Democratic ideals

Democratic ideals is an expression used to refer to personal qualities or standards of government behavior that are felt to be essential for the continuation of a democratic policy. In the 20th century, T. H. Marshall proposed what he believed to be central democratic ideals in his seminal essay on citizenship, citing three different kinds of rights: civil rights that are the basic building blocks of individual freedom; political rights, which include the rights of citizens to participate in order to exercise political power; and finally social rights, which include the right to basic economic welfare and security.[1]

The importance of human rights is often listed as a central democratic ideal, as well as instilling in military and civilian governmental personnel the attitudes and methods which will prevent their actions from infringing on those rights.[2][3][4] The United States Bill of Rights in the Constitution of the United States is an example of the democratic ideal of human rights and liberties being implemented in the foundation of a country's governance. These individual freedoms include freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, freedom of religion and the right to a fair trial.[5][6] Voter enfranchisement and political participation are two key democratic ideals that ensure the engagement of citizens in the political sphere. Who has the right to suffrage has changed over the centuries and universal suffrage is necessary for a nation to be considered a democracy and not a dictatorship.[7]

These resemble similarities within the British Parliament system,[8] where there’s a makeshift hierarchy but the American upper house holds more importance in terms of power within the political system. The British political system is also made up of an executive, legislative and judicial branch which runs throughout the Westminster Parliament. The executive branch is made up of ministers who run the country, are responsible for proposing legislation and developing foreign internal policies, headed by the Prime Minister. All government ministers are members of the legislative branch, also reflective of the American political system. The Supreme Court is the highest court within the political system of Great Britain, which is where the judicial branch ensures that laws are passed, obeyed and reviewed by a senior minister.[citation needed] The British Parliament consists of the House of Commons, the House of Lords and the Monarch. The system is bicameral, meaning Lords as the upper house and Commons as the lower. The House of Commons has the most authority above all in British politics, it consists of 650 seats with each person representing a different part of the United Kingdom - This is called a constituency.

## Other uses of the term

In historical texts, the phrase is often used to denote aspirations or norms of behavior, separate from a functioning democracy, including egalitarianism, self-government, self-determination and freedom of conscience.[citation needed]

## See also

* Athenian democracy
* Civil rights
* Constitutional liberalism
* Democratic socialism
* Direct and indirect democracy
* Due process
* Egalitarianism
* Equality before the law
* Liberal democracy
* Natural rights
* Open society
* Pluralism (political philosophy)
* Popular sovereignty
* Social democracy

## References

1. ↑ Oser, Jennifer; Hooghe, Marc (August 2018). "Democratic ideals and levels of political participation: The role of political and social conceptualisations of democracy". The British Journal of Politics and International Relations 20 (3): 711–730. doi:10.1177/1369148118768140.
2. ↑ Maginnis, Robert L. (September 12, 1999). "The Foundations Of Human Rights". Thought You Should Know. [verification needed]
3. ↑ Powell, Colin L. (May 17, 2004). "New Report Shows U.S. Work for Human Rights, Powell Says". Archived from the original on November 19, 2004. https://web.archive.org/web/20041119142939/http://usinfo.state.gov/dhr/Archive/2004/May/17-697855.html. Retrieved July 3, 2016.
4. ↑ Cummings, Briana (May 2004). "A Tame Revolution? Explaining Soldiers' Restraint Toward Civilians in the American War of Independence". Harvard Graduate School of Education. Archived from the original on July 9, 2004. https://web.archive.org/web/20040709123536/http://gseweb.harvard.edu/~t656_web/peace/Articles_Spring_2004/Cummings_Briana_American_revolution.htm. Retrieved July 3, 2016. [self-published source?]
5. ↑ Amar, Akhil Reed (1991). "The Bill of Rights as a Constitution". The Yale Law Journal 100 (5): 1131–1210. doi:10.2307/796690. https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/fss_papers/1033.
6. ↑ Burger, Warren E. (1991). "America's Bill of Rights at 200 Years". Presidential Studies Quarterly 21 (3): 453–457.
7. ↑ Warren, Mark E. (2002). "What Can Democratic Participation Mean Today?". Political Theory 30 (5): 677–701. doi:10.1177/0090591702030005003.
8. ↑ "Political Systems & Structure of the U.S. vs. Great Britain". https://study.com/academy/lesson/political-systems-structure-of-the-us-vs-great-britain.html.

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