Digital anthropology

Short description: Subdiscipline of anthropology

Anthropology

* Outline
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Types

* Archaeological
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Archaeological

* Aerial
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Biological

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Linguistic

* Anthropological
* Descriptive
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* Ethnopoetical
* Historical
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Research framework

* Anthropometry
* Ethnography
* cyber
* Ethnology
* Cross-cultural comparison
* Participant observation
* Holism
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* Thick description
* Cultural relativism
* Ethnocentrism
* Emic and etic

Key concepts

* Culture
* Development
* Ethnicity
* Evolution
* sociocultural
* Gender
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* Meme
* Prehistory

Race
* Society
* Value

* Colonialism / Postcolonialism

Key theories

* Actor–network theory
* Alliance theory
* Cross-cultural studies
* Cultural materialism
* Culture theory
* Diffusionism
* Feminism
* Historical particularism
* Boasian anthropology
* Functionalism
* Interpretive
* Performance studies
* Political economy
* Practice theory
* Structuralism
* Post-structuralism
* Systems theory

Lists

* Anthropologists by nationality
* Anthropology by year

* Bibliography
* Journals
* List of indigenous peoples
* Organizations

* v
* t
* e

Digital anthropology is the anthropological study of the relationship between humans and digital-era technology. The field is new, and thus has a variety of names with a variety of emphases. These include techno-anthropology,[1] digital ethnography, cyberanthropology,[2] and virtual anthropology.[3]

## Contents

* 1 Definition and scope
* 2 Methodology
* 2.1 Digital fieldwork
* 2.2 Digital technology as a tool of anthropology
* 3 Ethics
* 4 Prominent figures
* 5 See also
* 6 References
* 6.1 Notes
* 6.2 Bibliography
* 7 External links

## Definition and scope

Most anthropologists who use the phrase "digital anthropology" are specifically referring to online and Internet technology. The study of humans' relationship to a broader range of technology may fall under other subfields of anthropological study, such as cyborg anthropology.

The Digital Anthropology Group (DANG) is classified as an interest group in the American Anthropological Association. DANG's mission includes promoting the use of digital technology as a tool of anthropological research, encouraging anthropologists to share research using digital platforms, and outlining ways for anthropologists to study digital communities.

Cyberspace itself can serve as a "field" site for anthropologists, allowing the observation, analysis, and interpretation of the sociocultural phenomena springing up and taking place in any interactive space.

National and transnational communities, enabled by digital technology, establish a set of social norms, practices, traditions, storied history and associated collective memory, migration periods, internal and external conflicts, potentially subconscious language features[4][5] and memetic dialects comparable to those of traditional, geographically confined communities. This includes the various communities built around free and open-source software, online platforms such as 4chan and Reddit and their respective sub-sites, and politically motivated groups like Anonymous, WikiLeaks, or the Occupy movement.[6]

A number of academic anthropologists have conducted traditional ethnographies of virtual worlds, such as Bonnie Nardi's study of World of Warcraft[7] or Tom Boellstorff's study of Second Life.[8] Academic Gabriella Coleman has done ethnographic work on the Debian software community[9] and the Anonymous hacktivist network.[10] Theorist Nancy Mauro-Flude conducts ethnographic field work on computing arts and computer subcultures such as systerserver.net a part of the communities of feminist web servers [11] and the Feminist Internet network.[12]

Anthropological research can help designers adapt and improve technology. Australian anthropologist Genevieve Bell did extensive user experience research at Intel that informed the company's approach to its technology, users, and market.[13]

## Methodology

### Digital fieldwork

Many digital anthropologists who study online communities use traditional methods of anthropological research. They participate in online communities in order to learn about their customs and worldviews, and back their observations with private interviews, historical research, and quantitative data. Their product is an ethnography, a qualitative description of their experience and analyses.

Other anthropologists and social scientists have conducted research that emphasizes data gathered by websites and servers. However, academics often have trouble accessing user data on the same scale as social media corporations like Facebook and data mining companies like Acxiom.

In terms of method, there is a disagreement in whether it is possible to conduct research exclusively online or if research will only be complete when the subjects are studied holistically, both online and offline. Tom Boellstorff, who conducted a three-year research as an avatar in the virtual world Second Life, defends the first approach, stating that it is not just possible, but necessary to engage with subjects “in their own terms”.[14][citation needed][15] Others, such as Daniel Miller, have argued that an ethnographic research should not exclude learning about the subject's life outside the internet.[8]

### Digital technology as a tool of anthropology

The American Anthropological Association offers an online guide for students using digital technology to store and share data. Data can be uploaded to digital databases to be stored, shared, and interpreted. Text and numerical analysis software can help produce metadata, while a codebook may help organize data.

## Ethics

Online fieldwork offers new ethical challenges. According to the American Anthropological Association's ethics guidelines, anthropologists researching a community must make sure that all members of that community know they are being studied and have access to data the anthropologist produces. However, many online communities' interactions are publicly available for anyone to read, and may be preserved online for years. Digital anthropologists debate the extent to which lurking in online communities and sifting through public archives is ethical.[16]

The Association also asserts that anthropologists' ability to collect and store data at all is "a privilege", and researchers have an ethical duty to store digital data responsibly. This means protecting the identity of participants, sharing data with other anthropologists, and making backup copies of all data.[17]

## Prominent figures

* Genevieve Bell
* Tom Boellstorff
* Gabriella Coleman
* Diana E. Forsythe
* Heather Horst
* Mizuko Ito
* Nancy Mauro-Flude
* Daniel Miller
* Mike Wesch
* Eitan Wilf
* Yongming Zhou
* Eve M. Zucker

## See also

* Sociology of the Internet
* List of important publications in anthropology
* Digital sociology

## References

### Notes

1. ↑ "Techno-Anthropology course guide". Aalborg University. http://www.studyguide.aau.dk/programmes/postgraduate/53203/.
2. ↑ Knorr, Alexander (August 2011). Cyberanthropology. Peter Hammer Verlag Gmbh. ISBN 978-3779503590. http://xirdalium.net/category/anthropology/cyberanthropology/. Retrieved March 14, 2013.
3. ↑ Weber, Gerhard; Bookstein, Fred (2011). Virtual Anthropology: A guide to a new interdisciplinary field. Springer. ISBN 978-3211486474.
4. ↑ Word usage mirrors community structure in the online social network Twitter, EPJ Data Science, 25 February 2013
5. ↑ Rodrigues, Jason (15 March 2013). "Twitter users forming tribes with own language, tweet analysis shows". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/mar/15/twitter-users-tribes-language-analysis-tweets.
6. ↑ "Abstract of 'The social construction of freedom in free and open source software: Hackers, ethics, and the liberal tradition'". FlossHub. http://flosshub.org/node/43.
7. ↑ Nardi, Bonnie (2010). My Life as a Night Elf Priest: An Anthropological Account of World of Warcraft. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0472050987.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Boellstorff, Tom (2010). Coming of Age in Second Life: An Anthropologist Explores the Virtually Human. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691146270.
9. ↑ Coleman, Gabriella (2010). "The Hacker Conference: A Ritual Condensation and Celebration of a Lifeworld". Anthropological Quarterly 83 (1): 47–72. doi:10.1353/anq.0.0112. ISSN 0003-5491. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20638699.
10. ↑ Coleman, G. (2014). Hacker, hoaxer, whistleblower, spy: The many faces of Anonymous. Verso Books. https://ashkanyeganeh.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/hacker-hoaxer-whistleblower-spy.pdf
11. ↑ Mauro-Flude, Nancy (2022). 2021243?journalCode=ncdn20 "A feminist server stack". Codesign 18 (1): 48–62. doi:10.1080/15710882.2021.2021243. ISSN 1571-0882. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15710882.2021. 2021243?journalCode=ncdn20.
12. ↑ Mauro-Flude, n. (2021). Mauro-Flude, Nancy (2021). "Chthonian Feminist Internet Theory for the twenty first century". Continuum: Journal of Media and Cultural Studies 35 (1): 788–804. doi:10.1080/10304312.2021.1983260. ISSN 1469-3666. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10304312.2021.1983260.
13. ↑ "Intel's cultural anthropologist". https://money.cnn.com/2010/09/20/technology/intel_anthropologist.fortune/index.htm.
14. ↑ Boellstorff, Tom (2015-12-31). Coming of Age in Second Life. Princeton: Princeton University Press. doi:10.1515/9781400874101. ISBN 978-1-4008-7410-1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400874101.
15. ↑ Boellstorff, Tom (2021). Digital Anthropology (2nd ed.). California: Routledge. pp. 39–60. ISBN 9781350078840.
16. ↑ Varis, Piia (2014). "Digital Ethnography". Tilburg Papers in Cultural Studies: 1–21.
17. ↑ "Digital Data Management - Cultural Module - Learn and Teach" (in en). http://www.americananthro.org/LearnAndTeach/Content.aspx?ItemNumber=20671&navItemNumber=20708.

### Bibliography

* Budka, Philipp and Manfred Kremser. 2004. "CyberAnthropology—Anthropology of CyberCulture", in Contemporary issues in socio-cultural anthropology: Perspectives and research activities from Austria edited by S. Khittel, B. Plankensteiner and M. Six-Hohenbalken, pp. 213–226. Vienna: Loecker.
* Escobar, Arturo. 1994. "Welcome to Cyberia: notes on the anthropology of cyberculture." Current Anthropology 35(3): 211–231.
* Fabian, Johannes. 2002. Virtual archives and ethnographic writing: "Commentary" as a new genre? Current Anthropology 43(5): 775–786.
* Gershon, Ilana. 2010. The Break-up 2.0: Disconnecting over new media. Cornell University Press
* Ginsburg, Faye. 2008. Rethinking the Digital Age. In The Media and Social Theory. Edited by Desmond Hesmondhalgh and Jason Toynbee. New York: Routledge
* Hine, Christine. 2000. Virtual ethnography. London, Thousand Oaks, New Delhi: Sage.
* Horst, Heather and Daniel Miller. 2012. Digital Anthropology. London and New York: Berg
* Jarzombek, Mark (2016). Digital Stockholm Syndrome in the Post-Ontological Age. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
* Kremser, Manfred. 1999. CyberAnthropology und die neuen Räume des Wissens. Mitteilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien 129: 275–290.
* Ito, Mizuko, Sonja Baumer, Matteo Bittanti, danah boyd, Rachel Cody, Rebecca Herr-Stephenson, Heather A. Horst, Patricia G. Lange, Dilan Mahendran, Katynka Z. Martinez, C.J. Pascoe, Dan Perkel, Laura Robinson, Christo Sims and Lisa Tripp. (2010) Hanging Out, Messing Around, and Geeking Out: Kids Living and Learning with New Media. Cambridge: MIT Press.
* Paccagnella, Luciano. 1997. Getting the seats of your pants dirty: Strategies for ethnographic research on virtual communities . Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 3(1).
* Sugita, Shigeharu. 1987. "Computers in ethnological studies: As a tool and an object," in Toward a computer ethnology: Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium at the Japan National Museum of Ethnology edited by Joseph Raben, Shigeharu Sugita, and Masatoshi Kubo, pp. 9–40. Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology. (Senri Ethnological Studies 20)
* Wittel, Andreas. 2000. Ethnography on the move: From field to net to Internet. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research 1(1).

## External links

* Computer Mediated Anthropology
* Cyber Studies WebRing
* Centre for Digital Anthropology (University College London)
* Digital Ethnography Research Centre (RMIT University, Melbourne)
* Intel Science & Technology Centre (University of California, Irvine)

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Science and technology studies

Economics|

* Economics of science
* Economics of scientific knowledge

History|

* History and philosophy of science
* History of science
* and technology
* History of technology

Philosophy|

* Anthropocene
* Antipositivism
* Empiricism
* Fuzzy logic
* Neo-Luddism
* Philosophy of science
* Philosophy of social science
* Philosophy of technology
* Positivism
* Postpositivism
* Religion and science
* Scientism
* Social constructivism
* Social epistemology
* Transhumanism

Sociology|

* Actor–network theory
* Social
* construction of technology
* shaping of technology
* Sociology of knowledge
* scientific
* Sociology of scientific ignorance
* Sociology of the history of science
* Sociotechnology
* Strong programme

Science
studies|

* Antiscience
* Bibliometrics
* Boundary-work
* Consilience
* Criticism of science
* Demarcation problem
* Double hermeneutic
* Logology
* Mapping controversies
* Metascience
* Paradigm shift
* Pseudoscience
* Psychology of science
* Science
* citizen
* communication
* education
* normal
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* rhetoric
* wars
* Scientific
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* enterprise
* literacy
* method
* misconduct
* priority
* skepticism
* Scientocracy
* Scientometrics
* Team science
* Traditional knowledge
* ecological
* Unity of science
* Women in science
* STEM

Technology
studies|

* Co-production
* Cyborg anthropology
* Dematerialization
* Digital anthropology
* Digital media use and mental health
* Early adopter
* Hype cycle
* Innovation
* diffusion
* disruptive
* linear model
* system
* user
* Leapfrogging
* Normalization process theory
* Reverse salient
* Skunkworks project
* Sociotechnical system
* Technical change
* Technocracy
* Technoscience
* feminist
* Technological
* change
* convergence
* determinism
* revolution
* transitions
* Technology
* and society
* criticism of
* dynamics
* theories of
* transfer
* Engineering studies
* Women in engineering

Policy|

* Academic freedom
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* Evidence-based policy
* Factor 10
* Funding of science
* Science policy
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* Research ethics
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