Heritage Centre – Official website of the United Nations organization for cultural heritage
* Cultural routes and landscapes, a common heritage of Europe (English and French language)
* Dédalo Open source management system for Cultural heritage

* v
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Culture

Outline

Sciences|

* Cultural anthropology
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Subfields|

* Bioculture
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Types|

* Constructed culture
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Aspects|

* Acculturation
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* Print culture
* Protoculture
* Safety culture
* Technoculture
* Trans-cultural diffusion
* Transculturation
* Visual culture

Politics|

* Colonial mentality
* Consumer capitalism
* Cross cultural sensitivity
* Cultural assimilation
* Cultural attaché
* Cultural backwardness
* Cultural Bolshevism
* Cultural conservatism
* Cultural contracts
* Cultural deprivation
* Cultural diplomacy
* Cultural environmentalism
* Cultural exception
* Cultural feminism
* Cultural genocide
* Cultural globalization
* Cultural hegemony
* Cultural imperialism
* Cultural intelligence
* Cultural liberalism
* Cultural nationalism
* Cultural pessimism
* Cultural policy
* Cultural racism
* Cultural radicalism
* Cultural retention
* Cultural Revolution
* Cultural rights
* Cultural safety
* Cultural silence
* Cultural subsidy
* Cultural Zionism
* Culture change
* Culture minister
* Culture of fear
* Culture war
* Deculturalization
* Dominator culture
* Interculturalism
* Monoculturalism
* Multiculturalism
* Biculturalism
* Pluriculturalism
* Polyculturalism
* Transculturism

Religions|

* Buddhism
* Christianity
* Catholicism
* Cultural Catholic
* Cultural Christian
* Protestantism
* Role of Christianity in civilization
* Eastern Orthodoxy
* Mormonism
* Cultural Hindu
* Islam
* Cultural Muslim
* Judaism
* Cultural Judaism
* Sikhism

Related|

* Animal culture
* Archaeological culture
* Bennett scale
* Cannabis culture
* Circuit of culture
* Civilization
* Coffee culture
* Cross-cultural
* Cultural center
* Cultural competence
* Cultural critic
* Cultural Detective
* Cultural determinism
* Cultural diversity
* Cultural encoding
* Cultural evolutionism
* Cultural homogenization
* Cultural institution
* Cultural jet lag
* Cultural lag
* Cultural literacy
* Cultural mosaic
* Cultural movement
* Cultural mulatto
* Cultural probe
* Cultural relativism
* Culture speculation
* Cultural tourism
* Pop-culture
* Cultural translation
* Cultural turn
* Cultural sensibility
* Culture and menstruation
* Culture and positive psychology
* Culture and social cognition
* Culture gap
* Culture hero
* Culture industry
* Culture shock
* Culturgen
* Children's culture
* Culturalism
* Cyberculture
* Death and culture
* Disability culture
* Deaf culture
* Emotions and culture
* Intercultural communication
* Intercultural competence
* Languaculture
* Living things in culture
* Media culture
* Oppositional culture
* Participatory culture
* Permission culture
* Rape culture
* Remix culture
* Tea culture
* Transformation of culture
* Urban culture
* Welfare culture
* Western culture

* Category
* Commons
* WikiProject
* Changes

* v
* t
* e

Conservation and restoration of cultural heritage

Collection care
and management|

* Collecting
* Collection (artwork)
* Collections care
* Collection catalog
* Collections maintenance
* Collections management (museum)
* Collection Management Policy
* Collections management system
* Cultural heritage management
* Cultural resources management
* Deaccessioning (museum)
* Digital repository audit method based on risk assessment
* Display case
* Documentation of cultural property
* Emergency response (museum)
* Exhibition of cultural heritage objects
* Found in collection
* Inherent vice
* Inventory (museum)
* Museum integrated pest management
* Preservation metadata
* Implementation Strategies
* Preservation of meaning
* Preservation survey
* Provenance
* Repatriation
* Restoration (cultural heritage)
* Storage of cultural heritage objects

Roles and
expertise|

* Art handler
* Collection manager
* Conservator-restorer
* Conservation scientist
* Conservation technician
* Curator
* Exhibition designer
* Mount maker
* Objects conservator
* Paintings conservator
* Photograph conservator
* Preservationist
* Registrar (museum)
* Textile conservator

Area specialities|

* Antiques restoration
* Archaeological science
* Archaeology
* Bioarchaeology
* Building restoration
* Conservation science
* Digital photograph restoration
* Digital preservation
* Database preservation
* Film preservation
* Frame conservation
* Heritage science
* Historic preservation
* Media preservation
* Object conservation
* Optical media preservation
* Painting conservation
* Preservation (library and archival science)
* Restoration
* Sustainable preservation
* Web archiving

Techniques|

* Aging (artwork)
* Anastylosis
* Arrested decay
* Architecture
* Cradling (paintings)
* Detachment of wall paintings
* Desmet method
* Historic paint analysis
* Imaging of cultural heritage
* Inpainting
* Kintsugi
* Leafcasting
* Lining of paintings
* Mass deacidification
* Mold control and prevention in libraries
* Overpainting
* Paper splitting
* Radiography of cultural objects
* Reconstruction (architecture)
* Rissverklebung
* Textile stabilization
* Transfer of panel paintings
* UVC-based preservation
* VisualAudio

Topics|

* Archaeological sites
* Ancient Greek pottery
* Automobiles
* Bone, horn, and antler objects
* Books, manuscripts, documents and ephemera
* Ceramic objects
* Clocks
* Copper-based objects
* Feathers
* Film
* Flags and banners
* Frescos
* Fur objects
* Glass objects
* Herbaria
* Historic gardens
* Human remains
* Illuminated manuscripts
* Insect specimens
* Iron and steel objects
* Ivory objects
* Judaica
* Lacquerware
* Leather objects
* Lighthouses
* Metals
* Musical instruments
* Neon objects
* New media art
* Outdoor artworks
* Outdoor bronze objects
* Outdoor murals
* Paintings
* Painting frames
* Panel paintings
* Papyrus
* Parchment
* Performance art
* Photographs
* Photographic plates
* Plastic objects
* Pompeian frescoes
* Shipwreck artifacts
* Silver objects
* South Asian household shrines
* Stained glass
* Taxidermy
* Textiles
* Tibetan thangkas
* Time-based media art
* Totem poles
* Vehicles
* Vinyl discs
* Woodblock prints
* Wooden artifacts
* Wooden furniture

Notable projects|

* Conservation issues of Pompeii and Herculaneum
* Conservation-restoration of Ecce Homo by Elías García Martínez
* Conservation-restoration of The Gross Clinic by Thomas Eakins
* Conservation-restoration of Leonardo da Vinci's The Last Supper
* Conservation-restoration of the Shroud of Turin
* Conservation-restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes
* Conservation-restoration of the Statue of Liberty
* Conservation-restoration of the H.L. Hunley
* Modern and Contemporary Art Research Initiative

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural heritage. Read more

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